Tzipi Livni
Tzipi Livni | |
---|---|
ציפי לבני | |
Minister for the Promotion of the Diplomatic Process | |
Faction represented in the Knesset | |
1999–2005 | Likud |
2005–2012 | Kadima |
2013–2014 | Hatnua |
2014–2019 | Zionist Union |
2019 | Hatnua |
Other roles | |
2009–2012 | Leader of the Opposition |
2018–2019 | Leader of the Opposition |
Personal details | |
Born | [1] Tel Aviv, Israel | 8 July 1958
Signature | |
Tziporah Malka "Tzipi" Livni (
Widely considered the most powerful woman in Israel since
From 2001 to 2009, Livni served in the cabinets of Ariel Sharon and Ehud Olmert, most notably as foreign minister, during which time she led multiple rounds of peace talks with the Palestinians. In September 2008, Livni prepared to take office as prime minister, but the political climate in the country prevented her from forming a government. The following year, she led her party to win a plurality of seats in the Knesset, but was again blocked from becoming prime minister, due to the rightist parties' majority in the Knesset. Consequently, she served as leader of the opposition from 2009, until her resignation from the Knesset in 2012.[13]
Later that year, Livni founded a new party,
Early life and education
Born in Tel Aviv,[16] Livni is the daughter of Eitan Livni (born in Poland) and Sara (née Rosenberg), both prominent former Irgun members.[17] After Israel's independence, Eitan and Sara Livni became the first couple to marry in the newfound country.[18][2] Her father served as the chief operations officer of the Irgun.
As a child, Livni was a member of the Betar youth movement and played basketball for Elitzur Tel Aviv.[19] Growing up in an Israel dominated by the Labour Party, Livni says she felt marginalized, believing that the establishment had minimized her parents' contribution to Israel's founding.[20] Despite the hard-line image of the Irgun, she says her parents had respect for the Arabs[20] and acted only against the British army, not civilians.[21]
During the 1984 Likud primaries, her father, who had served in the Knesset for Herut and Likud as a moderate,[14] did not campaign for a seat in the Knesset, and urged party members to support a Druze candidate instead because he thought it important for Likud to have Arab representation.[20]
IDF service and Mossad
Livni served in the IDF, attaining the rank of Lieutenant.[22] Livni began studying law at Bar-Ilan University in 1979, but suspended her law studies when she joined the Mossad in 1980. She served in the Mossad from 1980 to 1984, between the ages of 22 and 26. According to an interview in Yedioth Ahronoth described in The Sunday Times, she served in the elite unit responsible for the assassinations following the Munich massacre.[23] She resigned from the Mossad in August 1984 to marry and finish her law studies.[24]
Education, family, and legal career
Livni graduated with an LL.B. from Bar-Ilan University's Faculty of Law in 1984. She practiced at a private firm for about ten years, specializing in commercial law, public law, and real estate law, before entering public life in 1996.[4][25]
Livni resides in Ramat HaHayal, Tel Aviv.[26] She is married to advertising executive Naftali Spitzer, and the couple have two children, Omri (born 1987) and Yuval (born 1990). Spitzer, who was raised in a Mapai-supporting family but switched to Likud in 1996, has gone on to support his wife's political career from the start in the 1990s.[27]
Livni is a vegetarian.
Livni's father, Eitan Livni, a Herut member of Knesset, died in 1991. Her mother, Sara, who died in 2007, stood by Livni's decision to leave Likud and also accepted her support for the two-state solution, although it "hurt her."[18][20]
Political career
Livni entered politics in 1996 when she ran for a spot on Likud's Knesset list and was given place number 36 on the slate.
Livni would later rue the decision to privatize certain companies and natural resources. As
1999–2005: Likud
Livni was first elected to the Knesset as a member of the Likud in 1999. She initially did not take an active role in lawmaking.
Livni was an avid supporter of Sharon's
2005–2012: Kadima
On 20 November 2005, Livni, a member of Likud's moderate wing,[14] formed the Kadima Party with Sharon and Ehud Olmert. Ahead of the 28 March elections, Livni was appointed to be the new Foreign Minister, while continuing to serve as Justice Minister, as a result of the mass resignation of Likud Party members from the government.[35]
In the selection of candidates for the March 2006 Knesset election, Livni was awarded the number three position on Kadima's list of candidates, which effectively guaranteed her election to the Knesset.[36]
2006–2009: Foreign Minister of Israel
In 2006, Livni was appointed as Israel's
As Foreign Minister, Livni was in charge of negotiations with the Palestinian Authority. During these negotiations, she raised the possibility of fixing the future border between Israel and the future Palestinian state so as to place Israeli Arab towns within the Palestinian state, an idea originally suggested by Israeli politician
After the March
Livni became the first Israeli cabinet minister to explicitly differentiate Palestinian
In 2007, she met with Palestinian prime minister, Salam Fayyad, to discuss "improving the lives of the Palestinian people, without compromising Israel's security."[44]
On 2 May 2007, Livni called for Olmert's resignation in the wake of the publication of the
In 2008, Livni condemned a photomontage of Pope
2008–2009: Candidate for Prime Minister
Kadima leadership victory
Facing multiple criminal investigations for corruption, Ehud Olmert announced his intention to resign his post as prime minister following a Kadima leadership election, which was held on 17 September 2008. Livni and Shaul Mofaz emerged as the main rivals for the leadership.[49] Livni won the Kadima leadership election by a margin of just 431 votes (1%).[50][51] Palestinian peace negotiators were reportedly pleased with the result.[52]
Forming a government
As the new leader of the ruling party, Livni became prime-minister designate. Upon declaring victory, she stated "the national responsibility (bestowed) by the public brings me to approach this job with great reverence."[53]
On 21 September 2008, Olmert formally resigned in a letter submitted to president Shimon Peres, and the following day Peres formally asked Livni to form a new government.[54][55] Livni faced tough negotiations with Kadima's coalition partners, particularly the Shas party, which had set conditions for joining a Livni government, including an increase in child allowances to Haredi communities, and a vow not to negotiate the status of Jerusalem during peace talks with the Palestinians.[56][57] Livni was able to sign a coalition agreement with the Labor party, led by former prime minister Ehud Barak,[58] but on 26 October, informed the President that she was unable to form a government and suggested Israel go to elections. Livni cited her unwillingness to sell out her principles just to become prime minister, stating, "I was willing to pay a price to form a government, but I was never willing to risk the political and economic future of Israel. If someone is willing to sell out his principles for the job, he is not worthy of it."[59] For its part, Likud, the main opposition party led by Benjamin Netanyahu, lobbied Shas and other parties essential to Livni's government to support early elections.[60]
2009 elections
In February 2009 Israel held elections for the Knesset. Livni, foreign minister and head of the Kadima party, campaigned against Benjamin Netanyahu of the Likud party to lead the new government. While election results gave Kadima the most seats in the Knesset, parties to the right in Israel's political spectrum gained enough seats that a coalition government under Kadima leadership was unlikely. As a result, Israeli president Shimon Peres asked Netanyahu and Likud (which received one fewer seat than Kadima in the elections) to form a government; this was the first time in Israel's history that the party with the most seats was not asked to attempt to form a government.[61]
The New York Times commended Livni for "refusing the extortionist conditions set by Shas," and endorsed her candidacy for prime minister, saying Israelis would have "a clear choice in February between a leader who has the courage to abandon tired old thinking on politics and security and one who has not."[62] Although it expressed some doubts, the Israeli newspaper Haaretz also endorsed Livni for prime minister.[63]
When Livni was tapped to form the next governing coalition, Palestinian political analyst Mahdi Abdel Hadi said that Livni had been received warmly in the Gulf, and that she was the leader most Arabs want to see as Israel's next prime minister.[64] During the 2009 general elections, Arab media depicted her very negatively but as the lesser of the evils.[65][66][67]
2009–2012: Leader of the Opposition
Following the 2009 elections in which Livni's Kadima won the most seats, but could not form a government, she took the party into opposition, becoming Israel's first female leader of the opposition.
After an internal Foreign Ministry document stated that some European Union countries were considering freezing a planned upgrade in relations with Israel, Livni, as opposition leader, wrote in the message addressed to EU foreign policy chief Javier Solana, the EU's external relations commissioner Benita Ferrero-Waldner, and the EU's current council president, Czech foreign minister Karel Schwarzenberg: "You all know my commitment to peace between Israel and its neighbors and to the two-state solution, a commitment shared with the majority of the Israeli public. I believe that this kind of attitude, one which directly links an upgrade in relations with regional diplomatic progress, is overlooking the substantial gains that the upgrade could provide both to the people of Israel and the people of Europe."[68]
On 25 May 2009, Livni told Harvard University students: "On the Iranian issue, there is no opposition or coalition in Israel. ... Iran represents the threat of extreme Islamic state". She said Iran was a threat to other countries in the region, and Iran must be stopped from attaining nuclear weapons.[69]
Prior to
Livni voiced support for Israel's gay community ahead of Gay and Lesbian Pride Month in June 2009. She addressed an event held at the gay community's municipal center in Tel Aviv's Meir Park.[71][72] After a 1 August 2009 attack on a gay youth center that left two people dead and 15 wounded in Tel Aviv, Livni, who is in contact with the gay and lesbian community, said "This event should shake up society, and all the circles inherent in it, including the political establishment and the education system, and on this day deliver an unequivocal message against intolerance, incitement and violence, and to act against any manifestation of these." She attended a rally near the location of the attack, along with hundreds of Israelis and some other politicians, and urged Israel's gay and lesbian community to continue living their lives, despite the "hate crime."[73] Livni opposed Netanyahu's land reform bill.[74]
On 8 October 2009, Livni was honored by
As opposition leader, Livni noted in a 2009 Knesset speech that she herself did not support
After a draft document authored by Sweden (the then-holder of the rotating EU presidency) surfaced that calls officially for a division of Jerusalem and implies that the EU would also recognize a unilateral Palestinian declaration of statehood, Livni wrote a letter to Swedish Foreign Minister Carl Bildt, saying it was "wrong and not helpful," and that she conveyed "deep concern regarding what appears to be an attempt to prejudge the outcome of issues reserved for final status negotiations." European efforts to "dictate for either party the nature of the outcome on the status of Jerusalem," she said, would only serve to endanger the fulfillment of "our shared vision of two states for two peoples into a reality."[82] Livni also called on France to speak up against the draft during her meeting with Sarkozy in Paris.[83]
In December 2009, Livni travelled to Paris and met with French president
Criticism
During the
UK arrest warrants
In December 2009, a
The British Foreign Secretary,
In 2011, private groups asked the UK Crown Prosecution Service to issue an arrest warrant against Livni under universal jurisdiction because of her alleged role in Israeli military action against Gaza in December 2008. Keir Starmer, Britain's chief prosecutor, blocked the issue of an arrest warrant.[99]
Leadership defeat and resignation
In November 2011, the three candidates opposed to Tzipi Livni in 2008 called for a primary to be held as soon as possible, citing the probability of Knesset elections soon. On 19 January 2012, Livni set the primary date for 27 March 2012. Livni lost by a wide margin (64.5% to her 35.5%) to challenger and former defense minister Shaul Mofaz. In May 2012, despite Mofaz's appeal for her to remain in the party, Livni resigned from the Knesset. She stated that although she was leaving the Knesset, she was not retiring from public life, as Israel was "too dear" to her. Commenting on decisions she made, which may have contributed to her loss, she stated "I am not sorry for not backing down in the face of political blackmail—even when the price was being in the government—and for not willing to sell the country to the ultra-Orthodox," adding "And I'm definitely not sorry for the main issue I promoted. Even if the Israeli–Palestinian conflict isn't in vogue right now, there's an urgent need to reach a permanent agreement with the Palestinians as well as with the Arab world."[100]
2012–2014: Hatnua
2013 elections
On 27 November 2012, Livni announced the establishment of a new party, called Hatnua ("The Movement").[101][102] She was joined by seven members of Knesset from the Kadima Party: Yoel Hasson, Robert Tiviaev, Majalli Wahabi, Orit Zuaretz, Rachel Adato, Shlomo Molla and Meir Sheetrit[102] as well as former Labor Party leaders Amram Mitzna and Amir Peretz.
Minister of Justice
This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. (July 2022) |
Following the
2013–14 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks
Livni led the Israeli negotiation team in the
Dismissal
Livni continued on as
In December 2014 (after Livni had been dismissed as a cabinet minister), Secretary of State John Kerry told European Union ambassadors that his stance against a unilateral Palestinian measure at the UN Security Council was influenced by his talks with Livni and former president Shimon Peres, who said such a move could serve the political interests of those opposing the peace process.[108][109]
2014–2019: The Zionist Union
2015 elections
After the dissolution of the Knesset in December 2014, Labor leader Isaac Herzog and Livni announced a joint slate between Labor and Hatnua, called the Zionist Union, to contest the 2015 elections in an effort to keep Netanyahu, leader of the Likud Party, from securing a fourth term as prime minister. They proposed to share the role of prime minister (an arrangement known in the Knesset as rotation) if they won enough votes, though Livni also stated she would step back if her participation presented a hurdle to coalition building.[110] Widely seen as being a "game-changer" in what was initially thought would be an effectively uncontested election resulting in Netanyahu's reelection, the partnership between Livni and Herzog created significant momentum and galvanized Israel's center-left voters, who saw the partnership as having a realistic chance to form a government, something which had been absent in the previous elections.[111] Indeed, many opinion polls during the campaign showed Likud and the Zionist Union in dead heat, and the few weeks leading up to the elections suggested Livni and Herzog had overtaken Netanyahu, and would emerge with a plurality of voters. Initial exit polls indicated that the combined parties had won 27 seats, but the final count showed the Zionist Union garnering only 24 mandates to the Likud's 30. Following the elections, Livni and the Zionist Union went into opposition.
Leader of the Opposition
Livni served as a member of the Knesset Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee, the Constitution, Law and Justice Committee. In August 2015, in response to the submission of a motion to raise the Palestinian flag at the UN headquarters, Livni initiated the creation of the Foreign Affairs and Defense Subcommittee on International Lawfare, which she chaired. At the committee's inaugural meeting, Livni characterized the Palestinian motion as "part of an orchestrated diplomatic and legal struggle that is meant to create legitimacy for a Palestinian state with all that that means, and to deny legitimacy to the State of Israel." She argued that despite the lack of attention it receives, "[lawfare] is a war front as any other." The committee's mandate, according to Livni, is to "deal with lawfare not only to see how we can defend ourselves, but also to try to change international trends against Israel in a legal context and how to deal with moves the Palestinians are trying to make over Israel's head."[112]
On 11 February 2017, it was reported that UN Secretary-General António Guterres had offered Livni the post of Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations, although this never materialised.[113]
Split and resignation
On 1 January 2019 at a televised Zionist Union party meeting, Labor leader
Post-Knesset career
In September 2019, Livni was named a Fisher Family Fellow at Harvard Kennedy School.[116]
Livni lauded Joe Biden's victory over Donald Trump in the 2020 United States presidential election, stating that Biden is committed to democratic principles and that his election is "a blessing" for the United States, Israel, and the rest of the free world.[117]
Awards and honors
- 2004: Knight of Quality Government Award [118]
- 2004: Abirat Ha-Shilton ("Quality of Governance") award.
- 2009: Honored by Yale University as a Chubb Fellow.
- 2009: International Hall of Fame Award from the International Women's Forum.
- 2018: Golden Arrow Award [119]
Affiliations
- A board member of the International Crisis Group
- A member of The Aspen Ministers Forum
- A member of the international group of leaders who wrote the Declaration of Principles for Freedom Prosperity and Peace.
- Senior fellow at Harvard Kennedy School
- Global steering committee of "Campaign for nature" (founded by Wyss Foundation)
References
- ^ Tzipi Livni on the Knesset website
- ^ a b c Senor, Daniel Senor; Livni, Tziporah Malka (5 June 2024). "The last Israeli to negotiate with the Palestinians - with Tzipi Livni (Part 1)". Call Me Back - with Dan Senor. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
Tzipi Livni has served as a minister of eight different cabinet ministries under three prime ministers: Ariel Sharon, Ehud Olmert, and Benjamin Netanyahu. Her positions have included Justice Minister, Foreign Minister and Vice-Prime Minister. She has also been the official leader of the opposition. As foreign minister, Tzipi Livni led negotiations with the Palestinian Authority, she was a key government figure during Israel's disengagement from Gaza and during Hamas's subsequent takeover of Gaza. She was foreign minister during Israel's Second Lebanon War and during Israel's operation to take out Syria's nuclear reactor. She began her service as a member of the Likud Party, and then the Kadima Party, and later the Hatnua Party and Zionist Union. Earlier in her career, Tzipi served in the Mossad (including in the elite unit famous for being responsible for the assassinations following the Munich massacre). No major Israeli political figure has had more recent experience trying to negotiate a two-state solution than Tzipi Livni.
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- ^ Interview with Tzipi Livni at Hudson Union Society (15 July 2010). Tzipi Livni – Difference between freedom fighter & terrorist (YouTube). New York: Hudson Union Society.
My father and my mother, both of them were freedom fighters, not terrorists. And it's very important to say this—not because it's about my parents—because they acted against the British army, and not civilians. And this is a distinction that needs to be made also today. I cannot accept the words that say, 'One man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter.'
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{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Explosion Heard Outside Home of Opposition Leader Tzipi Livni
- ^ Ravid, Barak; Lanski, Na'ama (28 August 2008). "Winning Combination". Haaretz. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Cohen, Roger (7 July 2007). "Her Jewish State". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 23 April 2009. Retrieved 7 August 2007.
Mirla Gal, who would reach the top of the Mossad during a 20-year career, met Livni in first grade. [...] "We were curious because her world wasn't ours," Gal said over lunch at a beachfront Tel Aviv restaurant. "Even then she was principled. When I was 12, she turned vegetarian and has been ever since."
- ^ Livni, Tzipi
- ^ Eisenberg Group Acquires 17% More ICL Shares from State at $230 Mln
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- ^ a b PROFILE / Current Kadima Chairwoman Tzipi Livni
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- ^ Antonio Cassese (15 December 2006). The Multifaceted Criminal Notion of Terrorism in International Law. Oxford University Press.
{{cite book}}
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External links
- Tzipi Livni's official website (in Hebrew)
- Tzipi Livni on the Knesset website
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Tzipi Livni on Charlie Rose
- Tzipi Livni collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Tzipi Livni collected news and commentary at Ha'aretz
- Tzipi Livni collected news and commentary at The Jerusalem Post
- Tzipi Livni collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Symposium on Rabin's legacy, Tzipi Livni – Fathom Journal