Timeline of HIV/AIDS

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

This is a timeline of HIV/AIDS, including but not limited to cases before 1980.

Pre-1980s

See also: Timeline of early HIV/AIDS cases

Researchers estimate that some time in the early 20th century, a form of Simian immunodeficiency virus found in chimpanzees (SIVcpz) first entered humans in Central Africa and began circulating in Léopoldville (modern-day Kinshasa) by the 1920s.[1][2][3] This gave rise to the pandemic form of HIV (HIV-1 group M); other zoonotic transmissions led to the other, less prevalent, subtypes of HIV.[3][4]

1930s to 1950s
  • A range of small scale Pneumocystis pneumonia epidemics occurred in northern and central European countries between the 1930s and 1950s,[5] affecting children who were prematurely born. The epidemics spread likely due to infected glass syringes and needles. Malnutrition was not considered a cause, especially because the epidemics were at their height in the 1950s. At that time war torn Europe had already recovered from devastation. Researchers state that the most likely cause was a retrovirus closely related to HIV (or a mild version of HIV) brought to Europe and originating from Cameroon, a former German colony. The epidemic started in the Free City of Danzig in 1939 and then spread to nearby countries in the 1940s and 1950s, like Switzerland and The Netherlands.[citation needed]
1959
X-ray showing infection with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
  • The first known case of HIV in a human occurs in a Bantu man who died in the Congo.[6][2] His blood sample, designated LEO70, which was taken for a study on Malaria and Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency[7] later tested positive for HIV using multiple testing modalities.[8]
  • June 28 - In New York City, Ardouin Antonio,[9] a 49-year-old Haitian shipping clerk, dies of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, a disease closely associated with AIDS. Gordon Hennigar, who performed the postmortem examination of the man's body, found "the first reported instance of unassociated Pneumocystis carinii disease in an adult" to be so unusual that he preserved Ardouin's lungs for later study. The case was published in two medical journals at the time,[10][11] and Hennigar has been quoted in numerous publications saying that he believes Ardouin probably had AIDS.[12][13][14]
1960s
1964
1966
1968
  • A 2003 analysis of HIV types found in the United States, compared to known mutation rates, suggests that the form of the HIV-1-M virus that would later become the cause of the epidemic in North America and Europe may have first arrived in the United States in this year.[21][medical citation needed] The disease spread from the 1966 American strain, but remained unrecognized for another 12 years.[17][medical citation needed] It has been suggested that this is contradicted by the estimated area of time of initial infection of Robert Rayford who was most likely infected around 1959;[original research?] however, it was later discovered that Robert Rayford had been infected with an earlier strain of AIDS which would be chiefly associated with France, unrelated to the strain which would later cause the start of the pandemic in the US.[22]
1969
  • A St. Louis teenager, identified as Robert Rayford, dies of an illness that baffles his doctors. Eighteen years later, molecular biologists at Tulane University in New Orleans test samples of his remains and find evidence of HIV.[22]
1976
  • January - The 9-year-old daughter of Arvid Noe dies.[citation needed] Noe, a Norwegian sailor, dies in April; his wife dies in December. Later it is determined that Noe contracted HIV-1 type O, in Africa during the early 1960s.[citation needed]
1977
  • Danish physician Grethe Rask dies of AIDS contracted in Africa.
  • A San Francisco woman, believed to be a sex-worker, gives birth to the first of three children who are later diagnosed with AIDS. The children's blood was tested after their deaths and revealed an HIV infection. The mother died of AIDS in May 1987. Test results show she was infected no later than 1977.[23][medical citation needed]
  • French-Canadian flight attendant Gaëtan Dugas, a relatively early HIV patient, gets legally married in Los Angeles to get U.S. citizenship. He stays in Silver Lake whenever he is in town.
  • In 1977 a Zairian woman in her 30s seeks treatment in Belgium for symptoms indicating a suppressed immune system and AIDS-like disease (rapid weight loss, swollen lymph nodes and severe CMV). She initially came to Belgium for care of the oral fungus infection of her baby daughter. Her two other children, who were recently born as well, had earlier died from respiratory infections; both also had an oral fungus infection since birth. The woman contracts even more opportunistic infections, dying in Kinshasa in early 1978. Tissue and blood samples are not preserved, but researchers state this might be an early AIDS case.[24]
1978
  • A Portuguese man known as Senhor José (English: Mr. Joseph) dies; he will later be confirmed as the first known infection of
    HIV-2. It is believed that he was exposed to the disease in Guinea-Bissau in 1966.[citation needed
    ]
1979

1980s

1980
1981
Kaposi's sarcoma on the skin of an AIDS patient
1982
  • January - The service organization
    Gay Men's Health Crisis is founded by Larry Kramer
    and others in New York City.
  • June 18 - "Exposure to some substance (rather than an infectious agent) may eventually lead to immunodeficiency among a subset of the homosexual male population that shares a particular style of life."[51] For example, Marmor et al. recently reported that exposure to amyl nitrite was associated with an increased risk of KS in New York City.[52] Exposure to inhalant sexual stimulants, central-nervous-system stimulants, and a variety of other "street" drugs was common among males belonging to the cluster of cases of KS and PCP in Los Angeles and Orange counties."[51]
  • July 4 - Terry Higgins becomes one of the first people to die of AIDS-related illnesses in the United Kingdom, prompting the foundation in November of what was to become the Terrence Higgins Trust.[53]
  • July 9 - The CDC reports a cluster of opportunistic infections (OI) and Kaposi's sarcoma among Haitians recently entering the United States.[54] Their risk factor for acquiring the syndrome was uncertain. Ten (29.4%) of these 34 patients with the syndrome of unexplained OI and Kaposi's Sarcoma (termed AIDS weeks later by CDC) also had disseminated tuberculosis.[54][55] This was the first reported association of tuberculosis with AIDS in a cluster of patients.[56][57] The uncertain risk factor for AIDS among Haitians was ultimately explained mostly by heterosexual transmission.[54][58][59][60][61][62]
  • July 27 - The term AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) is proposed at a meeting in Washington, D.C. of gay-community leaders, federal bureaucrats and the CDC to replace GRID (gay-related immune deficiency) as evidence showed it was not gay specific.[63]
  • September 24 - The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines a case of AIDS as a disease, at least moderately predictive of a defect in cell-mediated immunity, occurring in a person with no known cause for diminished resistance to that disease. Such diseases include KS, PCP, and serious OI. Diagnoses are considered to fit the case definition only if based on sufficiently reliable methods (generally histology or culture). Some patients who are considered AIDS cases on the basis of diseases only moderately predictive of cellular immunodeficiency may not actually be immunodeficient and may not be part of the current epidemic.[64]
  • December 10 - A baby in California becomes ill in the first known case of contracting AIDS from a blood transfusion.[30][medical citation needed]
  • The first known case appears in Brazil.[65][medical citation needed]
  • The first known case appears in Canada.[66]
  • The first known case appears in Italy.[67]
  • The first known case appears in Australia, diagnosed at St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney.[68]
1983
  • January - Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, isolates a retrovirus that kills T-cells from the lymph system of a gay AIDS patient. In the following months, she would find additional cases in gay men and people with hemophilia. This retrovirus would be called by several names, including LAV and HTLV-III before being named HIV in 1986.[69][medical citation needed]
  • March - United States Public Health Service (PHS or USPHS) issues donor screening guidelines, stating AIDS high-risk groups should not donate blood/plasma products.
  • March -
    AIDS Project Los Angeles
    is founded by Nancy Cole Sawaya, Matt Redman, Ervin Munro, and Max Drew
  • The first known case appears in Colombia; a female sexual worker from Cali was diagnosed with HIV in the Hospital Universitario de Cartagena.[70]
  • The first AIDS-related death occurs in Australia, in the city of Melbourne. The Hawke Labor government invests in a significant campaign that has been credited with ensuring Australia has one of the lowest HIV infection rates in the world.
  • AIDS is diagnosed in Mexico for the first time. However, HIV can be traced in the country to 1981.[71][medical citation needed]
  • The PCR (polymerase chain reaction) technique is developed by Kary Mullis; it is widely used in AIDS research.
  • Within a few days of each other, the musicians Jobriath and Klaus Nomi become the first internationally known recording artists to die from AIDS-related illnesses.
  • The first known case appears in Portugal.[72]
  • The CDC National AIDS Hotline is established.
1984
  • April 23 - U.S. Health and Human Services Secretary Margaret Heckler announces at a press conference that an American scientist, Robert Gallo, has discovered the probable cause of AIDS: the retrovirus is subsequently named human immunodeficiency virus or HIV in 1986. She also declares that a vaccine will be available within two years.
  • June 25 - French philosopher Michel Foucault dies of AIDS in Paris. Following his death, AIDES was founded.
  • September 6 - First performance at Theatre Rhinoceros in San Francisco of The AIDS Show which runs for two years and is the subject of a 1986 documentary film of the same name.
  • December 17 -
    hemophilia
    . When the public school that he attended, Western Middle School in Russiaville, Indiana, learned of his disease in 1985 there was enormous pressure from parents and faculty to bar him from school premises. Due to the widespread fear of AIDS and lack of medical knowledge, principal Ron Colby and the school board assented. His family filed a lawsuit, seeking to overturn the ban.
  • The first case of HIV infection in the Philippines is reported.[73][medical citation needed]
  • Gaëtan Dugas passes away due to AIDS-related illnesses. He was a French-Canadian flight attendant who was falsely identified as patient 0 due to his central location and labeling as "patient O," as in the letter O, in a scientific study of 40 infected Americans from multiple U.S. cities.[74]
  • Roy Cohn is diagnosed with AIDS, but attempts to keep his condition secret while receiving experimental drug treatment.[75]
  • The first known cases appear in Ecuador.[76]
1985
1986
This image revealed the presence of both HTLV-1, and HIV.
  • January 14 - "one million Americans have already been infected with the virus and that this number will jump to at least 2 million or 3 million within 5 to 10 years..." – NIAID Director Anthony Fauci, The New York Times.[85]
  • February - US President Ronald Reagan instructs his Surgeon General C. Everett Koop to prepare a report on AIDS. (Koop was excluded from the Executive Task Force on AIDS established in 1983 by his immediate superior, Assistant Secretary of Health Edward Brandt.) Without allowing Reagan's domestic policy advisers to review the report, Koop released the report at a press conference on October 22, 1986.[86][87]
  • May 30 - Fashion designer Perry Ellis dies of AIDS-related illness.
  • August 2 - Roy Cohn dies of complications from AIDS at the age of 59.[88] He insists to the end that his disease was liver cancer.[89]
  • August - Jerry Smith publicly announces he has AIDS in August 1986, becoming the first former professional athlete to do so. He dies two months later, becoming the first known former professional athlete to die of the disease.[90]
  • November 18 - Model Gia Carangi dies of AIDS-related illness.
  • The first officially known cases in the Soviet Union appear.[91][92] and India.[93][94]
  • HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is adopted as the name of the retrovirus that was first proposed as the cause of AIDS by Luc Montagnier of France, who named it LAV (lymphadenopathy associated virus) and Robert Gallo of the United States, who named it HTLV-III (human T-lymphotropic virus type III)
  • Attorney
    AIDS discrimination cases to go to a public hearing. These events inspired in part the 1993 film Philadelphia.[96][97]
1987
  • February 4 - Popular performing musician Liberace dies from AIDS related illness.
  • March 1 - Dr. Peter Duesberg of the University of California, Berkeley publishes a 22-page peer-reviewed article "Retroviruses as Carcinogens and Pathogens: Expectations and Reality".
    AIDS denialist
    movement".
  • March - The direct action advocacy group ACT UP is founded by Larry Kramer in New York City.
  • April - The FDA approves a Western blot test as a more precise test for the presence of HIV antibodies than the ELISA test.[77]'
  • May 28 - Playwright and performer Charles Ludlam dies of AIDS-related PCP pneumonia.
  • July 2 - Musical theatre director, writer, choreographer, and dancer Michael Bennett dies of AIDS-related lymphoma at the age of 44.[99]
  • July 11 - Tom Waddell, founder of the Gay Games, dies of AIDS.
  • August 18 - The FDA sanctioned the first
    HIV vaccine candidate in a research participant.[77]
  • December 4 -
    picture books such as the Frog and Toad series and Mouse Soup, passes away from AIDS-related cardiac arrest
    .
  • Randy Shilts' investigative journalism book And the Band Played On is published, chronicling the 1980–1985 discovery and spreading of HIV/AIDS, government indifference, and political infighting in the United States to what was initially perceived as a gay disease. (Shilts died of the disease on February 17, 1994.)
  • The first known case appears in Nicaragua.
  • AZT (zidovudine), the first antiretroviral drug, becomes available to treat HIV.[21][100]
1988
1989
  • January 18 - British travel writer Bruce Chatwin dies on January 18 from AIDS-related complications.
  • March 9 - Photographer Robert Mapplethorpe, known for his black-and-white portraits and for documenting New York's BDSM scene, passes away at the age of 42 due to complications from HIV/AIDS in a Boston hospital.
  • July 25 - Entrepreneur Steve Rubell, co-owner of the famed New York City disco Studio 54, passes away on from hepatitis and septic shock complicated by AIDS.[107]
  • NASCAR driver Tim Richmond dies on August 13 from AIDS-related complications.
  • August 16 - Amanda Blake, best known for her portrayal of saloon owner Miss Kitty on the television show Gunsmoke, becomes the first actress of note in the United States to die of AIDS-related illness. The cause of death was cardiac arrest stemming from CMV hepatitis, an AIDS-related hepatitis.
  • November 10 - Actress and writer
    John Waters' early films, passes away from AIDS-related pneumonia at the age of 40.[108]
  • December 1 - Dancer, director,
    choreographer, and activist Alvin Ailey, who founded the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater and its affiliated Alvin Ailey American Dance Center (later Ailey School) as havens for nurturing Black artists and expressing the universality of the African-American experience through dance, dies from an AIDS-related illness at the age of 58.[109]
  • The television movie The Ryan White Story airs. It stars Judith Light as Jeanne, Lukas Haas as Ryan and Nikki Cox as sister Andrea. Ryan White had a small cameo appearance as Chad, a young patient with AIDS. Another AIDS-themed film, The Littlest Victims, debuted in 1989, biographically chronicling James Oleske, the first U.S. physician to discover AIDS in newborns during AIDS' early years, when many thought it was only spreading through male-to-male sexual activity.
  • Covering the Plague by James Kinsella is published, providing a scathing look into how the media fumbled the AIDS story.[110]
  • Longtime Companion is a 1989 film directed by Norman René and starring Bruce Davison, Campbell Scott, Patrick Cassidy, and Mary-Louise Parker. The first wide-release theatrical film to deal with the subject of AIDS, the film takes its title from the euphemism The New York Times used during the 1980s to describe the surviving same-sex partner of someone who had died of AIDS.[111]
  • New York's highest court ruled in
    rent controlled apartment. The landlord's losing argument was that Miguel Braschi was not family because he was not related to Blanchard by "blood, marriage or adoption."[112] The decision marked the first time any top state court in the nation recognized a gay couple to be the legal equivalent of a family, American Civil Liberties Union lawyer William Rubenstein said. The decision was a ground-breaking victory for lesbians and gay men; it marked an important step forward in American law toward legal recognition of lesbian and gay relationships.[113]
  • Judge Elizabeth A. Kovachevich of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida ruled that Eliana Martínez, who had AIDS, could sit at a desk in a classroom without isolation partitions; Martínez attended her first day of school on April 27, 1989.[114][115]

1990s

Ryan White
1990
  • January 6 - British actor Ian Charleson dies from AIDS at the age of 40; it is the first show-business death in the United Kingdom openly attributed to complications from AIDS.
  • February 16 - New York artist and social activist Keith Haring dies from AIDS-related illness.
  • April 8 - Ryan White dies at the age of 18 from pneumonia caused by complications associated with AIDS.
  • Congress enacted The Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency (CARE) Act or
    Ryan White Care Act, the United States' largest federally funded health related program (excluding Medicaid and Medicare
    ).
  • July 7 - Brazilian singer Cazuza dies in Rio de Janeiro at the age of 32 from an AIDS-related illness.
  • November 9 - American singer-songwriter Tom Fogerty, rhythm guitarist of Creedence Clearwater Revival and older brother of John Fogerty, dies in Berkeley, California of AIDS-related tuberculosis.
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
  • March 17 - R&B singer Jermaine Stewart dies of AIDS-related liver cancer at age 39.[148]
  • September 2 - The Washington Post carries an article stating, "The most recent estimate of the number of Americans infected (with HIV), 750,000, is only half the total that government officials used to cite over a decade ago, at a time when experts believed that as many as 1.5 million people carried the virus."[citation needed]
  • December 7 - "French President Jacques Chirac addressed Africa's top AIDS conference on Sunday and called on the world's richest nations to create an AIDS therapy support fund to help Africa. According to Chirac, Africa struggles to care for two-thirds of the world's persons with AIDS without the benefit of expensive AIDS therapies. Chirac invited other countries, especially European nations, to create a fund that would help increase the number of AIDS studies and experiments. AIDS workers welcomed Chirac's speech and said they hoped France would promote the idea to the Group of Eight summit of the world's richest nations."[149]
  • Based on the
    Bangui definition the World Health Organization's cumulative number of reported AIDS cases from 1980 through 1997 for all of Africa is 620,000.[150]
    For comparison, the cumulative total of AIDS cases in the USA through 1997 is 641,087.
1998
1999

2000s

2000
2001
2002
  • The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves the first rapid diagnostic HIV test kit for use in the United States. The kit has a 99.6% accuracy and can provide results in as little as twenty minutes. The test kit can be used at room temperature, did not require specialized equipment, and can be used outside of clinics and doctor's offices. The mobility and speed of the test allowed a wider spread use of HIV testing.[160]
2003
2004
  • January 5 - "Individual risk of acquiring HIV and experiencing rapid disease progression is not uniform within populations," says Anthony S. Fauci, the director of NIAID.[162] [1]
2005
  • January 21 - The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends anti-retroviral post-exposure prophylaxis for people exposed to HIV from rapes, accidents or occasional unsafe sex or drug use. This treatment should start no more than 72 hours after a person has been exposed to the virus, and the drugs should be used by patients for 28 days. This emergency drug treatment had been recommended since 1996 for health-care workers accidentally stuck with a needle, splashed in their eyes with blood, or exposed in some other work-related way.[163]
  • September 2 - Dancer and choreographer
    AIDS-related heart failure in New York City.[164]
  • November 9 - SIV found in gorillas.[165]
  • A highly resistant strain of HIV linked to rapid progression to AIDS is identified in New York City.[21][medical citation needed]
2006
2007
  • The first case of someone being
    cured of HIV is reported. Timothy Ray Brown is a San Francisco man, with leukemia and HIV. He is cured of HIV through a bone marrow transplant in Germany from a homozygous CCR5-Δ32 donor. Other similar cases are being studied to confirm similar results.[166][167]
  • Maraviroc, the first available CCR5 receptor antagonist, is approved by the FDA as an antiviral drug for the treatment of AIDS.

2010s

2010
  • Confirmation is published that the first patient cured of HIV, Timothy Ray Brown, still has a negative HIV status, four years after treatment.[166][167]

2012

  • The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves Truvada for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). The drug can be taken by adults who do not have HIV, but are at risk for the disease. People can now take this medication to reduce their risk for contracting the virus through sexual activity.[168]
2013
  • Confirmation is published that a toddler has been "functionally cured" of HIV infection.[169] However, in 2014, it was announced that the girl had relapsed and that the virus had re-appeared.[170][171]
  • A New York Times article says that 12 people of 75 who began combination antiretroviral therapy soon after becoming infected may have been "functionally cured" of HIV according to a French study. A functionally cured person will not experience an increase of the virus in the bloodstream despite stopping antiretroviral therapy, and therefore not progress to AIDS.[172][173][174]
2014
2015
  • A new, aggressive strain of HIV discovered in Cuba[176][177] Researchers at the University of Leuven in Belgium say the HIV strain CRF19 can progress to AIDS within two to three years of exposure to virus. Typically, HIV takes approximately 10 years to develop into AIDS. The researchers found that patients with the CRF19 variant had more virus in their blood than patients who had more common strains. Patients with CRF19 may start getting sick before they even know they have been infected, which ultimately means there is a significantly shorter time span to stop the disease's progression. The researchers suspect that fragments of other subsets of the virus fasten to each other through an enzyme which makes the virus more powerful and more easily replicated in the body, thus the faster progression.[177]
2016
  • September 11 - Transgender actress, musician, and drag performer Alexis Arquette passes away at age 47 due to cardiac arrest caused by myocarditis stemming from HIV.[178]
  • Researchers have found that an international study found that almost 2,000 patients with HIV failed to respond to the antiviral drug known as
    Tenofovir disoproxil. Tenofovir is the main HIV drug treatment. The failure to respond to treatment indicates that the virus' resistance to the medication is becoming increasingly common.[179][180]
  • The United Nations holds its 2016 High-Level Meeting on Ending AIDS. The countries involved, the member states of the United Nations, pledge to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030. There was significant controversy surrounding the event as over 50 countries blocked the access of LGBTQ+ groups from participating in the meeting. At the conclusion of the meetings, which ran from June 8 to 10, 2016, the final resolution barely mentioned several groups that are most affected by HIV/AIDS: men who have sex with men, transgender people, people who inject drugs, and sex workers.[160]
2019

2020s

2021
  • The United Nations holds the 2021 high-level meeting on HIV/AIDS.
2022
  • City of Hope doctors announce that a fourth person in history has been cured of HIV through a stem cell transplant. The patient had cancer, of which he has also been cured. But the doctors warned the procedure cannot be made available on a large scale.[184][185]
2023

See also

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Further reading

External links

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