Sanjay Gandhi

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Sanjay Gandhi
Amethi, Uttar Pradesh
Personal details
Born(1946-12-14)14 December 1946[1]
Delhi, British India (present-day New Delhi, Delhi, India)
Died23 June 1980(1980-06-23) (aged 33)
New Delhi, Delhi, India
Cause of deathAircraft accident
Political partyIndian National Congress
Spouse
​
(m. 1974)​
ChildrenVarun Gandhi (son)
Parents
RelativesRajiv Gandhi (brother)
See Nehru–Gandhi family

Sanjay Gandhi (14 December 1946 – 23 June 1980)

parliament, Lok Sabha and the Nehru–Gandhi family
.

During his lifetime, he was widely expected to succeed his mother as head of the Indian National Congress and Prime Minister of India, but following his early death in a plane crash, his elder brother Rajiv became their mother's political heir and succeeded her as Prime Minister of India and President of the party after her assassination. His wife Maneka Gandhi and son Varun Gandhi are politicians in the Bharatiya Janata Party.

Early life and education

(from left to right) Rajiv Gandhi, Indira Gandhi and Sanjay Gandhi in 1969

Gandhi was born in

Dehra Dun. Gandhi was also educated at the Ecole D'Humanité, an international boarding school in Switzerland.[2] Gandhi did not attend university, but took up automotive engineering as a career and underwent an apprenticeship with Rolls-Royce in Crewe, England for three years.[3][4] He was very interested in sports cars, and also obtained a pilot's licence in 1976. He was interested in aircraft acrobatics and won several prizes in that sport.[5] His brother
was however a captain in Indian Airlines flying the Boeing 737-200ADV aircraft.

Maruti Limited controversy

In 1971,

Janata Government came to power in 1977 and "Maruti Limited" was liquidated.[6] A commission was set up by the new government headed by Justice Alak Chandra Gupta which gave very critical report of the Maruti affair.[7] A year after his death in 1980, and at the behest of Indira, the Union government salvaged Maruti Limited and started looking for an active collaborator for a new company. Maruti Udyog Ltd. was incorporated in the same year through the efforts of Nehru Gandhi family friend and industrial doyen V. Krishnamurthy.[8] The Japanese company Suzuki was also contacted to present the design and feasibility of their car to be manufactured in India. When Suzuki learned that the Government of India had contacted Volkswagen as well, it did everything to pip the German company in the race to produce India's first People's Car (Maruti 800).[citation needed
] It provided the government a feasible Design of their 'Model 796', which was also successful in Japan and East Asian countries.

Role during Emergency

In 1974, the opposition-led protests and strikes had caused a widespread disturbance in many parts of the country and badly affected the government and the economy. On 25 June 1975 following an adverse court decision against her,

Jivatram Kripalani
who were against the Emergency were arrested.

In the extremely hostile political environment just before and soon after the Emergency, Gandhi rose in importance as Indira's adviser. With the defections of former loyalists, Gandhi's influence with Indira and the government increased dramatically, although he was never in an official or elected position. According to Mark Tully, "His inexperience did not stop him from using the power his mother, Indira, had taken to terrorise the administration, setting up what was in effect a police state."[9]

It was said that during the Emergency, he virtually ran India along with his friends, especially Bansi Lal.[10] It was also quipped that Gandhi had total control over his mother and that the government was run by the PMH (Prime Minister House) rather than the PMO (Prime Minister Office).[11][12][13] He "recruited into the party thousands of younger people, who used threats and force to intimidate rivals and those who opposed Mrs Gandhi's authority or his own."[14]

During the emergency, Indira declared a 20-point economic programme for development. Gandhi also declared his own much shorter five points program promoting:

Later during the emergency Sanjay's programme was merged with Indira's 20-point programme to make a combined twenty-five point programme.[15]

Out of the five points, Sanjay is now chiefly remembered for the family planning initiative that attracted much notoriety and caused longterm harm to population control in India.[16][17]

Involvement in politics and government

Although he had not been elected and held no office, Sanjay began exercising his newfound influence with Cabinet ministers, high-level government officials and police officers. While many Cabinet ministers and officials resigned in protest,[18] Sanjay reportedly appointed their successors.

In one famous example,

Bollywood singer Kishore Kumar refused to sing at a function of the Indian Youth Congress, his songs were banned on All India Radio upon Gandhi's insistence.[19]

Sanjay stood for his first election to the

Congress(I)
in the next general election held in January 1980.

Just one month before his death, he was appointed secretary general of the Congress Party in May 1980.[20]

Jama Masjid beautification and slum demolition

Sanjay Gandhi and Brij Vardhan, accompanied by

Turkman Gate in old Delhi area that he couldn't see the grand old Jama Masjid because of the maze of tenements. On 13 April 1976, the DDA team bulldozed the tenements. Police resorted to firing to quell the demonstrations opposing the destruction. The firing resulted in at least 150 deaths. Over 70,000 people were displaced during this episode. The displaced inhabitants were moved to a new undeveloped housing site across the Yamuna river.[21]

Compulsory sterilization program

In September 1976, Sanjay Gandhi initiated a widespread compulsory sterilization program to limit population growth. The exact extent of Sanjay Gandhi's role in the implementation of the program is somewhat disputed, with some writers[22][23][24][25] holding Gandhi directly responsible for his authoritarianism, and other writers[26] blaming the officials who implemented the program rather than Gandhi himself.

IMF and the World Bank:

Forced sterilisation was by far the most calamitous exercise undertaken during the Emergency. The IMF and World Bank had periodically shared their fears with New Delhi about the uncontrolled rise in population levels. India’s democracy was a hurdle: no government could possibly enact laws limiting the number of children a couple could have without incurring punishment at the ballot box. But with democracy suspended, the IMF and World Bank encouraged Indira to pursue the programme with renewed vigour. Indira and Sanjay, the self-styled socialists, inflicting on Indians the humiliation of forced sterilisation in order to appease western loan sharks: the irony was lost on them. Socialism, like much else, had been reduced to a slogan.

— David Frum, reviewing The Sanjay Story by Vinod Mehta[27]

Attempted assassination

Sanjay Gandhi escaped an assassination attempt in March 1977.[28] Unknown gunmen fired at his car about 300 metres south-east of New Delhi during his election campaign.[28]

Opposition years (1977–1980)

After losing the 1977 general election, the Congress party split again with Indira Gandhi floating her own Congress(I) faction. She won a by-election from the

Chikmagalur Constituency to the Lok Sabha in November 1978[29][30][31] However, the Janata government's Home Minister, Charan Singh
, ordered her and Sanjay arrested on several charges, none of which would be easy to prove in an Indian court. The arrest meant that Indira Gandhi was automatically expelled from Parliament. However, this strategy backfired disastrously. Her arrest and long-running trial gained her great sympathy from many people.

Kissa Kursi Ka case

R.K. Dhawan, and Rukhsana Sultana. The board sent the film to a seven-member revising committee, which further sent it to the Government. Subsequently, a show-cause notice raising 51 objections was sent to the producer by the Information and Broadcasting ministry. In his reply submitted on 11 July 1975, Nahata stated that the characters were "imaginary and do not refer to any political party or persons". By the time, the Emergency had already been declared.[32]

Subsequently, all the prints and the master-print of the film at Censor Board office were picked up and brought to Maruti factory in

V. C. Shukla, Information and Broadcasting minister during the emergency.[32][33] The legal case ran for 11 months, and the court gave its judgment on 27 February 1979. Both Sanjay Gandhi and Shukla were sentenced to a two-year plus a month prison sentence. Sanjay Gandhi was denied bail. In his judgment, District Judge, O. N. Vohra at Tis Hazari in Delhi, found the accused guilty of "criminal conspiracy, breach of trust, mischief by fire, dishonestly receiving criminal property, concealing stolen property and disappearance of evidence".[34] The verdict was later overturned.[32][33]

Support for Charan Singh

The Janata coalition under prime minister Morarji Desai was only united by its hatred of Indira Gandhi.The party included right wing Hindu Nationalists, Socialists and former Congress party members. With little in common, the Morarji Desai government was bogged down by infighting. In 1979, the government started to unravel over the issue of dual loyalties of some members to Janata and the RSS. The ambitious Union Finance minister, Charan Singh, who as the Union Home Minister during the previous year had ordered arrest of Gandhi, took advantage of this and started courting different Congress factions including Congress (I). After a significant exodus from Janata party to Charan Singh faction, Morarji Desai resigned as prime minister in July 1979. Charan Singh was appointed Prime Minister, by President Reddy, after Indira and Sanjay promised Singh that Congress(I) would support his government from outside on certain conditions.[35][36] The conditions included dropping all charges against Indira and Sanjay. Since Charan Singh refused to drop the charges, Congress withdrew its support and President Reddy dissolved Parliament in August 1979.

Before the

Syed Abdullah Bukhari and entered into an agreement with him on the basis of 10-point programme to secure the support of the Muslim votes.[37] In the elections held in January, Congress returned to power with a landslide majority.[citation needed
]

1980 Indian elections

The Congress(I) under Gandhi swept to power in January 1980.[38] Elections soon after to legislative assemblies in States ruled by opposition parties brought back Congress ministries to those states. Sanjay Gandhi at that time selected his own loyalists to head the governments in these states.[39]

Personal life

Gandhi married

Zoroastrian faith of his family.[41]

Death

At 8:10 a.m. on 23 June 1980, Gandhi lost control of his aeroplane while performing an

aerobatic manoeuvre and crashed. Captain Subhash Saxena, the only other passenger, also died. His body was recovered and cremated as per Hindu rituals.[42] [43][20]

Aftermath

The death of Gandhi impacted the political face of India.

Pilibhit constituency in Uttar Pradesh.[45]

Family

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 978-0-8225-4963-5
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  2. ISBN 978-0-230-34053-4
    .
  3. St. Petersburg Times
    , 10 January 1966.
  4. ^ a b "Maruti and Sanjay Gandhi: The history of an illicit, extraordinary love affair". Motoroids.
  5. ISBN 978-0-230-34053-4
    .
  6. ^ Bhupesh Bhandari (11 July 2015). "Emergency and Sanjay Gandhi: How Maruti's origin lies in cronyism, corruption and blackmail". Business Standard.
  7. ^ Sunil Sethi & Prabhu Chawla (1 March 2014). "Maruti Commission report: no fear to remember". India Today.
  8. ^ The Maruti Udyog official Website Timeline Page Archived 12 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ISBN 81-291-0917-4
  10. ^ Subodh Ghildiyal (29 December 2010). "Cong blames Sanjay Gandhi for Emergency 'excesses'". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 28 August 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
  11. ^ "Mystery Called Sanjay Gandhi". Scribd. 21 November 2007. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
  12. ^ "Emergency 'propagandist' who banned Kishore Kumar songs". Indian Express. 11 June 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
  13. doi:10.1080/01436598508419863
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  14. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/47746. Retrieved 17 March 2015. (Subscription or UK public library membership
    required.)
  15. ISBN 978-0-520-23122-1
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  16. ^ Eliza Ann Lehner. "Conceiving the Impact: Connecting Population Growth and Environmental Sustainability" (PDF). Harvard College. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
  17. ISBN 978-0-8213-6951-7
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  18. ^ a b Moro, Javier (2015) The red sari. Roli Group, 429 p.
  19. ^ R. Guha (2008). India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy. Pan Macmillan.
  20. ^ a b c Ranjan Gupta (24 June 1980). "Sanjay Gandhi dies in plane crash". Reuters via The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
  21. ISBN 9788131734650
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  22. ^ Vinay Lal. "Gandhi". Archived from the original on 6 January 2005. Retrieved 1 August 2013. Sanjay Gandhi, started to run the country as though it were his personal fiefdom, and earned the fierce hatred of many whom his policies had victimized. He ordered the removal of slum dwellings, and in an attempt to curb India's growing population, initiated a highly resented program of forced sterilization.
  23. ^ Subodh Ghildiyal (29 December 2010). "Cong blames Sanjay Gandhi for Emergency 'excesses'". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 28 August 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2013. Sanjay Gandhi's rash promotion of sterilization and forcible clearance of slums ... sparked popular anger
  24. ^ Kumkum Chadha (4 January 2011). "Sanjay's men and women". Archived from the original on 4 February 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2013. The Congress, on the other hand, charges Sanjay Gandhi of "over enthusiasm" in dealing with certain programmes and ... "Unfortunately, in certain spheres, over enthusiasm led to compulsion in enforcement of certain programmes like compulsory sterilisation and clearance of slums. Sanjay Gandhi had by then emerged as a leader of great significance.".
  25. ^ "Sanjay Gandhi worked in an authoritarian manner: Congress book". 28 December 2010. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  26. ^ K. Ishwaran (1988). India: The Years of Indira Gandhi. Brill Academic Pub.
  27. ^ "Hold Onto Your Penis". The Daily Beast. 29 November 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  28. ^ a b "Sanjay Gandhi escapes assassination". St. Petersburg Times. 15 March 1977. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
  29. ^ Maramkal, M-B (2013). "Chikmagalur remembers Indira Gandhi". No. 20 November. Times of India.
  30. ^ "Mrs. Gandhi is Jeered". The Spokesman-Review. 21 November 1978. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
  31. ^ "How Fernandes ran a high-voltage campaign for Chikkamagaluru bypoll - Times of India". The Times of India. 30 January 2019.
  32. ^ a b c "30 greatest stories revisited: Sanjay Gandhi and 'Kissa Kursi Ka' film lampooning him : Cover Story". India Today. 18 December 2006. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  33. ^ a b "1978– Kissa Kursi Ka: Celluloid chutzpah : Cover Story". India Today. 24 December 2009. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  34. St. Petersburg Times
    . 27 February 1979. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  35. ISBN 978-0-8129-7977-0
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  36. ISBN 978-81-7835-340-1
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  37. ISBN 978-81-8069-165-2
    . Retrieved 28 June 2013.
  38. ^ "Indira Gandhi becomes Indian prime minister - Jan 19, 1966 - HISTORY.com". HISTORY.com. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  39. ISBN 978-0-275-96832-8
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  40. ^ "Quiet Wedding in New Delhi". The Milwaukee Journal. New Delhi. AP. 3 December 1974. Retrieved 19 January 2013.[permanent dead link]
  41. ISBN 978-0-19-826759-1
  42. ^ Time, July 7 1980, page 9
  43. ^ [Vinod Mehta "The Sanjay Story, 2015 Harper Collins Publishers India.]
  44. ^ [India Today] https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19800715-sanjay-gandhi-dies-in-a-dramatic-plane-crash-his-passing-to-leave-a-political-vacuum-821253-2014-01-22 [Issue date:-15 July 1980]
  45. ^ "Election Results 2014: BJP Leader Varun Gandhi Wins From Sultanpur". NDTV.com. Retrieved 24 November 2017.

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