Zhonghua minzu
 | This article is missing information about "revival" / "rejuvenation" (复兴) of the Chinese nation. (January 2021) |
| Zhonghua minzu | |
|---|---|
Hanyu Pinyin | Zhōnghuá mínzú |
| Bopomofo | ㄓㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄗㄨˊ |
| Gwoyeu Romatzyh | Jonghwa Mintzwu |
| Wade–Giles | Chung1-hua2 min2-tsu2 |
| Tongyong Pinyin | Jhong-huá Mín-zú |
| IPA | [ʈʂʊ́ŋ.xwǎ mǐn.tsǔ] |
| Wu | |
| Romanization | tson平 gho平 min平 zoh入 |
| Gan | |
| Romanization | Zung1 fa4 min4 zuk6 |
| Hakka | |
| Romanization | zhung24 fa11 min11 zuk5 |
| Yue: Cantonese | |
| Jyutping | Zung1-waa4 man4 zuk6 |
| IPA | [tsoŋ˥ waː˩ mɐn˩ tsok̚˨] |
| Southern Min | |
| Hokkien POJ | Tiong-hôa bîn-cho̍k |
.svg)
| Part of a series on |
| Names of China |
|---|
|
Zhonghua minzu (johng-HWA meen-tsoo[4][5][6]) is a political term in modern Chinese nationalism related to the concepts of nation-building, ethnicity, and race in the Chinese nationality.[7][8]
Zhonghua minzu was established during the early Beiyang (1912–1927) and Nationalist (1928–1949) periods to include Han people and four major non-Han ethnic groups: the Manchus, Mongols, Hui, and Tibetans,[9][10] under the notion of a republic of five races (Wǔzú gònghé) advocated by Sun Yat-sen and the nationalist Kuomintang (KMT) party. It is slightly different from the word Hanzu (Chinese: 汉族), a word is only used to refer to the Han Chinese.
Zhonghua minzu was initially rejected in the
History
An older proto-nationalist term throughout Chinese history would be
Dulimbai gurun (ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ
ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ) is the Manchu name for China. It has the same meaning as the Chinese name Zhongguo (中國; 'Middle kingdom').[12][13][14] The Qing identified their state as "China" (Zhongguo), and referred to it as Dulimbai Gurun in Manchu. The Qing equated the lands of the Qing state, including present day Manchuria, Xinjiang, Mongolia, Tibet and other areas as "China" in both the Chinese and Manchu languages, defining China as a multi ethnic state, rejecting the idea that China only meant Han areas, proclaiming that both Han and non-Han peoples were part of China, using "China" to refer to the Qing in official documents, international treaties, and foreign affairs, and the 'Chinese language' (Dulimbai gurun i bithe) referred to Chinese, Manchu, and Mongol languages, and the term Zhongguo zhi ren (中國之人; ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ
ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᡳ
ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ Dulimbai gurun-i niyalma 'Chinese people') referred to all Han, Manchu, and Mongol subjects of the Qing.[15]
When the Qing
Before the rise of
While Qing rulers adopted the Han Chinese imperial model and considered their state as Zhongguo (中國, the term for China in
This development in Chinese thinking was mirrored in the expansion of the meaning of the term Zhonghua minzu. Originally coined by the late Qing philologist Liang Qichao, Zhonghua minzu initially referred only to the Han Chinese. It was then expanded to include the Five Races Under One Union, based on the ethnic categories of the Qing.[citation needed]
Sun Yat-sen further expanded this concept when he wrote,[28]
有人說，清室推翻以後，民族主義可以不要。這話實在錯了。…現在說五族共和，我們國內何止五族呢？我的意思，應該把我們中國所有各民族融化成一個中華民族。…並且要把中華民族造成很文明的民族，然後民族主義乃為完了。
Some people say, after the overthrow of the Qing, we will have no further need of nationalism. Those words are certainly wrong... At the present we speak of unifying the 'five nationalities', yet surely our country has far more than five nationalities? My stand is that we should unite all the peoples of China into one Chinese nation (Zhonghua minzu) ...furthermore, develop that nation into an advanced, civilized nation; only then will nationalism be finished.
The concept of Zhonghua minzu was first publicly espoused by President Yuan Shikai in 1912, shortly after the overthrow of the Qing dynasty and the founding of the Republic of China. Facing the imminent independence of Outer Mongolia from China, Yuan Shikai stated, "Outer Mongolia is part of Zhonghua minzu [the Chinese nation] and has been of one family for centuries" (外蒙同為中華民族，數百年來儼如一家).[citation needed]
After the founding of the PRC, the concept of Zhonghua minzu became influenced by Soviet nationalities policy. Officially, the PRC is a unitary state composed of 56 ethnic groups, of which the Han are by far the largest. The concept of Zhonghua minzu is seen as an all-encompassing category consisting of people within the borders of the PRC.[citation needed]
This term has continued to be invoked and remains a powerful concept in China into the 21st century. In mainland China, it continues to hold use as the leaders of China need to unify into one political entity a highly diverse set of ethnic and social groups as well as to mobilize the support of overseas Chinese in developing China.[citation needed] The term is included in article 22 of the Regulations on United Front Work of the Chinese Communist Party: "...promote national unity and progress, and enhance the identification of the masses of all ethnic groups with the great motherland, the Chinese nation, Chinese culture, the Communist Party of China, and socialism with Chinese characteristics."[29] Zhonghua minzu is also one of the five identifications.[citation needed]
In
| Part of a series on |
| Nationalism |
|---|
 |
Implications
The adoption of the Zhonghua minzu concept may give rise to the reinterpretation of Chinese history. For example, the Qing dynasty was originally sometimes characterized as a conquest dynasty or non-Han regime. Following the adoption of the Zhonghua minzu ideology, which regards the Manchus as a member of the Zhonghua minzu, dynasties founded by ethnic minorities are no longer stigmatized.[citation needed]
The concept of Zhonghua minzu nevertheless also leads to the reassessment of the role of many traditional hero figures. Heroes such as
Ambiguity
The concept of the Zhonghua minzu has sometimes resulted in friction with neighboring countries such as Mongolia, North Korea and South Korea, who claim regional historical peoples and states. For instance, the idea of Genghis Khan as a "national hero" is contested by Mongolia, which since the fall of socialism has explicitly positioned Genghis Khan as the father of the Mongolian state. Chinese rejections of that position involve tactics such as pointing out that more ethnic Mongolians live within China than Mongolia and that the modern-day state of Mongolia acquired its independence from the Republic of China which claimed the legal right to inherit all Qing territories, including Mongolia, through the Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor.[33][34][35]
See also
- China proper
- China Ethnic Museum
- Chinese Dream
- Chinese unification
- Chinese uniformity
- Descendants of the Dragon
- Ethnic minorities in China
- March of the Volunteers
- Minzu (anthropology)
- Sinicization
- Sinocentrism
- Three Principles of the People
- Volk
- Yan Huang Zisun
Notes
References
Citations
- ISBN 978-0-415-33204-0.
... however, the CCP's nationalist claims are increasingly falling on deaf ears. Popular nationalists like Jin Hui now speak regularly of the "Motherland" (zuguo) and the "Chinese race" (Zhonghua minzu) - without reference to the Party. And they care so deeply
- ^ Anderlini, Jamil (21 June 2017). "The dark side of China's national renewal". Financial Times. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ISBN 978-1-108-48840-2.
Repeated use of what should now be translated as 'Chinese race, (Zhonghua Minzu 中华民族), alongside omission of ethnic minorities in official narratives ...
- ^ ISBN 978-1461404477. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
- JSTOR 2658031.
- ^ Zhou, Wenjiu; Zhang (2007). 关于"中华民族是一个"学术论辩的考察 [On the academic argument that "the Chinese nation is one"]. Minzu Yanjiu (in Chinese). 3: 20–29. Archived from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019 – via d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/mzyj200703003.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-415-25141-9. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-161361-6. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
- S2CID 150609586.
- ISBN 978-0-8248-2577-5. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
- ^ Chagatai is the predecessor of Uyghur
- ^ Hauer 2007 Archived 4 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine, p. 117.
- ^ Dvořák 1895 Archived 23 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine, p. 80.
- ^ Wu 1995 Archived 23 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine, p. 102.
- ^ Zhao 2006, pp. 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14.
- ^ Dunnell 2004 Archived 3 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine, p. 77.
- ^ Dunnell 2004 Archived 23 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine, p. 83.
- ^ Elliott 2001 Archived 18 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine, p. 503.
- ^ Dunnell 2004 Archived 3 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 76–77.
- ^ Cassel 2011 Archived 30 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine, p. 205.
- ^ Cassel 2012 Archived 23 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine, p. 205.
- ^ Cassel 2011 Archived 23 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine, p. 44.
- ^ Cassel 2012 Archived 23 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine, p. 44.
- ^ Perdue 2009 Archived 21 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine, p. 218.
- ^ "nationalism;Identification of state and people". Archived from the original on 15 March 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
- ^ Empire to nation: historical perspectives on the making of the modern world, by Joseph Esherick, Hasan Kayalı, Eric Van Young, p. 232
- ^ French Centre for Research on Contemporary China (CEFC) Archived 21 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine. (cf. by Tongmenghui adherent)
- ^ 修改党章的说明—— 在上海中国国民党本部会议的演说① - 主要著述 - 孙中山故居纪念馆_伟人孙中山. www.sunyat-sen.org (in Chinese). Retrieved 15 April 2022.
- ^ 中共中央印发《中国共产党统一战线工作条例》(Regulations on United Front Work of the Communist Party of China). www gov.cn (in Chinese). 5 January 2021. Archived from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
- ^ See, e.g. Ma Ying-jeou, President of Republic of China inauguration speech Archived 2 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine, 20 May 2008: (Section 2, Paragraph 8)
- ^ "What makes a national hero?". Archived from the original on 10 June 2008. Retrieved 25 May 2008.
- ^ The Chinese Cult of Chinggis Khan: Genealogical Nationalism and Problems of National and Cultural Integrity Archived 28 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine, City University of New York.
- ISBN 978-0-742-57815-9– via Google Books.
- ISBN 978-9-629-37321-4.
- ISBN 978-9-629-37291-0– via Google Books.
Works cited
- Cassel, Par Kristoffer (2011). Grounds of Judgment: Extraterritoriality and Imperial Power in Nineteenth-Century China and Japan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199792122. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- ——— (2012). Grounds of Judgment: Extraterritoriality and Imperial Power in Nineteenth-Century China and Japan (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199792054. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Dvořák, Rudolf (1895). Chinas religionen ... (in German). Vol. 12, Volume 15 of Darstellungen aus dem Gebiete der nichtchristlichen Religionsgeschichte (illustrated ed.). Aschendorff (Druck und Verlag der Aschendorffschen Buchhandlung). ISBN 978-0199792054.
- Dunnell, Ruth W.; Elliott, Mark C.; Foret, Philippe; Millward, James A (2004). New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde. Routledge. ISBN 978-1134362226. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Elliott, Mark C. (2001). The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China (illustrated, reprint ed.). Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0804746847. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Hauer, Erich (2007). Corff, Oliver (ed.). Handwörterbuch der Mandschusprache (in German). Vol. 12, Volume 15 of Darstellungen aus dem Gebiete der nichtchristlichen Religionsgeschichte (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3447055284.
- Perdue, Peter C. (2009). China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia (reprint ed.). Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674042025. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Wu, Shuhui (1995). Die Eroberung von Qinghai unter Berücksichtigung von Tibet und Khams 1717–1727: anhand der Throneingaben des Grossfeldherrn Nian Gengyao (in German). Vol. 2 of Tunguso Sibirica (reprint ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3447037563. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Zhao, Gang (January 2006). "Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century". Modern China. 32 (1). Sage Publications: 3–30. S2CID 144587815.
External links
- The War of Words Between South Korea and China Over An Ancient Kingdom: Why Both Sides Are Misguided Zhonghua minzu and the Sino-Korean controversy over the 'ownership' of ancient Koguryo.
- Sinicization vs. Manchuness: The Success of Manchu Rule Archived 6 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine