Twaron
Twaron (a brand name of
Enka BV, later Akzo Industrial Fibers. The research name of the para-aramid fibre was originally Fiber X, but it was soon called Arenka. Although the Dutch para-aramid fiber was developed only a little later than DuPont's Kevlar, the introduction of Twaron as a commercial product came much later than Kevlar due to financial problems at the Akzo company in the 1970s. As of 2000, Twaron had become a global material and had been integrated into the global markets.[3] Twaron has been around for over 30years.[4]
History
This is a chronology of the development of Twaron:[5]
- In 1960s a research program starts for "Fiber X."
- In 1972 the ENKA Research laboratory develops a para-aramid called Arenka.
- In 1973 Akzo decides to use sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as a solvent for spinning.
- In 1974 New process route was found at Akzo Research laboratory, using N-methylpyrrolidone(NMP) with a co-solvent (auxiliary solvent) with an ionic component (Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) to occupy the hydrogen bonds of the amide groups in order to dissolve the aromatic polymer.
- In 1976 a pilot plant is built.
- In 1977 first production starts.
- In 1984 the product is renamed Twaron.
- In 1986 commercial production is started at five locations and nine plants.
- In 1987 Twaron is introduced as a commercial product.
- In 1989 the aramid business of Akzo becomes an independent Business Unit called Twaron BV.
- Since 2000 Twaron BV has been owned by the Teijin Group, now called Teijin Twaron BV and based in Arnhem, Netherlands. The main production facilities for Twaron are in Emmen and Delfzijl.
- In 2007 Teijin Twaron expands for the fourth time in six years [6] and also changes its name into Teijin Aramid.
Production
Polymer preparation
Twaron is a p-phenylene terephthalamide (PpPTA), the simplest form of the
NMP
.
Spinning
After the production of the Twaron polymer in Delfzijl, the polymer is brought to Emmen, where fibres are produced by
AKZO
.
Use
Twaron is a para-
fabric, and as an asbestos
substitute.
- Protective gear (heat resistant / ballistics)
- flame-resistant ballistic vests
- Composites
- fiber reinforced concrete, drumheads
- Automotive
- rubbergoods reinforcement
- Linear tension
- mechanical cable (EMC), reinforced thermoplastic pipes
See also
References
- ^ "Twaron®". FibrXL. Retrieved 2024-05-25.
- ^ "Twaron®". FibrXL. Retrieved 2024-05-25.
- ^ "Twaron®". FibrXL. Retrieved 2024-05-25.
- ^ "Twaron®". FibrXL. Retrieved 2024-05-25.
- ^ Teijin Aramid (2012). "Teijin Aramid history". Teijin Aramid Website.
- ^ International Fiber Journal (2007). "Teijin Launches Fourth Production Expansion in Six Years". International Fiber Journal (February): 20. Archived from the original on 2007-08-19.
- ^ Cranes Today: Rope Trick
- JWS Hearle (2004). High-performance fibres. Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Abington, UK - The Textile Institute. ISBN 978-1-85573-539-2.
- Doetze J. Sikkema (2002). "Manmade fibers one hundred years: Polymers and polymer design". J Appl Polym Sci (83): 484–488.
- L. Vollbracht and T.J. Veerman, US Patent 4308374 (1976)
External links
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