Striptease

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the type of dance. For the race horse "Exotic Dancer", see Exotic Dancer (horse). For other uses, see Striptease (disambiguation).
American burlesque dancer Lola Bel Aire performing a traditional striptease
Josephine Baker in her "girdle of bananas" outfit, first seen in the Folies Bergère show La Folie du Jour in 1926–27

A striptease is an erotic or exotic dance in which the performer gradually undresses, either partly or completely, in a seductive and sexually suggestive manner.[1] The person who performs a striptease is commonly known as a "stripper" or an "exotic" or "burlesque" dancer.

The origins of striptease as a performance art are disputed and various dates and occasions have been given from

fantasy wear
, music, special lighting, practiced dance moves, or unrehearsed dance moves.

Striptease involves a slow, sensuous undressing. The stripper may prolong the undressing with delaying tactics such as the wearing of additional

genitalia. The emphasis is on the act of undressing along with sexually suggestive movement, rather than the state of being undressed. In the past, the performance often finished as soon as the undressing was finished, though today's strippers usually continue dancing in the nude.[2][3]
The costume the stripper wears before disrobing can form part of the act. In some cases, audience interaction can form part of the act, with the audience urging the stripper to remove more clothing, or the stripper approaching the audience to interact with them.

Striptease and public nudity have been subject to legal and cultural prohibitions and other aesthetic considerations and taboos. Restrictions on venues may be through venue licensing requirements and constraints and a wide variety of national and local laws. These laws vary considerably around the world, and even between different parts of the same country. H. L. Mencken is credited with coining the word ecdysiast – from "ecdysis", meaning "to molt" – in response to a request from striptease artist Georgia Sothern, for a "more dignified" way to refer to her profession. Gypsy Rose Lee, one of the most famous striptease artists of all time, approved of the term.[4][5][6]

History

A 1720 depiction of a striptease[7]

The origins of striptease as a performance art are disputed and various dates and occasions have been given from

ancient Babylonia to 20th century America. The term "striptease" was first recorded in 1932.[8]

There is a stripping aspect in the ancient Sumerian myth of the descent of the goddess

dance of the seven veils of Salome, who danced for King Herod, as mentioned in the New Testament in Matthew 14:6 and Mark 6:21-22. However, although the Bible records Salome's dance, the first mention of her removing seven veils occurs in Oscar Wilde's play Salome
, in 1893.

In ancient Greece, the lawgiver

Justinian is reported by several ancient sources to have started in life as a courtesan and actress who performed in acts inspired from mythological themes and in which she disrobed "as far as the laws of the day allowed". She was famous for her striptease performance of Leda and the Swan.[13] From these accounts, it appears that the practice was hardly exceptional nor new. It was, however, actively opposed by the Christian Church
, which succeeded in obtaining statutes banning it in the following century. The degree to which these statutes were subsequently enforced is, of course, opened to question. What is certain is that no practice of the sort is reported in texts of the European Middle Ages.

An early version of striptease became popular in England at the time of the

Restoration. A striptease was incorporated into the Restoration comedy The Rover, written by Aphra Behn in 1677. The stripper is a man; an English country gentleman who sensually undresses and goes to bed in a love scene. (However, the scene is played for laughs; the prostitute he thinks is going to bed with him robs him, and he ends up having to crawl out of the sewer.) The concept of striptease was also widely known, as can be seen in the reference to it in Thomas Otway's comedy The Soldier's Fortune (1681), where a character says: "Be sure they be lewd, drunken, stripping whores".[14]

Striptease became standard fare in the brothels of 18th century London, where the women, called "posture girls", would strip naked on tables for popular entertainment.[15]

La Fontaine plate, 1896

Striptease was also combined with music, as in the 1720 German translation of the French La Guerre D'Espagne (Cologne: Pierre Marteau, 1707), where a

galant
party of high aristocrats and opera singers entertain themselves with hunting, play and music in a three-day turn at a small château:

The dancers, to please their lovers the more, dropped their clothes and danced totally naked the nicest

entrées and ballets; one of the princes directed the delightful music, and only the lovers were allowed to watch the performances.[16]

An

Middle Eastern belly dance, also known as oriental dancing, was popularized in the United States after its introduction on the Midway at the 1893 World's Fair in Chicago by a dancer known as Little Egypt.[18]

Some claim the origin of the modern striptease lies in Oscar Wilde's play Salome (play), in 1893. In the Dance of the Seven Veils, the female protagonist dances for King Herod and slowly removes her veils until she lies naked.[19] After Wilde's play and Richard Strauss's operatic version of the same, first performed in 1905, the erotic "dance of the seven veils" became a standard routine for dancers in opera, vaudeville, film and burlesque. A famous early practitioner was Maud Allan, who in 1907 gave a private performance for King Edward VII.

French tradition

Mata Hari. The most celebrated segment of her stage act was the progressive shedding of her clothing until she wore just a jeweled bra and some ornaments over her arms and head.

In the 1880s and 1890s, Parisian shows such as the Moulin Rouge and Folies Bergère were featuring attractive scantily clad women dancing and tableaux vivants. In this environment, an act in the 1890s featured a woman who slowly removed her clothes in a vain search for a flea crawling on her body. The People's Almanac credits the act as the origin of modern striptease.

In 1905, the notorious Dutch dancer

Musée Guimet.[20] The most celebrated segment of her act was her progressive shedding of clothing until she wore just a jeweled bra and some ornaments over her arms and head but exposing her pubic region.[21] Another landmark performance was the appearance at the Moulin Rouge in 1907 of an actress called Germaine Aymos, who entered dressed only in three very small shells. In the 1920s and 1930s, Josephine Baker danced topless in the danse sauvage at the Folies, and other such performances were provided at the Tabarin. These shows were notable for their sophisticated choreography and often featuring the women in glitzy sequins and feathers. In his 1957 book Mythologies, semiotician Roland Barthes interpreted this Parisian striptease as a "mystifying spectacle", a "reassuring ritual" where "evil is advertised the better to impede and exorcise it".[22] By the 1960s "fully nude" shows were provided at such places as Le Crazy Horse Saloon.[23]

A video of a woman gradually undressing herself.

American tradition

Charmion in her disrobing act, 1901

In the United States, striptease started in

Hinda Wassau, claimed to have inadvertently invented the striptease in 1928 when her costume was shaken loose during a shimmy dance. Burlesque theatres in New York were prohibited from staging striptease performances in a legal ruling of 1937, leading to the decline of these "grindhouses" (named after the bump 'n grind entertainment on offer).[24]
However many striptease stars were able to work in other cities and, eventually, nightclubs.

The 1960s saw a revival of striptease in the form of topless

strip clubs on a nationwide and eventually worldwide basis.[30]

British tradition

The Windmill Theatre in 2009

In Britain in the 1930s, when Laura Henderson began presenting nude shows at the Windmill Theatre, London, censorship regulations prohibited naked girls from moving while appearing on-stage. To get around the prohibition, the models appeared in stationary tableaux vivants.[31][32] The Windmill girls also toured other London and provincial theatres, sometimes using ingenious devices such as rotating ropes to move their bodies round, though strictly speaking, staying within the letter of the law by not moving of their own volition. Another example of the way the shows stayed within the law was the fan dance, in which a naked dancer's body was concealed by her fans and those of her attendants, until the end of her act in when she posed nude for a brief interval whilst standing still.

In 1942,

Whitehall Theatre
in London to put on a review called The Whitehall Follies.

By the 1950s, touring striptease acts were used to attract audiences to the dying music halls. Arthur Fox started his touring shows in 1948 and Paul Raymond started his in 1951. Paul Raymond later leased the Doric Ballroom in Soho and opened his private members club, the Raymond Revuebar, in 1958. This was one of the first of the private striptease members clubs in Britain.

A stripper before taking off all her clothing (left) and afterwards dancing fully naked except for shoes (right)

In the 1960s, changes in the law brought about a boom of strip clubs in Soho with "fully nude" dancing and audience participation.

East End with a concentration of such venues in the district of Shoreditch. This pub striptease seems in the main to have evolved from topless go-go dancing.[34] Though often a target of local authority harassment, some of these pubs survive to the present day. An interesting custom in these pubs is that the strippers walk round and collect money from the customers in a beer jug before each individual performance. This custom appears to have originated in the late 1970s when topless go-go dancers first started collecting money from the audience as the fee for going "fully nude".[34] Private dances of a more raunchy nature are sometimes available in a separate area of the pub.[3]

Japan

Striptease became popular in Japan after the end of

Shinjuku neighborhood. During the 1950s, Japanese "strip shows" became more sexually explicit and less dance-oriented, until they were eventually simply live sex shows.[35]

Today

Modern striptease acts typically follow the sequence established in

feature dancers) usually place as much weight on the dance in the earlier sections. Striptease dance routines are usually improvised, except for male strippers who generally choreograph their performances and focus as much on the earlier sections as the later.[36]

Recently pole dancing has come to dominate the world of striptease. In the late 20th century, pole dancing was practised in exotic dance clubs in Canada. These clubs grew up to become a thriving sector of the economy. Canadian style pole dancing, table dancing and lap dancing, organized by multi-national corporations such as Spearmint Rhino, was exported from North America to (among other countries) the United Kingdom, the nations of central Europe, Russia and Australia. In London, England a raft of such so-called "lap dancing clubs" grew up in the 1990s, featuring pole dancing on stage and private table dancing, though, despite media misrepresentation, lap-dancing in the sense of bodily contact was forbidden by law.[37]

"Feature shows" are used to generate interest from potential customers who otherwise would not visit the establishment but know the performer from other outlets. A headlining star of a striptease show is referred to as a feature dancer, and is often a performer with credits such as contest titles or appearances in adult films or magazines. The decades-old practice continued through the late 2000s (decade) to the present day with high-profile adult film performers such as Jenna Haze and Teagan Presley scheduling feature shows through the US.

In December 2006, a

value added tax.[38]

New Burlesque

Main article:
Neo-Burlesque

In the latter 1990s, a number of solo performers and dance groups emerged to create

Pussycat Dolls
began as a New Burlesque troupe.

Male strippers

Main article:
Male stripper
The Chippendales, a group of male strippers

Until the 1970s, strippers in Western cultures were almost invariably female, performing to male audiences. Since then, male strippers have also become common. Before the 1970s, dancers of both sexes appeared largely in underground clubs or as part of a theatre experience, but the practice eventually became common enough on its own. Well-known troupes of male strippers include Dreamboys in the UK and Chippendales in the US. Male strippers have become a popular option to have at a bachelorette party.

Private dancing

Main article: Lap dance

A variation on striptease is private dancing, which often involves lap dancing or contact dancing. Here the performers, in addition to stripping for tips, also offer "private dances" which involve more attention for individual audience members. Variations include private dances like table dancing where the performer dances on or by customer's table rather than the customer being seated in a couch.

Striptease and the law

Main article: Legal status of striptease

From ancient times to the present day, striptease was considered a form of

public nudity and subject to legal and cultural prohibitions on moral and decency
grounds. Such restrictions have been embodied in venue licensing regulations, and national and local laws, including liquor licensing restrictions.

A neo-burlesque stripper at the Miss Exotic World Pageant in 2006, wearing pasties as required in some U.S. jurisdictions

United States

Numerous U.S. jurisdictions have enacted laws regulating the striptease. One of the more notorious local ordinances is San Diego Municipal Code 33.3610,[39] specific and strict in response to allegations of corruption among local officials[40] which included contacts in the nude entertainment industry. Among its provisions is the "six-foot rule", copied by other municipalities, that requires that dancers maintain a six-foot (1.8 m) distance while performing.

Other rules forbid "full nudity". In some parts of the U.S., laws forbid the exposure of female (though not male) nipples, which must be covered by pasties.[2] In early 2010, the city of Detroit banned fully exposed breasts in its strip clubs, following the example of Houston, where a similar ordinance was implemented in 2008.[41] The city council has since softened the rules, eliminating the requirement for pasties[42] but keeping other restrictions. Both cities were reputed to have rampant occurrences of illicit activity linked to striptease establishments.[43][44] For some jurisdictions, even certain postures can be considered "indecent" (such as spreading the legs).[45][self-published source]

United Kingdom

In Britain in the 1930s, when the

tableaux vivants. To keep within the law, sometimes devices were used which rotated the models without them moving themselves. Fan dances were another device used to keep performances within the law. These allowed a naked dancer's body to be concealed by her fans or those of her attendants, until the end of an act, when she posed naked for a brief interval whilst standing stock still, and the lights went out or the curtain dropped to allow her to leave the stage. Changes in the law in the 1960s brought about a boom of strip clubs in Soho, with "fully nude" dancing and audience participation.[33] Following the introduction of the Policing and Crime Act 2009, a local authority licence is required for venues in England and Wales (and later Scotland) where live nude entertainment takes place more than 11 times a year.[47][48]

Iceland

The legal status of striptease in Iceland was changed in 2010, when Iceland outlawed striptease.[49] Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir, Iceland's prime minister said: "The Nordic countries are leading the way on women's equality, recognizing women as equal citizens rather than commodities for sale."[50] The politician behind the bill, Kolbrún Halldórsdóttir, said: "It is not acceptable that women or people in general are a product to be sold."[50]

In popular culture

Film

Rita Hayworth begins her striptease in Gilda

1940s–1950s

biopic Night and Day.[51]

Lady of Burlesque (known in the UK as Striptease Lady) (1943) based on the novel The G-String Murders (1941), by famous striptease artist Gypsy Rose Lee, stars Barbara Stanwyck as a stripper who gets involved in the investigation of murders at a burlesque house. A play by Gypsy Rose Lee entitled The Naked Genius (1943) was the inspiration for Doll Face (1945), a musical about a burlesque star (Vivian Blaine) who wants to become a legitimate actress.

Gilda (1946), showcases one of the most famous stripteases in cinematic history, performed by Rita Hayworth to "Put the Blame on Mame", though in the event she removes just her gloves, before the act is terminated by a jealous admirer. Murder at the Windmill (1949) (US title: Mystery at the Burlesque), directed by Val Guest is set at the Windmill Theatre, London and features Diana Decker, Jon Pertwee and Jimmy Edwards. Salome (1953) once again features Rita Hayworth doing a striptease act; this time as the famous biblical stripper Salome, performing the Dance of the Seven Veils. According to Hayworth's biographers this erotic dance routine was "the most demanding of her entire career", necessitating "endless takes and retakes".[52] Expresso Bongo (1959) is a British film which features striptease at a club in Soho, London.

Natalie Wood as Gypsy Rose Lee in the film version of the stage musical Gypsy

1960s–1970s

In 1960, the film Beat Girl cast Christopher Lee as a sleazy Soho strip club owner who gets stabbed to death by a stripper. Gypsy (1962), features Natalie Wood as the famous burlesque queen Gypsy Rose Lee in her memorable rendition of "Let Me Entertain You". It was re-made for TV in 1993 Starring Bette Midler as Mama Rose and Cynthia Gibb as Gypsy Rose Lee. The Stripper (1963) featured Gypsy Rose Lee, herself, giving a trademark performance in the title role. A documentary film, Dawn in Piccadilly, was produced in 1962 at the Windmill Theatre. In 1964, We Never Closed (British Movietone) depicted the last night of the Windmill Theatre. In 1965, the feature film Viva Maria! starred Brigitte Bardot and Jeanne Moreau as two girls who perform a striptease act and get involved in revolutionary politics in South America.

Also produced in 1965 was Carousella, a documentary about Soho striptease artistes, directed by John Irvin. Another documentary film, which looked at the unglamorous side of striptease, is the 1966 film called,"Strip", filmed at the Phoenix Club in Soho.

zero-gravity conditions whilst wearing her spacesuit. Marlowe (1969) stars Rita Moreno playing a stripper, in the finale of the movie simultaneously delivering dialogue with the title character and performing a vigorous dance on stage. The Beatles movie Magical Mystery Tour
has a scene where all the men on the tour bus go to a gentleman's club and watch a woman strip on stage.

Roman porno film featured the country's most famous stripper, Sayuri Ichijō, starring as herself.[53] A British film production of 1976 is the film Get 'Em Off, produced by Harold Baim
. Alain Bernardin the owner of the Crazy Horse in Paris directed the film,"Crazy Horse de Paris" [1977]. Paul Raymond's Erotica (1981) stars Brigitte Lahaie and Diana Cochran and was directed by Brian Smedley-Aston. The Dance routines were filmed at the Raymond Revuebar Theatre.

In Roger Vadim's 1968 film Barbarella, Jane Fonda as the title character performs a striptease in zero-gravity as she removes her spacesuit. Fonda continually changes outfits in the film, most of which are skin-tight and designed for their erotic appeal.

1980s–1990s

In addition to lesser-known videos such as A Night at the Revuebar (1983), the 1980s also featured mainstream films involving stripping. These included

Lolita Davidovitch as notorious stripper Blaze Starr
. Starr herself appears in the film in a cameo role.

Massive Attack : Eleven Promos. "Be Thankful For What You've Got" (1992), directed by Baillie Walsh, includes one dance routine by Ritzy Sparkle at the Raymond Revuebar Theatre.

LisaRaye
as a girl who becomes a stripper to earn enough money to enter college and study journalism.

2000s–present

go-go dancer who aspires to quit her job. In 2009 a DVD called, "Crazy Horse Paris" featuring Dita Von Teese was released. Magic Mike (2012) features a male stripper Mike Lane (Channing Tatum
) guiding a younger male stripper in his first steps into stripping in clubs.

Television

Theatre

  • fur coat striptease performances of "My Heart Belongs to Daddy" in Cole Porter's Broadway musical Leave It to Me![51]
  • The Full Monty (2000) is an Americanized stage adaptation of the 1997 British film of the same name, in which a group of unemployed male steelworkers put together a strip act at a local club.
  • prostitute
    and stripper in a small London club called The Red Rat, where she meets a multi-dimension man named Doctor Henry Jekyll, who turns into his evil persona Mr. Edward Hyde. Lucy performs the song ‘Bring on the Men’ during a show at the Red Rat (which was later replaced with ‘Good ‘n’ Evil’ in the Broadway production, some claiming ‘Bring on the Men’ was too ‘risqué’.).
  • Ladies Night is a New Zealand stage comedy about unemployed male workers who put on a strip show at a club as a way to raise some money. A version was also written for the United Kingdom. There are many parallels with The Full Monty, although Ladies Night predates that film.
  • Barely Phyllis is a play about Phyllis Dixey which was first staged at the Pomegranate Theatre, Chesterfield in 2009.

See also

References

  1. ^ Richard Wortley (1976) A Pictorial History of Striptease: 11.
  2. ^ a b Richard Wortley (1976) A Pictorial History of Striptease.
  3. ^
    ISBN 9781899344857
    .
  4. ^ "Fathers I Have Known – H.L. Mencken, H. Allen Smith" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2004-12-13.
  5. ^ Mencken, Henry Louis (1923). The American language: an inquiry into the development of English in the United States (3 ed.). A. A. Knopf.
  6. ^ "Gypsy and the Ecdysiasts". May 21, 2010. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2019.
  7. ^ Image from Der spanische, teutsche, und niederländische Krieg oder: des Marquis von ... curieuser Lebens-Lauff, vol. 2 (Franckfurt/ Leipzig, 1720), p.238
  8. ^ "First known use of striptease 1932". Merriam-Webster.
  9. ISBN 978-0-8342-0895-7
    .
  10. ISBN 978-0-415-41233-9
    .
  11. ISBN 978-0-450-00234-2
    .
  12. ^ As described by Ovid, Fasti 4.133ff.; Juvenal, Satire 6.250–251; Lactantius, Divine Institutes 20.6; Phyllis Culham, "Women in the Roman Republic," in The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic (Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 144; Christopher H. Hallett, The Roman Nude: Heroic Portrait Statuary 200 B.C.–A.D. 300 (Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 84.
  13. ISBN 978-0-292-70270-7
    .
  14. ^ Robert Hendrickson (1997) QPB Encyclopedia of Word and Phrase Origins. New York, Facts on File, Inc: 227
  15. ^ "The Shocking History of striptease". Archived from the original on 2013-08-16.
  16. ^ The German text reads "Die Tänzerinnen, um ihren Amant desto besser zu gefallen, zohen ihre Kleider ab, und tantzten gantz nackend die schönsten Entrèen und Ballets; einer von den Printzen dirigirte dann diese entzückende Music, und stunde die Schaubühne niemand als diesen Verliebten offen.", Der spanische, teutsche, und niederländische Krieg oder: des Marquis von ... curieuser Lebens-Lauff, Bd. 2 (Franckfurt/ Leipzig, 1720), S.238, recapitulated in Olaf Simons, Marteaus Europa oder der Roman, bevor er Literatur wurde (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2001), pp.617–635.
  17. ISBN 978-0-230-60328-8
    .
  18. ISBN 978-0-9623998-1-7
    .
  19. ^ Toni Bentley (2002) Sisters of Salome: 31
  20. ^ Denise Noe. "Mata Hari is Born". www.crimelibrary.com. Archived from the original on 10 February 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
  21. ^ Mata Hari Archived August 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ Striptease, in Mythologies by Roland Barthes, translated by Annette Lavers. Hill and Wang, bar New York, 1984
  23. ^ Richard Wortley (1976) A Pictorial History of Striptease: 29-53
  24. ^ "The New Victory Cinema". Newvictory.org. 1995-12-11. Archived from the original on 2012-07-22. Retrieved 2012-08-01.
  25. ^ "Nudity, Noise Pay Off in Bay Area Night Clubs", Los Angeles Times, February 14, 1965, p. G5.
  26. ^ California Solons May Bring End To Go-Go-Girl Shows In State, Panama City News, September 15, 1969, p. 12A.
  27. ^ "Naked Profits". The New Yorker. July 12, 2004. Retrieved 2007-07-30.
  28. ^ "1964". Answers.com. Retrieved 2007-07-30.
  29. ^ Arguments Heard On Nude Dancing, Los Angeles Times, April 16, 1969, p. C1.
  30. ^ Lap Victory. How a DA's decision to drop prostitution charges against lap dancers will change the sexual culture of S.F. -- and, perhaps, the country. Archived 2009-04-06 at the Wayback Machine SF Weekly, 8 September 2004
  31. Daily Telegraph
    , 24 November 2005
  32. ^ "Windmill Girls meet for reunion and remember dancing days in old Soho". Islington Tribune.
  33. ^
    ISBN 9780954944407
    .
  34. ^
    ISBN 9781411651784
    . Retrieved 2012-08-01.
  35. ISBN 978-0-19-512750-8
    .
  36. ISBN 9781134688692
    .
  37. ^ Vlad Lapidos (1996) The Good Striptease Guide to London. Tredegar Press.
  38. ^ BBC News. Stripping is art, Norway decides. December 6, 2006.
  39. ^ "Ch03Art03Division36" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2012-08-01.
  40. ^ Philip J. LaVelle (19 July 2005). "More bad news? What else is new? – Blemishes keep city in national spotlight". The San Diego Union Tribune. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
  41. ^ "Houston topless clubs lose case, may respond to Supreme Court with pasties". Canada.com. 2008-03-29. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2012-08-01.
  42. ^ "Detroit Passes New Strip Club Rules - Detroit Local News Story - WDIV Detroit". Archived from the original on June 9, 2011.
  43. ^ Time Waster (2011-06-06). "Another Houston Strip Club Raided". The Smoking Gun. Retrieved 2012-08-01.
  44. ^ Fantasee Blu (11 November 2009). "Detroit City Council To Vote On Strip Club Restrictions". Detroit: Kiss-FM. Archived from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  45. ISBN 9781450037556[self-published source
    ]
  46. ISBN 0-521-43437-8
    , page 803
  47. ^ "Sexual Entertainment Venues: Guidance for England and Wales" (PDF). Home Office. March 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 April 2010. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  48. ^ Orbach, Max (2008-06-11). "Tough new rules on strip club openings". Echo. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
  49. ^ "Iceland Review Online: Daily News from Iceland, Current Affairs, Business, Politics, Sports, Culture". Icelandreview.com. 2010-03-24. Archived from the original on 2013-12-01. Retrieved 2012-08-01.
  50. ^ a b Clark, Tracy (2010-03-26). "Iceland's stripping ban - Broadsheet". Salon.com. Archived from the original on 2011-06-05. Retrieved 2012-08-01.
  51. ^
    ISBN 978-1-55704-380-1
  52. ^ Edward Z. Epstein and Joseph Morella (1984) Rita: The Life of Rita Hayworth. London, Comet: 200
  53. Allmovie. Archived from the original
    on July 18, 2012. Retrieved 2007-06-26.

Further reading

External links
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