Sandžak
Sandžak
Sandžak / Санџак ( Geographical region | |
---|---|
Countries | Serbia Montenegro |
Largest city | Novi Pazar |
Area | |
• Total | 8,686 km2 (3,354 sq mi) |
Population | |
• Estimate (2022) | 372,159 |
• | Serbian Sandžak (233,091) Montenegrin Sandžak (139,068) |
ISO 3166 code | SRB MNE |
Vehicle registration | NP, TT, SJ, PP, PB, NV in Serbia PV, BP, BA, AN, RO, GS, PT in Montenegro |
Sandžak (Serbian Cyrillic: Санџак) is a historical[1][2][3] geo-political region located in the southwestern part of Serbia and the eastern part of Montenegro.[4] The name Sandžak derives from the Sanjak of Novi Pazar, a former Ottoman administrative district founded in 1865.
Various empires and kingdoms have ruled over the region. In the 12th century, Sandžak was part of the medieval Serbian region of Raška. During the Ottoman Empire's rule over the Balkans, the region became an important administrative district, with Novi Pazar as its administrative center. Sandžak was under Austro-Hungarian occupation between 1878 and 1909 until the Ottoman Empire regained control of the region in 1909. In 1912, it was divided between the Kingdom of Montenegro and the Kingdom of Serbia.
Novi Pazar serves as Sandžak's economic and cultural center and is the region's most populous city. Sandžak has a diverse and complex ethnic and religious composition, with significant Muslim, Orthodox Christian, and Catholic populations. Bosniaks comprise ethnic majority in this region.
Etymology
The Serbo-Croatian term Sandžak (Serbian Cyrillic: Санџак) is the transcription of Turkish sancak (sanjak, "province");[5] the Sanjak of Novi Pazar, known in Serbo-Croatian as Novopazarski sandžak. It is also known as Sanjak or as Raška by Serbs.
Geography
Sandžak stretches from the southeastern border of Bosnia and Herzegovina[6] to the borders with Kosovo[7][8][9] and Albania[9] at an area of around 8,500 square kilometers. Six municipalities of Sandžak are in Serbia (Novi Pazar, Sjenica, Tutin, Prijepolje, Nova Varoš, and Priboj[10]), and seven in Montenegro (Pljevlja, Bijelo Polje, Berane, Petnjica, Rožaje, Gusinje and Plav[11]). Sometimes the Montenegrin municipality of Andrijevica is also regarded as part of Sandžak.
The most populated municipality in the region is Novi Pazar (100,410),[12] while other large municipalities are: Pljevlja (31,060),[13] and Priboj (27,133).[12] In Serbia, the municipalities of Novi Pazar and Tutin are part of the Raška District,[14] while the municipalities of Sjenica, Prijepolje, Nova Varoš, and Priboj, are part of the Zlatibor District.[14]
History
Ottoman rule
The Serbian Despotate was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1455. During the Ottoman era, many inhabitants converted to Islam. The conversions were caused by number of factors, mainly economic as Muslims paid lower taxes.[15] The Muslims were also privileged compared to Christians, who were unable to work in the administration or testify in court against Muslims.[16] The second factor that contributed to the Islamisation were migrations. A large demographic shift occurred after the Great Turkish War. Part of the Slavic-speaking Christian Orthodox population was expelled northwards, while other Christians and Muslims were driven to the Ottoman territory. The land abandoned by the Serbs was settled by populations from neighbouring areas who either were or became Muslim in Sandžak. Large migrations occurred throughout the 18th and 19th century. The third factor of Islamisation was the geographical location of Sandžak, which allowed it to become a trade centre, facilitating conversions amongst merchants.[17] The tribal migrations to Sandžak had contributed a large role to its history and identity along with culture.[18][19]
The second half of the 19th century was very important in terms of shaping the current ethnic and political situation in Sandžak. Austria-Hungary supported Sandžak's separation from the Ottoman Empire, or at least its autonomy within it. The reason was to prevent Serbia and Montenegro from unifying, and allow Austria-Hungary's further expansion to the Balkans. Per these plans, Sandžak was seen as part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, while its Muslim population played a significant role giving Austrian-Hungarians a pretext of protecting the Muslim minority from the Christian Orthodox Serbs.[20]
Administratively, it was part of the
A mixture of Slavic and Albanian speakers made up the Muslim population of Sandžak at the end of the nineteenth century. Albanian speakers gradually migrated or were relocated to Kosovo and Macedonia, leaving a primarily Slavic-speaking population in the rest of the region (except in a southeastern corner of Sandžak that ended up as a part of Kosovo).[22]
Some members of the Albanian Shkreli (known as Škrijelj/Serbian: Шкријељ) and Kelmendi tribes began migrating into the lower Pešter and Sandžak regions at around 1700. The Kelmendi chief had converted to Islam, and promised to convert his people to. A total of 251 Kelmendi households (1,987 people) were resettled in the Pešter area on that occasion, however five years later part the exiled Kelmendi managed to fight their way back to their homeland, and in 1711 they sent out a large raiding force to bring back some other from Pešter too.[23] The remaining Kelmendi and Shkreli converted to Islam and became Slavophones by the 20th century, and as of today they now self-identify as part of the Bosniak ethnicity, although in the Pešter plateau they partly utilized the Albanian language until the middle of the 20th century particuarily in the villages of Ugao, Boroštica, Doliće and Gradac.[24] Starting in the 18th century many people originating from the Hoti tribe have migrated to and live in Sandžak, mainly in the Tutin area, but also in Sjenica.[25]
In October 1912, during the
After the war, Sandžak became a part of the newly formed State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. The region acted as a bridge between the Muslims in the West in Bosnia and Herzegovina and those in the East in Kosovo and Macedonia. However, the Slavic Muslims of Sandžak suffered economic decline due to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, which had been their primary source of economic stability. Additionally, the agrarian reform implemented in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia worsened their economic situation, leading to the emigration of Muslims from Sandžak to the Ottoman Empire.[26]
World War I
During World War I, Sandžak was occupied by Austria-Hungary, just as it had been between 1878 and 1908.
At the time of the First Balkan War, General Živković ordered the slaughter of 950 Albanian and Turkish notables at Sjenica after ten thousand Albanians delayed the advance of Serbian troops.[citation needed]
In 1919, an Albanian revolt, which later came to be known as the Plav rebellion rose up in the Rožaje, Plav and Gusinje districts, fighting against the inclusion of Sandžak in the
World War II
In World War II, Sandžak was the battleground of several factions. In 1941, the region was partitioned between the Italian Montenegrin protectorate, the Italian protectorate over the Kingdom of Albania and the
The formal partition of Sandžak between Italian and German spheres of influence was largely ignored as local politics shaped control over the area.
1943 year saw the creation of the SS-police "self-defence" regiment Sandžak, being formed by joining three battalions of Albanian collaborationist troops with one battalion of the Sandžak Muslim militia.[42][43] At one point around 2,000 members of the SS regiment operated in Sjenica.[44] Its leader was Sulejman Pačariz,[45] an Islamic cleric of Albanian origin.[46]
The Anti-Fascist Council of People's Liberation of Sandžak (AVNOS) had been founded on 20 November 1943 in Pljevlja.[47] In January 1944, the Land Assembly of Montenegro and the Bay of Kotor claimed Sandžak as part of a future Montenegrin federal unit. However, in March, the Communist Party opposed this, insisting that Sandžak's representatives at AVNOJ should decide on the matter.[48] In February 1945, the Presidency of the AVNOJ made a decision to oppose the Sandžak's autonomy. The AVNOJ explained that the Sandžak did not have a national basis for an autonomy and opposed crumbling of the Serbian and Montenegrin totality.[49] On 29 March 1945 in Novi Pazar, the AVNOS accepted the decision of the AVNOJ and divided itself between Serbia and Montenegro.[50] Sandžak was divided based on the 1912 demarcation line.[49]
Yugoslav era
Economically, Sandžak remained undeveloped. It had a small amount of crude and low-revenue industry. Freight was transported by trucks over poor roads. Schools for business students, which remained poor in general education, were opened for working-class youth. The Sandžak had no faculty, not even a department or any school of higher education.[26]
Sandžak saw a process of industrialisation, during which factories were opened in several cities, including Novi Pazar, Prijepolje, Priboj, Ivangrad, while the coal mines were opened in the Prijepolje area. The urbanisation caused a major social and economic shift. Many people left villages for towns. The national composition of the urban centres was changed to the disadvantage of the Muslims, as most of those who inhabited the cities were Serbs. The Muslims continued to lose their economic status, continuing the trend inherited from the time of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the agrarian reform in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.[26] The emigration of the Muslims to Turkey also continued, caused by the general underdevelopment of the region, disagreement with the communist authorities and the mistrust with the Serbs and Montenegrins, but also due to the nationalisation and expropriation of property. Serbs from Sandžak also moved to the wealthier regions of the central Serbia or to Belgrade or Vojvodina, while the Muslims moved to Bosnia and Herzegovina as well.[51]
Autonomy referendum of 1991
Between 25 and 27 October 1991, a
Modern period
With the democratic changes in Serbia in 2000, the ethnic Bosniaks were enabled to start participating in the political life in Serbia and Montenegro, including Rasim Ljajić, an ethnic Bosniak, who was a minister in the Government of Serbia and Montenegro, and Rifat Rastoder, who is the Deputy President of the Parliament of Montenegro. Census data shows a general emigration of all nationalities from this underdeveloped region.[citation needed]
Demographics
Historical
The population of the sanjak of Novi Pazar was ethnically and religiously diverse. In 1878-81, Muslim Slav
The last official registration of the population of the sanjak of Novi Pazar before the Balkan Wars was conducted in 1910. The 1910 Ottoman census recorded 52,833 Muslims and 27,814 Orthodox Serbs. About 65% of the population were Muslims and 35% Serbian Orthodox. The majority of the Muslim population were Albanians.[59]
The last Yugoslav pre-war census of 1931 counted in Bijelo Polje, Prijepolje, Nova Varoš, Pljevlja, Priboj, Sjenica and Štavica a total population of 204,068. They were mostly counted as Orthodox Serbs or Montenegrins (56.48%) and Bosnian Muslims (43.09%).[35]
Contemporary
Sandžak is a very ethnically diverse region. Most Bosniaks declared themselves
The Slavic dialect of Gusinje and Plav (sometimes considered part of Sandžak) shows very high structural influence from Albanian. Its uniqueness in terms of language contact between Albanian and Slavic is explained by the fact that most Slavic-speakers in today's Plav and Gusinje are of Albanian origin.[64]
The total population of the municipalities of Sandžak in Serbia and Montenegro is around 385,666. A plurality of people in Sandžak identify as Bosniaks. They form 52.05% (197,754) of the region's population. Serbs form 30.03% (114,121), Montenegrins 6.97% (26,494), ethnic Muslims 4.71% (17,879), and Albanians 1.06% (4,035). About 19,687 (5.18%) people belong to smaller communities or have chosen to not declare an ethnic identity.
Municipality | Ethnicity (2022(Serb.) census and 2011(Mont.) census) | Total | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bosniaks | % | Serbs | % | Montenegrins | % | Muslims | % | Albanians | % | others | % | ||
Novi Pazar (Serbia) | 85,204 | 79.84 | 14,142 | 13.25 | 34 | 0.03 | 1,851 | 1.73 | 200 | 0.19 | 5,289 | 4.96 | 106,720 |
Bijelo Polje (Montenegro) | 12,592 | 27.34 | 16,562 | 35.96 | 8,808 | 19.13 | 5,985 | 13.00 | 57 | 0.12 | 2,047 | 4.45 | 46,051 |
Prijepolje (Serbia) | 12,842 | 39.87 | 14,961 | 46.44 | 37 | 0.11 | 1,945 | 6.04 | 10 | 0.03 | 2,419 | 7.51 | 32,214 |
Berane (Montenegro) | 6,021 | 17.72 | 14,592 | 42.95 | 8,838 | 26.02 | 1,957 | 5.76 | 70 | 0.21 | 2,492 | 7.34 | 33,970 |
Tutin (Serbia) | 30,413 | 92.01 | 704 | 2.13 | 1 | 0.00 | 340 | 1.03 | 16 | 0.05 | 1,579 | 4.78 | 33,053 |
Pljevlja (Montenegro) | 2,128 | 6.91 | 17,569 | 57.07 | 7,494 | 24.34 | 1,739 | 5.65 | 17 | 0.06 | 1,839 | 5.97 | 30,786 |
Priboj (Serbia) | 4,144 | 17.62 | 16,909 | 71.91 | 47 | 0.20 | 914 | 3.89 | 2 | 0.01 | 1,498 | 6.37 | 23,514 |
Sjenica (Serbia) | 17,665 | 73.35 | 3,861 | 16.03 | 3 | 0.01 | 1,069 | 4.44 | 26 | 0.11 | 1,459 | 6.06 | 24,083 |
Rožaje (Montenegro) | 19,269 | 83.91 | 822 | 3.58 | 401 | 1.75 | 1,044 | 4.55 | 1,158 | 5.04 | 270 | 1.17 | 22,964 |
Nova Varoš (Serbia) | 673 | 4.98 | 11,901 | 88.11 | 9 | 0.07 | 308 | 2.28 | 4 | 0.03 | 612 | 4.53 | 13,507 |
Plav (Montenegro) | 6,803 | 51.90 | 2,098 | 16.00 | 822 | 6.27 | 727 | 5.55 | 2,475 | 18.88 | 183 | 1.40 | 13,108 |
Sandžak | 197,754 | 52.05 | 114,121 | 30.03 | 26,494 | 6.97 | 17,879 | 4.71 | 4,035 | 1.06 | 19,687 | 5.18 | 379,790 |
Religion in Sandžak is also as diverse as the ethnic composition, most of the Bosniaks being Muslim while a majority of the Serbs being Orthodox Christian. However, because of the prolonged Ottoman occupation, Sandžak is more Muslim orientated.
Municipality | Religion (2022(Serb.) census[65] and 2011(Mont.) census[66]) | Total | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Muslims | % | Orthodox | % | others | % | ||
Novi Pazar (Serbia) | 88,493 | 82.92 | 13,690 | 12.83 | 4,537 | 4.25 | 106,720 |
Bijelo Polje (Montenegro) | 19,640 | 42.65 | 24,462 | 53.12 | 1,949 | 4.23 | 46,051 |
Prijepolje (Serbia) | 15,066 | 46.77 | 14,941 | 46.38 | 2,207 | 6.85 | 32,214 |
Berane (Montenegro) | 9,502 | 27.97 | 23,287 | 68.55 | 1.181 | 3.48 | 33,970 |
Tutin (Serbia) | 30,909 | 93.51 | 646 | 1.96 | 1,498 | 4.53 | 33,053 |
Pljevlja (Montenegro) | 5,039 | 16.37 | 24,346 | 79.08 | 1,401 | 4.55 | 30,786 |
Priboj (Serbia) | 5,119 | 21.77 | 16,687 | 70.97 | 1,708 | 7.26 | 23,514 |
Sjenica (Serbia) | 18,860 | 78.31 | 3,808 | 15.81 | 1,415 | 5.88 | 24,083 |
Rožaje (Montenegro) | 21,805 | 94.95 | 1,055 | 4.59 | 104 | 0.46 | 22,964 |
Nova Varoš (Serbia) | 1,069 | 7.91 | 11,742 | 86.93 | 696 | 5.15 | 13,507 |
Plav (Montenegro) | 10,046 | 76.64 | 2,815 | 21.48 | 247 | 1.88 | 13,108 |
Sandžak | 225,628 | 59.37 | 137,479 | 36.18 | 16,925 | 4.45 | 379,790 |
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Ethnic map of Sandžak (including Plav and Andrijevica) according to the 2002 census in Serbia and 2003 census in Montenegro. Note: map shows the ethnic majority populations within the municipalities
-
Ethnic map of Sandžak (excluding Plav and Andrijevica) according to the 2002 census in Serbia and 2003 census in Montenegro. Note: map shows the ethnic majority populations within the settlements
Gallery
-
Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul, Ras near Novi Pazar, 8-9th century
-
Stari Ras fortress near Novi Pazar, 8th century
-
Đurđevi Stupovi monastery, near Novi Pazar, 12th century
-
Mileševa monastery near Prijepolje, c. 1235
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Sopoćani monastery, 13th century
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Husein-pasha's mosque, Pljevlja
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A wall built during the Ottoman period in Novi Pazar
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Nova Varoš in 1930's
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Kučanska Mosque, Rožaje from 1830.
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Nova Varoš Centre in 2004
See also
- Bosniaks
- Bosniaks of Serbia
- Bosniaks of Montenegro
- Geography of Serbia
- Geography of Montenegro
- Greater Bosnia
References
Notes
- ISBN 9780230364257.
- ISBN 9783845291000.
- ISBN 9788390322957.
- ISBN 978-0-521-59733-3.
- ^ "Dictionary.com - Sanjak entry".
- ^ "Position of the Municipality of Priboj".
- ^ "Geographic position of Municipality of Tutin". 19 March 2016.
- ^ "Geographic position of Municipality of Rožaje".
- ^ a b "Profile of Municipality of Plav" (PDF).
- ^ "Territorial organisation of Republic of Serbia".
- ^ "Territorial organization of Montenegro" (PDF).
- ^ a b "2011 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Serbia" (PDF).
- ^ "2011 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in Montenegro" (PDF).
- ^ a b "Government of Republic of Serbia - Administrative Okrugs (Regions)".
- ^ Górak-Sosnowska 2011, p. 328.
- ^ Todorović 2012, p. 13.
- ^ Górak-Sosnowska 2011, p. 328–329.
- ^ a b Memoirs of the American Folklore Society. University of Texas Press. 1954.
- ISBN 978-0-85772-586-8.
- ^ Górak-Sosnowska 2011, p. 329.
- ^ Todorović 2012, p. 11.
- ISBN 978-963-386-135-6.
- ^ Elsie 2015, p. 32.
- ISBN 978-1-78453-401-1.
- ^ Biber, Ahmet. "HISTORIJAT RODOVA NA PODRUČJU BJELIMIĆA". Fondacija "Lijepa riječ".
- ^ a b c Hadžišehović, Butler & Risaluddin 2003, p. 132.
- ^ Morrison 2018, p. 56.
- ^ Giuseppe Motta, Less than Nations: Central-Eastern European Minorities after WWI, Volume 1 , Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013, p. 11
- ^ Klaus Roth, Ulf Brunnbauer, Region, Regional Identity and Regionalism in Southeastern Europe, Part 1, LIT Verlag Münster, 2008, p. 221
- ^ Morrison 2018, p. 21.
- ISBN 978-0-7391-4667-5.
- ISBN 978-1-5017-0194-8.
- ^ Zaugg 2021, p. 45.
- ^ Banac 1988, p. 100.
- ^ a b Banac 1988, p. 101
- ^ Zaugg 2021, p. 58.
- ^ Kaba, Hamit (2013). "RAPORTI I STAVRO SKËNDIT DREJTUAR OSS' NË WASHINGTON D.C "SHQIPËRIA NËN PUSHTIMIN GJERMAN". STAMBOLL, 1944". Studime Historike (3–04): 275.
- ISSN 0354-5342.
- ^ Jancar-Webster 2010, p. 70.
- ^ Greble 2011, p. 115.
- ^ Mojzes 2011, p. 94.
- ^ Glišić, Venceslav (1970). Teror i zločini nacističke Nemačke u Srbiji 1941-1944. Rad. p. 215.
Легију „Кремплер", састављени од три батаљона албанских квислиншких трупа и муслиманске фашистичке милиције у Санџаку.
- ^ Muñoz 2001, p. 293.
- ^ Simpozijum seoski dani Sretena Vukosavljevića. Opštinska zajednica obrazovanja. 1978. p. 160.
Немци су тада на подручју Сјенице имали ... и око 2000 СС добровољачка легија Кремплер
- ^ "The Moslem Militia and Legion of the Sandjak" in Axis Europa Magazine, Vol. II/III (No. 9), July–August–September 1996, pp.3-14.
- ^ Prcela, John; Guldescu, Stanko (1995). Operation Slaughterhouse. Dorrance Publishing Company.
- ^ Jelić & Strugar 1985, p. 82, 134.
- ^ Banac 1988, p. 101.
- ^ a b Banac 1988, p. 102.
- ^ Jelić & Strugar 1985, p. 144.
- ^ Hadžišehović, Butler & Risaluddin 2003, p. 133.
- ^ "The Post-Soviet States". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Research Report. 1994.
Between 25 and 27 October 1991 a referendum was held on the territorial, cultural, and political autonomy of the Sandzak. Its sponsor was the Muslim National Council, which consisted of the SDA, the Muslim Bosnian Organization..
- ISBN 1-56324-676-7.
- ^ Error in Webarchive template: Empty url.
- ^ Bartl 1968, p. 63:Die Kaza Bjelopolje ( Akova ) zählte 11 serbische Dörfer mit 216 Häusern, 2 gemischt serbisch - albanische Dörfer mit 25 Häusern und 47 albanische Dörfer mit 1 266 Häusern . Bjelopolje selbst hatte etwa 100 albanische und serbische.
- ^ Bartl 1968, p. 63:Die Stadt Novi Bazar hatte 1 749 serbische und albanische Häuser.
- ^ Bartl 1968, p. 63:Die Kaza Novi Varoš zählte 19 serbische Dörfer mit 298 Häusern und 1 „ bosnisches Dorf mit 200 Häusern .
- ^ Bartl 1968, p. 63
- ^ Bartl 1968, p. 64:Die Bevölkerung des Sancak Novi Bazar war zu etwa 65% islamisiert. Der muslimische Bevölkerung santeil bestand zum grössten Teil aus Albanern.
- ^ Andrea Pieroni, Maria Elena Giusti, & Cassandra L. Quave (2011). "Cross-cultural ethnobiology in the Western Balkans: medical ethnobotany and ethnozoology among Albanians and Serbs in the Pešter Plateau, Sandžak, South-Western Serbia." Human Ecology. 39. (3): 335. "The current population of the Albanian villages is partly "bosniakicised", since in the last two generations a number of Albanian males began to intermarry with (Muslim) Bosniak women of Pešter. This is one of the reasons why locals in Ugao were declared to be "Bosniaks" in the last census of 2002, or, in Boroštica, to be simply "Muslims", and in both cases abandoning the previous ethnic label of "Albanians", which these villages used in the census conducted during "Yugoslavian" times. A number of our informants confirmed that the self-attribution "Albanian" was purposely abandoned in order to avoid problems following the Yugoslav Wars and associated violent incursions of Serbian para-military forces in the area. The oldest generation of the villagers however are still fluent in a dialect of Ghegh Albanian, which appears to have been neglected by European linguists thus far. Additionally, the presence of an Albanian minority in this area has never been brought to the attention of international stakeholders by either the former Yugoslav or the current Serbian authorities."
- ISBN 978-1-5017-0194-8.
- ISBN 978-0-333-66612-8.
- ^ Velović Popović, Bojana M. (2021). "Морфолошке одлике глаголских облика говора Тутина, Новог Пазара и Сјенице" [Morphological features of verb forms in speech from Tutin, Novi Pazar and Sjenica] (PDF). Српски дијалектолошки зборник (68): 197–199.
- ^ Matthew C., Curtis (2012). Slavic-Albanian Language Contact, Convergence, and Coexistence. The Ohio State University. p. 140.
- ^ "Dissemination database search". data.stat.gov.rs. Retrieved 2023-08-09.
- ^ "Statistical Office of Montenegro - MONSTAT". www.monstat.org. Retrieved 2023-08-09.
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- Greble, Emily (2011). Sarajevo, 1941–1945: Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Hitler's Europe. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0801461217.
- Greble, Emily (2021). Muslims and the Making of Modern Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0197538807.
- Hadžišehović, Munevera; Butler, Thomas J.; Risaluddin, Saba (2003). A Muslim Woman in Tito's Yugoslavia. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 1585443042.
- Jelić, Ivan; Strugar, Novak (1985). War and revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945. Belgrade: Socialist Thought and Practice.
- Mojzes, Paul (2011). Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1442206632.
- Morrison, Kenneth (2018). Nationalism, Identity and Statehood in Post-Yugoslav Montenegro. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781474235204.
- Jancar-Webster, Barbara (2010). "Women in the Yugoslav National Liberation Movement". In Ramet, Sabrina (ed.). Gender Politics in the Western Balkans: Women and Society in Yugoslavia and the Yugoslav Successor States. Penn State Press. ISBN 978-0271043067.
- John D. Treadway (1983). The Falcon and the Eagle: Montenegro and Austria-Hungary, 1908-1914. Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1-55753-146-9.
- Zaugg, Franziska Anna (2021). Rekrutierungen für die Waffen-SS in Südosteuropa: Ideen, Ideale und Realitäten einer Vielvölkerarmee. De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3110730777.