User:JeremyA/Sandbox/Chicago

The destruction caused by the Great Chicago Fire led to the largest building boom in the history of the nation. In 1885, the first steel-framed high-rise building, the Home Insurance Building, rose in the city as Chicago ushered in the skyscraper era,^[47] which would then be followed by many other cities around the world.^[96] Today, Chicago's skyline is among the world's tallest and most dense.^[97]

Some of the United States' tallest towers are located in Chicago;

The city lies within the humid continental climate zone (Köppen: Dfa ), and experiences four distinct seasons. Summers are hot and humid, with a July daily average of 75.8 °F (24.3 °C). In a normal summer, temperatures exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on 21 days. Winters are cold and snowy with few sunny days, and with a January daytime average high of 27 °F (−2.8 °C). Spring and autumn are mild seasons with low humidity.

According to the

During its first 100 years, Chicago was one of the fastest-growing cities in the world. When founded in 1833, fewer than 200 people had settled on what was then the American frontier. By the time of its first census, seven years later, the population had reached over 4,000. Within the span of forty years, the city's population grew from slightly under 30,000 in 1850 to over 1 million by 1890. By the close of the 19th century, Chicago was the fifth largest city in the world,^[125] and the largest of the cities that did not exist at the dawn of the century. Within sixty years of the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the population went from about 300,000 to over 3 million,^[126] and reached its highest ever-recorded population of 3.6 million for the 1950 census.

From the last two decades of the 19th century, Chicago was the destination of waves of immigrants from Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, including (but by no means limited to)

• 45.0%
  White (31.7% non-Hispanic whites
  );
• 32.9%
  Black or African American
  ;
• 13.4% from some other race;
• 5.5%
  Asian
  (1.6% Chinese, 1.1% Indian, 1.1% Filipino, 0.4% Korean, 0.3% Pakistani, 0.3% Vietnamese, 0.2% Japanese, 0.1% Thai);
• 2.7% from
  two or more races
  ;
• 0.5% American Indian.

Chicago has a Hispanic or Latino population of 28.9%. (Its members may belong to any race; 21.4% Mexican, 3.8% Puerto Rican, 0.7% Guatemalan, 0.6% Ecuadorian, 0.3% Cuban, 0.3% Colombian, 0.2% Honduran, 0.2% Salvadoran, 0.2% Peruvian)^[129] The Guatemalan, Colombian and Peruvian communities have skyrocketed in the 2000s, and some estimates give higher percentages.

According to the US Census Bureau's American Community Survey data for 2011, the median income for a household in the city was $43,628, and the median income for a family was $49,442. Male full-time workers had a median income of $44,647 versus $41,168 for females. About 19.7% of families and 23.7% of the population lived below the poverty line.^[130]

The city's former most populous ethnic group, non-Hispanic white, declined from 59% in 1970 to 31.7% in 2010.

• Irish: (208,562)
• German: (201,863)
• Polish: (165,177)
• Italian: (102,188)
• English: (66,107).^[131]

According to the 2008 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates for Total Ancestry Reported, for the city of Chicago, the majority of residents, or 64% of 2,986,974 people, reported their ancestry as "other groups".

The city played host to the first two Parliament of the World's Religions in 1893 and 1993.^[134] Chicago contains many theological institutions, which include seminaries and colleges such as the Meadville Lombard Theological School, the Moody Bible Institute, the Chicago Theological Seminary and the Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago. Chicago is the seat of numerous religious leaders from a host of bishops of a wide array of Christian denominations as well as other religions.

Many international religious leaders have visited Chicago, including Mother Teresa and the Dalai Lama.^[135] Pope John Paul II visited Chicago in 1979 during his first trip ever to the United States after being elected to the papacy in 1978.^[136]

Economy

Chicago has the third largest

Late in the 19th century, Chicago was part of the bicycle craze, as home to Western Wheel Company, which introduced stamping to the production process and significantly reduced costs,^[151] while early in the 20th century, the city was part of the automobile revolution, hosting the Brass Era car builder Bugmobile, which was founded there in 1907.^[152] Chicago was also home to the Schwinn Bicycle Company.

Chicago is a major world convention destination. The city's main convention center is McCormick Place. With its four interconnected buildings, it is the largest convention center in the nation and third largest in the world.^[153] Chicago also ranks third in the U.S. (behind Las Vegas and Orlando) in number of conventions hosted annually.^[154]

In June 2012, Chicago had 391,000 unemployed with a 9.4% unemployment rate against a national average of 8.2%.^[155]

Culture and contemporary life

The city's waterfront allure and nightlife has attracted residents and tourists alike. Over a third of the city population is concentrated in the lakefront neighborhoods of

Renowned Chicago theater companies include the

Classical music offerings include the Chicago Symphony Orchestra (CSO), which performs at Symphony Center, and is recognized as one of the best orchestras in the world.^[160] Also performing regularly at Symphony Center is the Chicago Sinfonietta, a more diverse and multicultural counterpart to the CSO. In the summer, many outdoor concerts are given in Grant Park and Millennium Park. Ravinia Festival, located 25 miles (40 km) north of Chicago, is the summer home of the CSO, and is a favorite destination for many Chicagoans. The Civic Opera House is home to the Lyric Opera of Chicago. The Lithuanian Opera Company of Chicago was founded by Lithuanian Chicagoans in 1956,^[161] and presents operas in Lithuanian.

The

Chicago has a distinctive fine art tradition. For much of the twentieth century, it nurtured a strong style of figurative surrealism, as in the works of Ivan Albright and Ed Paschke. In 1968 and 1969, members of the Chicago Imagists, such as Roger Brown, Leon Golub, Robert Lostutter, Jim Nutt, and Barbara Rossi produced bizarre representational paintings.

Chicago is home to a number of large, outdoor works by well-known artists. These include the Chicago Picasso, Miró's Chicago, Flamingo and Flying Dragon by Alexander Calder, Agora by Magdalena Abakanowicz, Monument with Standing Beast by Jean Dubuffet, Batcolumn by Claes Oldenburg, Cloud Gate by Anish Kapoor, Crown Fountain by Jaume Plensa, and the Four Seasons mosaic by Marc Chagall.

Chicago also has a nationally televised Thanksgiving parade that occurs annually. The

In 2012^[update], Chicago attracted 34.07 million domestic leisure travelers, 10.92 million domestic business travelers and 1.369 million overseas visitors.

Navy Pier, located just east of Streeterville, is 3,000 ft (910 m) long and houses retail stores, restaurants, museums, exhibition halls and auditoriums. Its 150-foot (46 m) tall Ferris wheel is one of the most visited landmarks in the Midwest, attracting about 8 million people annually.^[165] Chicago was the first city in the world to ever erect a ferris wheel.

On June 4, 1998, the city officially opened the

In 2013, Chicago was chosen as one of the "Top Ten Cities in the United States" to visit for its restaurants, skyscrapers, museums, and waterfront, by the readers of Condé Nast Traveler.^[166][167]

Cuisine

Chicago lays claim to a large number of regional specialties, all of which reflect the city's ethnic and working class roots. Included among these are its nationally renowned

There are several distinctly Chicago sandwiches, among them the Italian beef sandwich, which is thinly sliced beef slowly simmered in au jus and served on an Italian roll with sweet peppers or spicy giardiniera. A popular modification is the Combo—an Italian beef sandwich with the addition of an Italian sausage. Another is the Maxwell Street Polish, a grilled or deep-fried kielbasa — on a hot dog roll, topped with grilled onions, yellow mustard, and hot sport peppers.^[174]

Ethnically originated creations include

The annual summer festival, the Taste of Chicago in Grant Park, highlights food in the city with many local restaurants taking part.

A number of well-known chefs have had restaurants in Chicago, including Charlie Trotter, Rick Tramonto, Grant Achatz, and Rick Bayless. In 2003, Robb Report named Chicago the country's "most exceptional dining destination."^[177]

Literature

Chicago literature finds its roots in the city's tradition of lucid, direct journalism, lending to a strong tradition of social realism. In the Encyclopedia of Chicago, Northwestern University Professor Bill Savage describes Chicago fiction as prose which tries to "capture the essence of the city, its spaces and its people." The challenge for early writers was that Chicago was a frontier outpost that transformed into a global metropolis in the span of two generations. Narrative fiction of that time, much of it in the style of "high-flown romance" and "genteel realism", needed a new approach to describe the urban social, political, and economic conditions of Chicago.^[178] Nonetheless, Chicagoans worked hard to create a literary tradition that would stand the test of time,^[179] and create a "city of feeling" out of concrete, steel, vast lake, and open prairie.^[180] Much notable Chicago fiction focuses on the city itself, with social criticism keeping exultation in check.

At least, three short periods in the

Top: Soldier Field; Bottom: Wrigley Field

Main article: Sports in Chicago

Chicago was named the "Best Sports City" in the United States by the

U.S. Cellular Field on the South Side. Chicago is the only city that has had more than one MLB franchise every year since the AL began in 1901.^{[citation needed}

]

The

Chicago Cardinals, also started out in the city, but is now known as the Arizona Cardinals. The Bears play their home games at Soldier Field

, named after "The men and women of the armed forces". It is located next to the shores of Lake Michigan, on Lake Shore Drive. Soldier Field was an aging stadium and was in dire need of renovation by the end of the 20th century. In 2003, the stadium re-opened after an extensive renovation, which increased the number of luxury boxes and dramatically improved the game day experience for Bears fans. However, because of this renovation, the stadium lost its National Historic Landmark designation on February 17, 2006.

The Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association (NBA) is one of the most recognized basketball teams in the world.^{[citation needed]} During the 1990s with Michael Jordan leading them, the Bulls took six NBA championships in eight seasons.^[184][185] They also boast the youngest player to win the NBA Most Valuable Player Award, Derrick Rose, who won it for the 2010–11 season.^[186]

The Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL) began play in 1926, and are one of the "Original Six" teams of the National Hockey League (NHL). The team has won five Stanley Cups, including in 2013. Both the Bulls and the Blackhawks play at the United Center on the Near West Side.

U.S. Cellular Field

The

U.S. Open Cups, since their founding in 1997. In 1994, the United States hosted a successful FIFA World Cup with games played at Soldier Field

.

While five of the six major franchises have won championships within recent years – the Bears (1985), the Bulls (91, '92, '93, '96, '97, and '98), the White Sox (2005), the Blackhawks (2010, 2013), and the Fire (1998) — the Chicago Cubs are known for their drought of over 100 years without a championship (currently 105 years, as of the 2013 MLB season). The last time the Cubs were in a World Series was 1945. Some fans claim the Curse of the Billy Goat is responsible for the drought.

The following is a list of active, professional major-league Chicago sports teams, ranked by attendance:

Club	League	Sport	Venue	Attendance	Founded	Championships
Chicago Bears	NFL	Football	Soldier Field	62,358	1919	1 Super Bowl, (8 Championships pre-Super Bowl)
Chicago Cubs	MLB	Baseball	Wrigley Field	32,625	1870	2 World Series wins (and 1 tie)
Chicago White Sox	MLB	Baseball	U.S. Cellular Field	22,105	1900	3 World Series
Chicago Bulls	NBA	Basketball	United Center	21,876	1966	6 NBA Championships
Chicago Blackhawks	NHL	Ice hockey	United Center	21,775	1926	5 Stanley Cups
Chicago Fire	MLS	Soccer	Toyota Park	16,409	1997	1 MLS Cup, 1 Supporters Shield

The Chicago Marathon has been held each year since 1977; except for 1987, when a half marathon was run in its place. The Chicago Marathon is one of six World Marathon Majors.^[187]

Five area colleges play in

Division I conferences: the Chicago State Cougars (Western Athletic Conference); the DePaul Blue Demons (Big East Conference); the Loyola Ramblers (Missouri Valley Conference); the Northwestern Wildcats (Big Ten Conference); and the UIC Flames (Horizon League).^[188]

Parks

Main article:

Parks of Chicago

Northwest Side and Washington Square Park on the Near North Side

.

When Chicago was incorporated in 1837, it chose the motto Urbs in Horto, a

Chicago beaches, a plethora of museums, two world-class conservatories, 16 historic lagoons, and 10 bird and wildlife gardens.^[189] Lincoln Park, the largest of the city's parks, covers 1,200 acres (490 ha) and has over 20 million visitors each year, making it second only to Central Park in New York City in number of visitors.^[190]

With berths for more than 6,000 boats, the Chicago Park District operates the nation's largest municipal harbor system.[191] In addition to ongoing beautification and renewal projects for the existing parks, a number of new parks have been added in recent years, such as the Ping Tom Memorial Park in Chinatown, DuSable Park on the Near North Side, and most notably, Millennium Park in a section of one of Chicago's oldest parks, Grant Park in the Chicago Loop.

The wealth of greenspace afforded by Chicago's parks is further augmented by the

Brookfield Zoo in Brookfield.^[193]

In addition, Washington Park is one of the cities biggest parks as well; covering nearly as much as 400 acres (162 ha). The park is also one of Chicago's most historic sites too.

Law and government

Government

Main article: Government of Chicago

City Hall

in background. State law courts are in the building at right

The government of the City of Chicago is divided into executive and

ward in the city.^[194] The council takes official action through the passage of ordinances and resolutions and approves the city budget.^[195]

The

Attorney

.

Politics

Main article: Political history of Chicago

During much of the last half of the 19th century, Chicago's politics were dominated by a growing Democratic Party organization. During the 1880s and 1890s, Chicago had a powerful radical tradition with large and highly organized socialist, anarchist and labor organizations.^[196] For much of the 20th century, Chicago has been among the largest and most reliable Democratic strongholds in the United States; with Chicago's Democratic vote the state of Illinois has been "solid blue" in presidential elections since 1992. Even before then, it was not unheard of for Republican presidential candidates to win handily in downstate Illinois, only to lose statewide due to large Democratic margins in Chicago. The citizens of Chicago have not elected a Republican mayor since 1927, when William Thompson was voted into office. The strength of the party in the city is partly a consequence of Illinois state politics, where the Republicans have come to represent the rural and farm concerns while the Democrats support urban issues such as Chicago's public school funding. Chicago contains less than 25% of the state's population, but 8 of Illinois' 19 U.S. Representatives have part of Chicago in their districts.

Machine politics persisted in Chicago after the decline of similar machines in other large U.S. cities.^[197] During much of that time, the city administration found opposition mainly from a liberal "independent" faction of the Democratic Party. The independents finally gained control of city government in 1983 with the election of Harold Washington (in office 1983–1987). From 1989 until May 16, 2011, Chicago was under the leadership of its longest serving mayor, Richard M. Daley, the son of Richard J. Daley. On May 16, 2011, Rahm Emanuel was sworn in as the 55th mayor of Chicago. Because of the dominance of the Democratic Party in Chicago, the Democratic primary

vote held in the spring is generally more significant than the general elections in November for U.S. House and Illinois State seats. The aldermanic, mayoral, and other city offices are filled through nonpartisan elections with runoffs as needed.

Crime

Main articles:

Organized crime in Chicago

Chicago had a murder rate of 18.5 per 100,000 residents in 2012, ranking 16th among cities with 100,000 people or more."

murder rate than many smaller American cities, the two largest cities in the United States, New York City and Los Angeles, have even lower rates and lower total homicides. According reports in 2013, “[m]ost of Chicago’s violent crime comes from gangs trying to maintain control of drug-selling territories”,^[200] and is specifically related to the activities of the Sinaloa Cartel, which by 2006 had decided to seek to control drug distribution, over against local street gangs.^[201] Violent crime rates vary significantly by area, with more economically developed areas having low rates, but other sections high rates of crime.^[200]

The total number of murders in Chicago peaked in 1974, with 970 murders when the city's population was over 3 million people (resulting in a murder rate of around 29 per 100,000), and came close to peaking again in 1992 with 943 murders, resulting in a murder rate of 34 per 100,000.[202] Chicago, along with other major US cities, experienced a significant reduction in violent crime rates through the 1990s, eventually recording 448 homicides in 2004, the lowest total since 1965 (15.65 per 100,000.) Chicago's homicide tally remained steady throughout 2005, 2006, and 2007 with 449, 452, and 435 respectively.

In 2008, murders rebounded to 510, breaking 500 for the first time since 2003.^[203][204] For 2009 the murder count was down about 10% for the year, to 458.^[205] 2010 saw Chicago's murder rate at its lowest levels since 1965. Overall, 435 homicides were recorded for the year (16.14 per 100,000), a 5% decrease from 2009.^[206] 2011 saw Chicago's murders at 431 for a murder rate of 15.94 per 100,000 for a drop of 1.2% from 2010.^[207]

2012 saw a spike in murders to 506.^[208][209] That year the city ranked 21st in the United States in numbers of homicides per person, while the first half of 2013 saw a significant drop per-person, in all categories of violent crime in Chicago, including homicide (down 26%).^[210] Chicago ended 2013 with 415 murders, the lowest number of murders since 1965, and overall crime rates dropped by 16 percent.^[207]

Education

Main article: Chicago Public Schools

Schools and libraries

Walter Payton College Prep High School is ranked second. The oldest magnet school in the City of Chicago, Whitney M. Young Magnet High School, was opened in 1975 is ranked number three. The magnet school with the largest enrollment is Lane Tech College Prep High School.^[213] Lane is one of the oldest schools in Chicago and in 2012 was designated a National Blue Ribbon School by the U.S. Department of Education.^[214] Chicago high school rankings are determined by the average test scores on state achievement tests.^[215] The district, with an enrollment exceeding 400,000 students (2005 stat.), ranks as the third largest in the US^[216] On September 10, 2012, teachers for the Chicago Teachers Union went on strike for the first time since 1987 over pay, resources and other issues.^[217]

The

River North and the Morgan Park Academy. Chicago is also home of the private Chicago Academy for the Arts, a high school focused on six different categories of the art. Also Chicago is home of the public Chicago High School for the Arts

, a high school focused on five categories (visual arts, theatre, musical theatre, dance, and music) of the arts.

The Chicago Public Library system operates 79 public libraries including the central library, two regional libraries, and numerous branches distributed throughout the city.

Colleges and universities

For a more comprehensive list, see List of colleges and universities in Chicago.

Since the 1850s, Chicago has been a world center of higher education and research with several universities that are in the city proper or in the immediate environs. These institutions consistently rank among the top "National Universities" in the United States, as determined by

Shimer College

.

MacCormac College

.

Chicago also has a high concentration of post-baccalaureate institutions, graduate schools, seminaries, and theological schools such as the

the Institute for Clinical Social Work, the Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago, Catholic Theological Union, Moody Bible Institute, and the University of Chicago Divinity School

.

Media

Further information: Media in Chicago, List of fiction set in Chicago, and Chicago International Film Festival

The Chicago metropolitan area is the third-largest media market in North America, after New York City and Los Angeles.

The Frugal Gourmet, Lamb Chop's Play-Along and The McLaughlin Group, just to name a few and WYCC

.

There are two major daily newspapers published in Chicago: the

GRAB magazine are also published in the city, as well as local music magazine Chicago Innerview. In addition, Chicago is the recent home of satirical national news outlet, The Onion, as well as its sister pop-culture publication, The A.V. Club.^[224]

Chicago is a

The Dark Knight; Transformers: Dark of the Moon; and Transformers: Age of Extinction

.

Chicago has also been the setting for many popular television shows, including the situation comedies

Chicago PD

.

Chicago has five 50,000 watt AM radio stations: the CBS Radio-owned WBBM and WSCR; the Tribune Broadcasting-owned WGN; the Cumulus Media-owned WLS; and the ESPN Radio-owned WMVP. Chicago is also home to a number of national radio shows, including Beyond the Beltway with Bruce DuMont on Sunday evenings.

Chicago is also featured in a few video games, including the upcoming Watch Dogs and Midtown Madness, a real-life, car-driving simulation game.

Infrastructure

Transportation

Further information: Transportation in Chicago

Chicago Skyway

tollbooths at the entrance to Chicago's southern city limits

Chicago is a major transportation hub in the United States. It is an important component in global distribution, as it is the third largest inter-modal port in the world after Hong Kong and Singapore.^[225]

Expressways

Further information: Roads and expressways in Chicago

Seven mainline and four auxiliary

88, 90 (also in Indiana), 94 (also in Indiana), 190, 290, 294, and 355) run through Chicago and its suburbs. Segments that link to the city center are named after influential politicians, with three of them named after former U.S. Presidents (Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Reagan) and one named after two-time Democratic candidate Adlai Stevenson

.

The Kennedy and Dan Ryan Expressways are the busiest state maintained routes in the entire state of Illinois.^[226]

Transit systems

The Regional Transportation Authority (RTA) coordinates the operation of the three service boards: CTA, Metra, and Pace.

Madison/Wabash station in the Chicago Loop

.

Big

• The
  Yellow
  lines. Both the Red and Blue lines offer 24‑hour service which makes Chicago one of a handful of cities around the world (and one of two in the United States, the other being New York City) to offer rail service 24 hours a day, every day of the year, within the city's limits.

• South Shore Line, which provides commuter service between South Bend
  and Chicago.

• Pace provides bus and paratransit service in over 200 surrounding suburbs with some extensions into the city as well. A 2005 study found that one quarter of commuters used public transit.^[227]

Greyhound Lines provides inter-city bus service to and from the city, and Chicago is also the hub for the Midwest network of Megabus (North America).

Passenger Rail

St. Louis, Carbondale, Boston, Grand Rapids, Port Huron, Pontiac, Los Angeles, and San Antonio. An attempt was made in the early 20th century to link Chicago with New York City via the Chicago – New York Electric Air Line Railroad

. Parts of this were built, but it was ultimately never completed.

Freight Rail

Chicago is the largest hub in the railroad industry.

Class I railroads meet in Chicago, with the exception being the Kansas City Southern Railway.^[229] As of 2002, severe freight train congestion caused trains to take as long to get through the Chicago region as it took to get there from the West Coast of the country (about 2 days).^[230] About one-third of the country's freight trains pass through the city, making it a major national bottleneck.^[231] Announced in 2003, the Chicago Region Environmental and Transportation Efficiency (CREATE) initiative is using about $1.5 billion in private railroad, state, local, and federal funding to improve rail infrastructure in the region to reduce freight rail congestion by about one third.^[232]

Airports

Further information: Transportation in Chicago § Airports

Chicago is served by

Midway International Airport on the Southwest Side. In 2005, O'Hare was the world's busiest airport by aircraft movements and the second busiest by total passenger traffic (due to government enforced flight caps).^[234] Both O'Hare and Midway are owned and operated by the City of Chicago. Gary/Chicago International Airport and Chicago Rockford International Airport, located in Gary, Indiana and Rockford, Illinois, respectively, can serve as alternate Chicago area airports, however they do not offer as many commercial flights as O'Hare and Midway. In recent years the state of Illinois has been leaning towards building an entirely new airport in the Illinois suburbs of Chicago.^[235] The City of Chicago is the world headquarters for United Airlines, the world's largest airline.^[236][237]

Port authority

Main article: Port of Chicago

The Port of Chicago consists of several major port facilities within the city of Chicago operated by the Illinois International Port District (formerly known as the Chicago Regional Port District). The central element of the Port District, Calumet Harbor, is maintained by the

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.^[238]

• Iroquois Landing Lakefront Terminal: at the mouth of the Calumet River, it includes 100 acres (0.40 km²) of warehouses and facilities on Lake Michigan with over 780,000 square meters (8,390,000 square feet) of storage.
• Lake Calumet terminal: located at the union of the
  Little Calumet River
  6 miles (9.7 km) inland from Lake Michigan. Includes three transit sheds totaling over 29,000 square meters (315,000 square feet) adjacent to over 900 linear meters (3,000 linear feet) of ship and barge berthing.
• Grain (14 million bushels) and bulk liquid (800,000 barrels) storage facilities along Lake Calumet.
• The Illinois International Port district also operates
  Foreign trade zone
  No. 22, which extends 60 miles (97 km) from Chicago's city limits.

Utilities

Electricity for most of northern Illinois is provided by Commonwealth Edison, also known as ComEd. Their service territory borders Iroquois County to the south, the Wisconsin border to the north, the Iowa border to the west and the Indiana border to the east. In northern Illinois, ComEd (a division of Exelon) operates the greatest number of nuclear generating plants in any US state. Because of this, ComEd reports indicate that Chicago receives about 75% of its electricity from nuclear power. Recently, the city started the installation of wind turbines on government buildings with the aim to promote the use of renewable energy.^{[239][240][241]}

Natural Gas is provided by Peoples Gas, a subsidiary of Integrys Energy Group, which is headquartered in Chicago.

Domestic and industrial waste was once incinerated but it is now landfilled, mainly in the Calumet area. From 1995 to 2008, the city had a blue bag program to divert certain refuse from landfills.^[242] In the fall of 2007 the city began a pilot program for blue bin recycling similar to that of other cities due to low participation rates in the blue bag program. After completion of the pilot the city will determine whether to roll it out to all wards.

Health systems

Chicago is home to the

John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County, one of the busiest trauma centers in the nation.^[243]

Two of the country's premier academic medical centers reside in Chicago, including

Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, which is ranked the best U.S. rehabilitation hospital by U.S. News & World Report;^[245] the new Prentice Women's Hospital

; and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago.

The

Urbana–Champaign).^[246]

In addition, the Chicago Medical School and Loyola University Chicago's Stritch School of Medicine are located in the suburbs of North Chicago and Maywood, respectively. The Midwestern University Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine is in Downers Grove.

The

Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association

are all based in Chicago.

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Chicago

Sister cities

Chicago has 28

sister cities around the world.^[247] Like Chicago, many of them are or were the second most populous city or second most influential city of their country, or they are the main city of a country that has had large amounts of immigrants settle in Chicago. Paris is a Partner City rather than a Sister City, due to the one sister city policy of its respective French commune.^[248] These relationships have sought to promote economic, cultural, and political ties.^[249]

To celebrate the sister cities, Chicago hosts a yearly festival in

Daley Plaza, which features cultural acts and food tastings from the other cities.^[247] In addition, the Chicago Sister Cities program hosts a number of delegation and formal exchanges.^[247] In some cases, these exchanges have led to further informal collaborations, such as the academic relationship between the Buehler Center on Aging, Health & Society at the Feinberg School of Medicine of Northwestern University and the Institute of Gerontology of Ukraine (originally of the Soviet Union), that was originally established as part of the Chicago-Kiev sister cities program.^[250]

Sister cities

Warsaw (Poland) 1960 Milan (Italy) 1973 Osaka (Japan) 1973 Casablanca (Morocco) 1982 Shanghai (China) 1985 Shenyang (China) 1985 Gothenburg (Sweden) 1987 Accra (Ghana) 1989 Prague (Czech Republic) 1990[251] Kyiv (Ukraine) 1991

Mexico City (Mexico) 1991 Toronto (Canada) 1991 Birmingham (United Kingdom) 1993 Vilnius (Lithuania) 1993 Hamburg (Germany) 1994 Petah Tikva (Israel) 1994 Athens (Greece) 1997 Durban (South Africa) 1997 Galway (Ireland) 1997

Moscow (Russia) 1997 Lucerne (Switzerland) 1998[252] Delhi (India) 2001 Istanbul (Turkey) 2002[253] Manama' (Bahrain) 2004" [4] Amman (Jordan) 2004 São Paulo (Brazil) 2004[254][255] Belgrade (Serbia) 2005 Lahore (Pakistan) 2007 Busan (South Korea) 2007 Bogotá (Colombia) 2009

Partner city

• Paris (France) 1996

See also

• List of cities with most skyscrapers
• List of fiction set in Chicago
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Central Chicago
• National Register of Historic Places listings in North Side Chicago
• National Register of Historic Places listings in South Side Chicago
• National Register of Historic Places listings in West Side Chicago

Notes and references

Notes

1. ^ Part of O'Hare International Airport, which is owned by the city of Chicago, extends into DuPage County.^[4][5]

References

1. ^
   U.S. Census Bureau
   . May 2013. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
2. ^ ^{a b} "Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012". U.S. Census Bureau. March 2013. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
3. ^ "City of Chicago". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
4. ^ "In 1946 Chicago acquired land for O'Hare Airport, including a portion of northeast DuPage." Steph McGrath, "DuPage County" Encyclopedia of Chicago chicagohistory.org
5. ^ "In order to consolidate its control over the airport area, Chicago annexed it in March 1956, including the western edge, in DuPage County." Amanda Seligman "O'Hare" Encyclopedia of Chicago chicagohistory.org
6. ^ Keating, Ann Durkin (2005). "Metropolitan Growth". Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
7. ^ ^{a b} Rodriguez, Alex (2014-01-26). "Chicago takes on the world". Chicago Tribune. Sec. 1 p. 15.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
8. ^ "The World According to GaWC 2010". Globalization and World Cities Research Network. September 14, 2011. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
9. ^ "2012 Global Cities Index". A.T. Kearney. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
10. ^ "GDP by Metropolitan Area, Advance 2012, and Revised 2001–2011" (PDF). U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. September 17, 2013. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
11. ^ ^{a b c} "2012 Chicago Tourism Profile" (PDF). Choose Chicago. 2013. Retrieved December 1, 2013.
12. ^ Sarah S. Marcus. "Chicago's Twentieth-Century Cultural Exports". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Retrieved April 19, 2009.
13. ISBN 9780405068454
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14. ^
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• Norcliffe, Glen (2001). The Ride to Modernity: The Bicycle in Canada, 1869–1900. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  OCLC 46625313
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  OCLC 298670853
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• Pridmore, Jay (2003). The Merchandise Mart. Pomegranate Communications.
  LCCN 2003051164
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• Pogorzelski, Daniel; Maloof, John (2008). Portage Park (IL). Images of America. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing.
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• ISBN 978-0-226-73456-9
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• Sawyer, R. Keith (2002). Improvised dialogue: emergence and creativity in conversation. Westport, Conn.: Ablex Pub.
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• Slaton, Deborah, ed. (1997). Wild Onions: A Brief Guide to Landmarks and Lesser-Known Structures in Chicago's Loop (2nd ed.). Champaign, Ill: Association for Preservation Technology International.
  OCLC 42362348
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• Smith, Carl S. (2006). The Plan of Chicago: Daniel Burnham and the Remaking of the American City. Chicago visions + revisions. Chicago:
  OCLC 261199152
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• Spears, Timothy B. (2005). Chicago dreaming: Midwesterners and the city, 1871–1919. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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• Swanson, Stevenson (1997). Chicago Days: 150 Defining Moments in the Life of a Great City. Chicago Tribune (Firm). Chicago: Cantigny First Division Foundation.
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• Zurawski, Joseph W. (2007). Polish Chicago: Our History-Our Recipes. G. Bradley Pub, Inc.
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