William D. Leahy
William D. Leahy | |
---|---|
Harold Rainsford Stark | |
Personal details | |
Born | William Daniel Leahy May 6, 1875 Hampton, Iowa, U.S. |
Died | July 20, 1959 Bethesda, Maryland, U.S. | (aged 84)
Resting place | Arlington National Cemetery |
Relations | William Harrington Leahy (son) |
Military service | |
Branch/service | United States Navy |
Years of service | 1893–1959 |
Rank | Fleet Admiral |
Commands | |
Battles/wars | |
Awards | |
William Daniel Leahy (
An 1897 graduate of
After retiring from the Navy, Leahy was appointed the
Leahy was recalled to active duty as the Chief of Staff to the President in 1942 and served in that position for the rest of the war. He was the highest-ranking active-duty member of the military. As the de facto first Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, he oversaw all of the American armed forces. He also presided over the American delegation to the Combined Chiefs of Staff. He was a major decision-maker during the war and was second only to the President in authority and influence. Leahy was promoted to five-star rank in December 1944. He served Roosevelt's successor Harry S. Truman, helping shape postwar foreign policy until he retired in 1949. Although he did not oppose the use of the nuclear weapons during the war, in the post-war period he rejected war plans that placed too much emphasis on the first use of nuclear weapons.
Early life and education
William Daniel Leahy was born in
Leahy wanted to attend the
Leahy learned how to sail on the
Spanish-American War
Until 1912 naval cadets graduating from Annapolis had to complete two years' duty at sea and pass examinations before they could be commissioned as
Seeking further action, Leahy volunteered to serve on the
China and Philippine–American Wars
On December 17, 1899, Castine sailed for
The
Sea duty alternated with duty ashore. Leahy was assigned to the training ship
Leahy helped commission the cruiser USS Tacoma but swapped assignments with an officer on the USS Boston so that he could remain in San Francisco with Louise, who was pregnant. Over the next two years the Boston cruised back and forth between San Francisco and Panama, where the Panama Canal was under construction. He was in Acapulco when their son and only child, William Harrington Leahy, was born on October 27, 1904, and did not see his son until five months later.[27][28][31] He was present for the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. His family had to leave their house in the face of the resulting fires. It survived undamaged, although they had to live in a hotel for several months before they could return.[32]
On February 22, 1907,
Leahy was promoted to
Banana Wars
Rear Admiral William H. H. Southerland succeeded Thomas as commander of the Pacific Fleet on April 21, 1912. The California sailed to Manila and then to Japan before returning to San Francisco on August 15. A few weeks later, Southerland received orders to proceed to Nicaragua and be prepared to deploy a landing force for the United States occupation of Nicaragua.[39] Along with his duties as gunnery officer, Leahy became the chief of staff of the expeditionary force and the commander of the small garrison at Corinto, Nicaragua.[40] He came under fire while repeatedly escorting reinforcements and supplies over the railroad line to León. Privately, he thought that the United States was backing the wrong side, propping up a conservative elite who were exploiting the Nicaraguan people.[41]
In October 1912, Leahy came ashore in
As Leahy's three-year tour of shore duty approached its end in 1915, he hoped to command the new
World War I
Following the United States entry into World War I In April 1917, Dolphin was sent to the United States Virgin Islands to assert America's control there. There was a rumor that a Danish-flagged freighter in the vicinity, the Nordskov, was a German merchant raider in disguise, and Dolphin was sent to investigate. If it had been, Leahy would have been outgunned, but an inspection determined that the rumors were false. In July 1917, Leahy became the executive officer of USS Nevada. It was the Navy's newest battleship, but it was not sent to Europe due to teething troubles with its new design and a shortage of fuel oil in Britain.[45]
In April 1918 Leahy assumed command of a
Leahy returned to the United States,
Leahy was attached to the staff of Rear Admiral Hugh Rodman, the commander of the American division of the Grand Fleet, and was able to view a gunnery exercise from the British battleship HMS Queen Elizabeth.[48] On the way home he visited Paris, where he was appalled at the German use of a long-range gun to bombard the city, which he considered an indiscriminate targeting of civilians and militarily useless. He embarked for home on the SS Leviathan at Brest on August 12, 1918.[49]
Sea duty between the wars
In February 1921, Leahy sailed for Europe, where he assumed command of the cruiser
The next step in a successful naval career would normally have been to attend the Naval War College. Leahy submitted repeated requests but was never sent.[52] At the end of 1921, he was given command of the minelayer USS Shawmut and concurrent command of Mine Squadron One. He then returned to Washington, D.C., where he served as director of Officer Personnel in the Bureau of Navigation from 1923 to 1926.[53] After three years of shore duty, he was given command of the battleship USS New Mexico. In biennial competitions in gunnery, engineering and battle efficiency, the New Mexico won all three in 1927–1928.[54]
Flag officer
On October 14, 1927, he reached
Admiral
Roosevelt was
Leahy formed a good working relationship with the new Assistant Secretary of the Navy,
Leahy assumed his new command on July 13, 1935.[66] In October Roosevelt came out to California for the California Pacific International Exposition. Leahy treated him to the largest fleet maneuver the U.S. Navy had ever carried out, with 129 warships, including 12 battleships, participating, which the President observed from the deck of the cruiser USS Houston.[67] On March 30, 1936, Leahy was promoted to the temporary rank of admiral and hoisted his four-star flag on the battleship USS California as Commander Battle Force.[68][69][70] One of his last acts in this post was a symbolic one: he transferred his flag to the aircraft carrier USS Ranger as a sign of his conviction that aircraft were now an integral part of sea power.[71]
In December 1935, Swanson told Leahy in confidence that he would be appointed the next CNO if Roosevelt won the 1936 presidential election.[67] Roosevelt won the election with a landslide victory,[72] and on November 10, 1936, it was announced that Leahy would succeed Standley as CNO on January 1, 1937.[73] As CNO, Leahy was content to let the bureau chiefs function as they always had, acting as a primus inter pares.[74][75] Swanson was chronically ill, and Henry Roosevelt died on February 22, 1936.[76] Charles Edison became the new assistant secretary, but he lacked experience in naval affairs.[77]
Leahy began representing the Navy in cabinet meetings.[78] He met with the President frequently; during his tenure as CNO, Roosevelt had 52 meetings with Leahy, compared with twelve with his Army counterpart, General Malin Craig, and none of the meetings with Craig were private lunches. Meetings between Leahy and Roosevelt were sometimes on matters unrelated to the Navy, and they frequently went on for hours. At one private lunch on April 15, 1937, Leahy and Roosevelt debated whether new battleships should have 16-inch (410 mm) or (cheaper) 14-inch (360 mm) guns. Leahy ultimately persuaded the President that the new North Carolina-class battleships should have 16-inch guns. On May 22, Leahy accompanied the President and dignitaries including John Nance Garner, Harry Hopkins, James F. Byrnes, Morris Sheppard, Edwin C. Johnson, Claude Pepper and Sam Rayburn on a cruise on the presidential yacht USS Potomac to watch a baseball game between congressmen and the press.[79][80]
The most important issue confronting the administration was how to respond to the
On December 12, Leahy was informed of the
The Panay incident did prompt Roosevelt and Leahy to press ahead with plans for an ambitious shipbuilding program. On January 5, Roosevelt, Leahy and Edison met with Congressman
Roosevelt threw a surprise party for Leahy on July 28, 1939, during which he presented him with the
Government service
Governor of Puerto Rico
From September 1939 to November 1940, Leahy served as Governor of Puerto Rico after Roosevelt removed Blanton Winship for his role in the Ponce massacre. Winship had aligned himself with the Coalición, a pro-American electoral alliance that represented the interests of the island's wealthy elite and American sugar corporations. Roosevelt gave Leahy the objectives of developing and upgrading base installations, and of alleviating the extreme poverty and inequality. Leahy was given an $10 million (equivalent to $340 million in 2023) in addition to funds already earmarked for the island and extraordinary latitude in spending it. He was also named as the head of the Puerto Rican office of the Works Progress Administration (WPA), which gave him control over New Deal funding. In October 1939, he also became the head of the Puerto Rico Cement Corporation to help it secure a $700,000 loan (equivalent to $15,000,000 in 2023) from the Federal government's Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), and in December he became the head of the Puerto Rican branch of the RFC. His power was enhanced by his direct access to the President and the Secretary of the interior, Harold L. Ickes.[90]
Although given the unflattering sobriquet Almirante Lija ("Admiral Sandpaper") by locals, based on his surname, [91] Luis Muñoz Marín came to regard Leahy as "by far the best governor that has been sent to Puerto Rico since the beginning of the American Regime."[92] Leahy took an open stance of not intervening directly in the politics of Puerto Rico, although he remained involved in federal politics, doing what he could to support Roosevelt's 1940 reelection. He attempted to understand and respect local customs, and initiated major public works projects. Although his priority was developing Puerto Rico as a military base, over half the WPA funds were spent on public works such as roads and improving sanitation. He regulated prices and production in the coffee industry, and had ships traveling between the United States and the Panama Canal, where major upgrade works were being undertaken, stop over in Puerto Rico when they needed repairs or supplies. In December 1939 he met with Roosevelt and secured another $100 million in WPA funding (equivalent to $1,700 million in 2023) for public works, which allowed him to hire another 20,000 workers. By awarding lucrative government contracts and appointing officials based on Roosevelt's preferences rather than those of the local elite, he soon earned the enmity of the Coalición.[93]
Leahy oversaw the development of military bases and stations across the island.
Between January 1 and November 1, 1940, Leahy met with Roosevelt six times. One of the most important was a lunch on October 6, 1940. Admiral James O. Richardson, the CINCUS, had been ordered to keep the Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor to act as a deterrent to the Japanese. Richardson protested that Pearl Harbor was unsuitable as a base and was too vulnerable to a surprise attack. Leahy agreed, but knew better than to press the matter with Roosevelt when his mind was made up. On February 1, 1941, Richardson was recalled.[94][96][97]
Ambassador to France
We are confronting [the message said] an increasingly serious situation in France because of the possibility that one element in the present French Government may persuade Marshal Petain to enter into agreements with Germany which will facilitate the efforts of the Axis powers against Great Britain. There is even the possibility that France may actually engage in the war against Great Britain and in particular that the French fleet maybe utilized under the control of Germany.
We need in France at this time an Ambassador who can gain the confidence of Marshal Petain who at the present moment is the one powerful element in the French Government who is standing firm against selling out to Germany. I feel that you are the best man available for this mission. You can talk to Marshal Petain in language which he would understand and the position which you have held in our own Navy would undoubtedly give you great influence with the higher officers of the French Navy who are now hostile to Great Britain.[100]
"My major task", Leahy later recalled "was to keep the French on our side in so far as possible".[101] He hoped to convince Pétain and the Commander-in-Chief of the French Navy, Admiral François Darlan, that it was in France's best interest that Germany be defeated.[102] He departed Norfolk, Virginia, on the cruiser USS Tuscaloosa on December 17, 1940,[103][104] and presented his letter of credence to Pétain in Vichy on January 9, 1941.[105][106]
Leahy had some levers with which to influence the French to moderate collaboration with the Axis Powers.[107][108] He advised Roosevelt that shipments of food and medical aid to France would improve America's standing and stiffen Pétain's resolve.[109] In his opinion, the "British blockade action which prevents the delivery of necessary foodstuffs to the inhabitants of unoccupied France is of the same order of stupidity as many other British policies in the present war."[110] He suggested that aid to French North Africa would also strengthen the hand of General Maxime Weygand, the French Delegate-General in North Africa, in resisting Axis demands. Roosevelt compelled the British to accept the shipment of food and medicine for children, along with thousands of tons of fuel intended for their distribution.[111]
American aid proved insufficient to buy French support. In May 1941, Darlan agreed to the Paris Protocols, which granted Germany access to French military bases in Syria, Tunisia, and French West Africa,[112] and in July the French granted Japan access to bases in French Indochina, which directly threatened the American position in the Philippines.[113] Although no German bombers had the range to bomb the United States from bases in Senegal, if they could deploy to Vichy-held Martinique, they could do so from there.[114]
Weygand, the main American hope for a change in French policy, was recalled on November 18, 1941,
By this time Leahy was convinced that the United States should back Free France instead of Vichy France, and he unsuccessfully urged Roosevelt to use the capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon as a pretext for recalling him to the United States.[120] After the formation of a new government in Vichy under the pro-Axis Pierre Laval on April 18, Leahy again requested he be recalled in order to distance the United States from Laval, and Washington officials agreed.[121] Meanwhile, on April 9, Leahy's wife Louise underwent a hysterectomy. While recovering from the operation, she suffered an embolism and died on April 21. Leahy called on Pétain to say farewell on April 27. He arrived back in New York on the Swedish-registered ocean liner SS Drottningholm on June 1. He arranged for a funeral service for Louise at the St. Thomas Episcopal Church, where they had been members for many years, and watched her burial in Arlington National Cemetery on June 3, 1942.[122][123][124] Reflecting on her loss, Leahy would write that Louise's death had "left me not only crushed with sorrow, but permanently less than half efficient for any work the future may have in store for me and completely uninterested in the remaining future."[125]
Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief
Organization and role
Waging a two-ocean war as part of a coalition revealed serious deficiencies in the organization of the American high command when it came to formulating grand strategy: meetings of the senior officers of the Army and Navy with each other and with the President were irregular and infrequent, and there was no joint planning staff or secretariat to record decisions taken.[126] Under the Constitution of the United States, the President was the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy.[127] At a meeting with Roosevelt on February 24, 1942, the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, General George C. Marshall, urged Roosevelt to appoint a chief of staff of the armed forces to provide unity of command, and he suggested Leahy for the role.[128] Leahy had lunch with Roosevelt on July 7, during which this was discussed.[129] On July 21, Leahy was recalled to active duty. He resigned as Ambassador to France and was appointed Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy.[130] In announcing the appointment, Roosevelt described Leahy's role as an advisory one rather than that of a supreme commander.[131]
Leahy attended his first meeting of the
Two days after his first JCS meeting, there was a meeting of the
Leahy usually arrived at his White House office sometime between 08:30 and 08:45 and went over copies of dispatches and reports. For convenience, the documents were color coded: pink for incoming dispatches from the theater; yellow for outgoing ones; green for JCS papers; white for CCS ones; and blue for papers from the Joint Staff Planners. Leahy would select the papers to be brought to the President's attention, and would meet with him each morning in the Oval Office or the Map Room.[143] This included high-grade Ultra intelligence. Control of the flow of information gave Leahy a further source of power and influence beyond his personal relationship with the President.[144]
Grand strategy
When Roosevelt travelled overseas, Leahy went with him.
On November 12, 1943, Roosevelt, Hopkins, Leahy, King and Marshall set off together from Hampton Roads on the battleship
They then flew on to
Although the conservative Leahy regarded Hopkins as a "pinko",[154] the two men worked well together, and Leahy became quite fond of Hopkins. Both were completely devoted to the President, and Leahy saw something of himself in the idealistic Hopkins.[155][156] Over time, Leahy gradually replaced Hopkins as Roosevelt's most trusted advisor, becoming, in the words of historian Phillips O'Brien, "the second most powerful man in the world".[157] The main reason for this was the Hopkins's precarious health, as he had stomach cancer.[158] He married Louise Gill Macy in the Yellow Oval Room on July 30, 1942,[159] they moved out of the White House in December 1943. He was therefore no longer at Roosevelt's beck and call.[158]
Leahy spent
Roosevelt, Leahy and presidential speech writer
Hopkins was not present at the Second Quebec Conference in September 1944 either, continuing Leahy's transformation into a White House advisor. Leahy did not attend the political sessions at Quebec, but at this level political and military issues were indistinguishable. For example, the JCS examined a proposal for a British fleet to participate in the Pacific War, a military proposal with a political objective.[163] King was unenthusiastic about the idea; the U.S. Navy was performing well against the Japanese, and the addition of British forces would complicate command and logistics arrangements. Leahy and Marshall pressed for the British offer to be accepted, and in the end it was, with the proviso that the British Pacific Fleet would be self-supporting.[164]
Another debate concerned the
Leahy was advanced to the newly created rank of Fleet Admiral on December 15, 1944, making him the most senior of the seven men who received five-star rank that month.[166][167][168] He accompanied President Roosevelt to the Yalta Conference in February 1945. The cruiser USS Quincy took them to Malta, where Leahy chaired a CCS meeting to discuss the war against Germany, and then the President's personal aircraft, the Sacred Cow, flew them to Yalta.[169] At Yalta, Roosevelt met Churchill and Stalin to decide how Europe was to be reorganized after the impending surrender of Germany.[170]
On April 12, 1945, Roosevelt died. Leahy attended the ceremonies and the memorial service for his friend, which was held in the East Room of the White House.[171]
Atomic bomb
On April 13, Leahy gave the regular morning briefing on the progress of the war to Truman, who had become president on Roosevelt's death. This was followed by a short meeting with the Joint Chiefs, the
According to Truman's Memoirs: Year of Decisions, Leahy was skeptical about the
Nor is there solid evidence that any high-ranking American military leader, other than General George C. Marshall on one occasion, expressed moral objections before Hiroshima to the use of the atomic bomb on Japanese cities. Nor, before Hiroshima, did any other top military leader – Admiral William Leahy, Admiral Ernest King, or General Henry Arnold – ever raise a political or military objection to the use of the A-bomb on Japanese cities or argue explicitly that it would be unnecessary. Only after the war would Leahy utter moral and political objections...[177]
Truman administration
In July 1945, Leahy accompanied Truman to the Potsdam Conference where Truman met with Stalin and the new British Prime Minister Clement Attlee to make decisions about the governance of occupied Germany.[178] Hopkins was too ill to make the journey.[179] Leahy was disappointed in the outcome of these conferences. He considered that both Truman and Stalin had suffered defeats, with proposals that would have ensured a lasting peace in Europe being watered down or turned down. He recognized that the Soviet Union was a dominant power in Europe, and that the British Empire was in terminal decline, underscored by the mid-conference replacement of Churchill by Attlee.[180]
On January 24, 1946, Leahy was appointed to the interim
Like many naval officers, he was opposed to the unification of the War and Navy departments into the Department of Defense, fearing that the Navy would lose its naval aviation and the Marine Corps. Nor did he agree with formalizing the role of Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, which he felt would place too much power in the hands of one individual.[184] The position was created by amendments to the National Security Act that Truman signed into law on August 10, 1949, but the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs was not the single chief of staff the Army and Air Force wanted.[185]
Leahy was involved in the preparation of two speeches that marked the onset of the
On the day after Truman won the presidential election on November 2, 1948, Leahy asked to be retired in January. In December, doctors diagnosed Leahy with a partial blockage of the kidneys. On December 28, he met with Truman as chief of staff for the last time.[192] Truman officially accepted his resignation as his chief of staff on March 2, 1949, although as an officer with five-star rank, Leahy technically remained on active service as an advisor to the Secretary of the Navy.[193]
The following year, Leahy published his war memoirs, I Was There. His unemotional, unexciting and unenlightening style did his publisher no favors.
Death and legacy
Leahy died at the
Leahy's papers are in the Naval History and Heritage Command and the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C.; some personal correspondence is held by the Wisconsin Historical Society.[197][198] The USS Leahy (CG-16), the lead ship of the Leahy-class cruisers, was named in his honor.[199] In 2014 Quarters BB at the Old Naval Observatory was renamed Leahy House. On the mantelpiece was the order from Leahy to King and Marshall ending hostilities in World War II.[200]
Dates of rank
Ensign | Lieutenant Junior Grade
|
Lieutenant | Lieutenant Commander
|
Commander |
---|---|---|---|---|
O-1 | O-2 | O-3 | O-4 | O-5 |
July 1, 1899 [9] | July 1, 1902 [9] | December 31, 1903 [9] | September 15, 1909 [9] | August 29, 1916 [9] |
Captain
|
Rear Admiral
|
Vice Admiral | Admiral | Fleet Admiral
|
---|---|---|---|---|
O-6 | O-8 | O-9 | O-10 | Special Grade |
July 1, 1918 [9] | October 14, 1927 [9] | July 13, 1935 [9] | January 2, 1937 [9] | December 15, 1944 [9] |
Decorations and awards
Navy Cross | ||
Navy Distinguished Service Medal with two gold stars |
Sampson Medal | Spanish Campaign Medal |
Philippine Campaign Medal | Nicaraguan Campaign Medal (1912) |
Mexican Service Medal |
Dominican Campaign Medal | World War I Victory Medal with "TRANSPORT" clasp |
American Campaign Medal |
Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal
|
European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal
|
World War II Victory Medal
|
Navy Occupation Medal
|
National Defense Service Medal | Navy Rifle Marksmanship Ribbon
|
- Leahy was invested as an Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Military Division of the Most Honorable Order of the Bath on November 21, 1945.[201]
Bibliography
- Leahy, William D. (1950). I Was There: The Personal Story of the Chief of Staff to Presidents Roosevelt and Truman: Based on His Notes and Diaries Made at the Time. New York: Whittlesey House. OCLC 702607509. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
Notes
- ^ a b c d e O'Brien 2019, pp. 5–7.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, p. 469.
- ^ a b Borneman 2012, pp. 13–14.
- ^ a b "Representative Michael Anthony Leahy". Iowa Legislature. Retrieved March 3, 2023.
- ^ Thomas 1973, p. 7.
- ^ Thomas 1973, p. 10.
- ^ a b O'Brien 2019, pp. 7–8.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, pp. 9–10.
- ^ Thomas 1973, p. 27.
- ^ "Naval Academy Class of '78 Shines with Four 4 Stars". United States Naval Academy. January 19, 2016. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
- ^ "USNA Timeline :: History of USNA". United States Naval Academy. Retrieved June 15, 2022.
- ^ Borneman 2012, p. 18.
- ^ a b Borneman 2012, pp. 23–25.
- ^ Thomas 1973, p. 44.
- ^ a b O'Brien 2019, p. 14.
- ^ Borneman 2012, p. 25.
- ^ Thomas 1973, pp. 50–51.
- ^ Thomas 1973, p. 56.
- ^ Thomas 1973, p. 65.
- ^ Thomas 1973, pp. 71–73.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, pp. 15–19.
- ^ Thomas 1973, p. 81.
- ^ a b Thomas 1973, pp. 87–93.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, p. 20.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, pp. 19–23.
- ^ a b c Borneman 2012, pp. 66–67.
- ^ a b O'Brien 2019, pp. 24–26.
- ^ "Vice Admiral .Albert Parker Niblack, U. S. Navy, Deceased" (PDF). Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, pp. 26–27.
- ^ "Burial Detail: Leahy, William H. – ANC Explorer". Arlington National Cemetery. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, pp. 26–29.
- ^ a b c Thomas 1973, p. 98.
- ^ Adams 1985, p. 26.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, p. 32.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, pp. 32–34.
- ^ a b Borneman 2012, pp. 68–69.
- ^ Thomas 1973, p. 99.
- ^ Thomas 1973, pp. 99–100.
- ^ Mobley 2019, p. 47.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, pp. 36–37.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, pp. 38–39.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, pp. 40–44.
- ^ Thomas 1973, pp. 127–128.
- ^ a b c O'Brien 2019, pp. 46–48.
- ^ "William Leahy – Recipient". Military Times. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
- ^ Adams 1985, p. 36.
- ^ a b Adams 1985, pp. 36–37.
- ^ a b O'Brien 2019, pp. 49–51.
- ^ Adams 1985, pp. 40–42.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, pp. 56–60.
- ^ Adams 1985, pp. 45–46.
- ^ Borneman 2012, pp. 107–108.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, pp. 67–68.
- ^ Adams 1985, pp. 58–61.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, pp. 68–69.
- ^ a b Adams 1985, pp. 64–66.
- ^ a b O'Brien 2019, pp. 70–72.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, p. 73.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, p. 79.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, p. 82.
- ^ a b c O'Brien 2019, pp. 84–87.
- ^ Adams 1985, pp. 70–71.
- ^ a b Borneman 2012, pp. 153–155.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, pp. 93–94.
- ^ Adams 1985, p. 83.
- ^ a b O'Brien 2019, p. 95.
- ^ Borneman 2012, p. 156.
- ^ Adams 1985, p. 86.
- ^ "Leahy Takes Post Today. Vice-Admiral Will Assume Battle Force Command, Succeeding Laning". The Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. March 30, 1936. Retrieved May 14, 2022 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, p. 97.
- ^ Borneman 2012, pp. 166–167.
- ^ "Leahy Will Direct Naval Operations". The New York Times. November 11, 1936. p. 53. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, p. 109.
- ^ Adams 1985, p. 90.
- ^ "Henry Roosevelt is Dead in Capital". The New York Times. February 23, 1936. p. 1. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, p. 100.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, p. 106.
- ^ a b O'Brien 2019, pp. 104–106.
- ^ Adams 1985, pp. 94–95.
- ^ Adams 1985, pp. 97–98.
- ^ Adams 1985, p. 99.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, pp. 112–114.
- ^ McClain 1984, pp. 20–21.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, pp. 114–116.
- ^ Rogers, J. David. "Development of the World's Fastest Battleships" (PDF). Missouri University of Science and Technology. Retrieved June 10, 2022.
- ^ "Cimarron II (AO". Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- ^ a b O'Brien 2019, pp. 129–130.
- ^ Leahy 1950, p. 12.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, pp. 131–133.
- ^ Alexander 2007, p. 52.
- ^ Beruff 2015, p. 75.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, pp. 133–134.
- ^ a b O'Brien 2019, pp. 139–142.
- ^ McClain 1984, p. 35.
- ^ Adams 1985, p. 132.
- ^ Stimson & Bundy 1971, p. 541.
- ^ Neiberg 2021, pp. 10–15.
- ^ a b Holmes 1974, p. 2.
- ^ Leahy 1950, p. 8.
- ^ Holmes 1974, p. 41.
- ^ Holmes 1974, pp. 45–46.
- ^ Neiberg 2021, p. 98.
- ^ Holmes 1974, pp. 49–50.
- ^ "Leahy Confers With Petain". The New York Times. January 10, 1941. p. 4. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
- ^ Neiberg 2021, p. 102.
- ^ Holmes 1974, pp. 53–59.
- ^ Holmes 1974, pp. 61–62.
- ^ Holmes 1974, pp. 95–98.
- ^ Neiberg 2021, p. 104.
- ^ Neiberg 2021, pp. 120–122.
- ^ Neiberg 2021, pp. 130–131.
- ^ Neiberg 2021, pp. 136–137.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, p. 169.
- ^ Holmes 1974, pp. 184–188.
- ^ Holmes 1974, p. 194.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, pp. 170–171.
- ^ Neiberg 2021, pp. 137–139.
- ^ Neiberg 2021, p. 147.
- ^ Neiberg 2021, p. 151.
- ^ Leahy 1950, pp. 111–116.
- ^ Borneman 2012, pp. 267–269.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, p. 177.
- ^ Borneman 2012, pp. 268.
- ^ Miles 1999, pp. 60–63.
- ^ Leahy 1950, p. 118.
- ^ Miles 1999, pp. 66–67.
- ^ Leahy 1950, pp. 119–120.
- ^ Hamilton, Thomas J. (July 26, 1942). "President Praises Leahy's Vichy Role". The New York Times. p. 17. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
- ^ Kluckhohn, Frank L. (July 26, 1942). "Leahy's Role in the War: Real Importance of Admiral's Task as Aide to the President May Appear Later". The New York Times. p. 84. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, p. 191.
- ^ Miles 1999, pp. 67–68.
- ^ Adams 1985, p. 182.
- ^ a b c d e O'Brien 2019, pp. 191–192.
- ^ a b Leahy 1950, p. 126.
- ^ Miles 1999, p. 168.
- ^ a b Miles 1999, p. 140.
- ^ Leahy 1950, pp. 121–122.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, p. 187.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, p. 181.
- ^ a b c Miles 1999, pp. 90–92.
- ^ a b Leahy 1950, pp. 121–123.
- ^ McClain 1984, pp. 73–78.
- ^ Adams 1985, p. 201.
- ^ Hayes 1982, pp. 261–263.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, pp. 222–229.
- ^ McClain 1984, pp. 115–118.
- ^ McClain 1984, pp. 113–115.
- ^ Adams 1985, pp. 224–227.
- ^ a b McClain 1984, pp. 122–125.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, p. 257.
- ^ McClain 1984, pp. 129–130.
- ^ Leahy 1950, p. 138.
- ^ McClain 1984, p. 73.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, p. 246.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, p. 220.
- ^ a b Costigliola 2008, pp. 695–696.
- ^ "Hopkins Marries In White House – He Weds Mrs. Louise G. Macy Before Fireplace in Oval Study". The New York Times. July 30, 1942. p. 17. Retrieved May 20, 2022.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, p. 277.
- ^ a b c O'Brien 2019, pp. 287–290.
- ^ Hayes 1982, pp. 621–624.
- ^ McClain 1984, pp. 180–181.
- ^ Hayes 1982, pp. 630–638.
- ^ McClain 1984, pp. 182–185.
- ^ "Five Star Officers". Arlington National Cemetery. Retrieved June 10, 2022.
- ^ McClain 1984, pp. 204–205.
- ^ Adams 1985, p. 265.
- ^ Adams 1985, pp. 267–271.
- ^ Leahy 1950, pp. 374–379.
- ^ Leahy 1950, pp. 400–403.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, pp. 329–331.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, pp. 341–345.
- ^ Truman 1955, p. 11.
- ^ Bernstein 1987, p. 378.
- ^ Leahy 1950, p. 513.
- ^ Bernstein 1987, pp. 386–387.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, pp. 348–350.
- ^ Leahy 1950, p. 447.
- ^ Leahy 1950, p. 497.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, pp. 376–377, 390–391.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, p. 418.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, pp. 424–426.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, pp. 391–392.
- ^ Barlow 2001, p. 173.
- ^ a b O'Brien 2019, pp. 367–371.
- ^ "Text of President's Navy Day Speech in Central Park on the Aims of U.S. Foreign Policy". The New York Times. October 28, 1945. p. 33. Retrieved May 20, 2022.
- ^ a b O'Brien 2019, pp. 371–374.
- ^ "Winston Churchill's Iron Curtain Speech—March 5, 1946". The National WWII Museum – New Orleans. March 5, 2021. Retrieved May 20, 2022.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, pp. 407–408, 419–420.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, p. 432.
- ^ O'Brien 2019, pp. 434–436.
- ^ a b O'Brien 2019, p. 441.
- ^ Prescott, Orville (March 20, 1950). "Books of the Times". The New York Times. p. 19. Retrieved May 21, 2022.
- ^ Mossman & Stark 1971, pp. 143–148.
- ^ "Leahy, William D. Papers". Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
- ^ "William D. Leahy papers". Library of Congress. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
- ^ Borneman 2012, p. 491.
- ^ Garamone, Jim (July 21, 2014). "D.C. Quarters Renamed to Honor Fleet Admiral William Leahy". U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
- ^ "Photo of the Earl of Halifax, British Ambassador to the U.S., and various U. S. Military leaders". Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. Retrieved June 10, 2022.
References
- Adams, Henry H. (1985). Witness to Power: The Life of Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. OCLC 464550175.
- Alexander, David (2007). The Building: A Biography of the Pentagon. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI. OCLC 701237862.
- Barlow, Jeffrey G. (2001). Revolt of the Admirals: The Fight for Naval Aviation, 1945–1950. Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Center. OCLC 317410844.
- OCLC 894032951.
- .
- OCLC 805654962.
- Costigliola, Frank (2008). "Broken Circle: The Isolation of Franklin D. Roosevelt in World War II". Diplomatic History. 32 (5): 677–718. JSTOR 24915955.
- Hayes, Grace P. (1982). The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. OCLC 7795125.
- Holmes, Janes Houghton (February 18, 1974). Admiral Leahy in Vichy France (PhD thesis). Washington, D.C.: The George Washington University – via ProQuest.
- McClain, Linda (August 1984). The Role of Admiral W. D. Leahy in U.S. Foreign Policy (PhD thesis). Charlottesville, Virginia: University of Virginia – via ProQuest.
- Miles, Paul L. Jr. (June 1999). American Strategy in World War II: The Role of William D. Leahy (PhD thesis). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University – via ProQuest.
- Mobley, Scott (2019). "By the Force of Our Arms: William D. Leahy and the U.S. Intervention in Nicaragua, 1912" (PDF). Federal History (11): 39–59. ISSN 2163-8144. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
- Mossman, B.; Stark, M. W. (1971). The Last Salute: Civil and Military Funeral, 1921–1969 (PDF). Washington, D.C.: United States Department of the Army. OCLC 596887. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
- OCLC 920468160. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
- OCLC 1288343540.
- OCLC 1260671230.
- OCLC 833688612.
- Thomas, Gerald E. (1973). William D. Leahy and America's Imperial Years, 1893-1917 (PDF) (PhD thesis). Yale University. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
- OCLC 20899832.
- U.S. Navy Department (1947). Building the Navy's Bases in World War II. History of the Bureau of Yards and Docks and the Civil Engineer Corps 1940–1946. Vol. II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. OCLC 1023942.
Further reading
- Beruff, Jorge Rodríguez (2002). Las memorias de Leahy: los relatos del almirante William D. Leahy sobre su gobernación de Puerto Rico (1939–1940) [Leahy's Memoirs: Admiral William D. Leahy's Account of His Governorship of Puerto Rico (1939–1940)] (in Spanish and English). San Juan, Puerto Rico: Autor. OCLC 253353884.
- Hall, George M. (1994). The Fifth Star: High Command in an Era of Global War. Westport: Praeger Publishers. OCLC 28891203.
- Langer, William L. (1947). Our Vichy Gamble. New York: Knopf. OCLC 906119423.