Allegations of genocide in the 2023 Israeli attack on Gaza
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Allegations of Israeli genocide in Gaza | |
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Injured | At least 84,400[6][1] |
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The State of Israel has been accused of genocide against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip during the Israel–Hamas war.[19][20][21]
Various scholars, including
Several publications argued that Israel's actions are defensive responses to Hamas, not identity-based attacks on Palestinians, and warn that these claims could weaken global genocide laws.[38][39] The Austrian Chancellor and Czech Prime Minister together argued that Israel's actions could result in the politicisation of the ICJ.[40][41][42]
Background
On 7 October 2023, Hamas led an attack into Israel from Gaza,[43][44][45] resulting in at least 1,139[46][47][c] deaths, most of whom were civilians.[52] Israel's response, including its invasion of the Gaza Strip from 29 October 2023,[53] has led to concerns that it was using the attack to justify genocide against Palestinians.[15]
Legal definition of genocide
The 1948 Genocide Convention defines genocide as any of five "acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group".[54][55] The acts in question include killing members of the group, causing them serious bodily or mental harm, imposing living conditions intended to destroy the group, preventing births, and forcibly transferring children out of the group.[54] Genocide is a crime of special intent ("dolus specialis"); it is carried out deliberately, with victims targeted based on real or perceived membership in a protected group.[55]
Victims
A EuroMed Rights report released on 18 November 2023, which calls Israel's actions in Gaza a genocide, reported that 15,271 Palestinians in Gaza had been killed, 32,310 had been injured, and an estimated 41,500 were unaccounted for.[56] Multiple news and academic outlets have reported updated figures, with at least 20,000 Palestinians having been killed in Gaza by December 2023, an estimated 70% of whom were women and children.[57][58][d] By 14 January 2024, 100 days since the beginning of Israel's assault on Gaza, over 23,900 people had been confirmed killed,[60] with estimates placing the number at over 25,000.[61] About 7,000 people are missing, likely buried under the rubble.[62][63] Within the first three weeks of the assault on Gaza, more children had been killed than in all other conflicts since 2019 combined.[64] Over 52,000 people had been wounded by December 2023,[65][66] and by May 2024 this had risen to over 77,700 people.[6][67]
Since the beginning of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, nearly two million people have been displaced within the Gaza Strip.[12][68][69]
Alleged genocidal intent
In June 2024, Susan M. Akram, director of Boston University International Human Rights Clinic, in reviewing the statements, commentary, and literature published by relevant scholars, concluded that there is a consensus among scholars that Israel is committing genocide.[70]
In an article in Opinio Juris, scholars wrote that Israeli officials' statements since 7 October indicate intent to commit genocide.[71] The NGO Law for Palestine compiled more than 500 statements by Israeli political and military officials that allegedly call for genocide.[e][72]
On 7 October, Netanyahu said the people of Gaza would pay a "huge price" and Israel would turn parts of Gaza "into rubble".
In her 26 March 2024 report, Francesca Albanese asserted genocidal intent, writing, "Genocidal acts were approved and given effect following statements of genocidal intent issued by senior military and government officials."[22]
Israeli cabinet ministers
Since 7 October 2023, a variety of official and semi-official sources and outlets have engaged in rhetoric suggestive of genocidal intent.[69][81]
On 9 October 2023, Israeli Minister of Defense Yoav Gallant said, "We are fighting human animals, and we are acting accordingly",[82] a statement that was characterized as an example of dehumanization.[73][83] On October 10, Gallant said he had "removed every restriction" and was reported to have added: "Gaza won't return to what it was before. We will eliminate everything."[84] The Associated Press, the New York Times, The Guardian and NPR all issued corrections to the translated quote, restoring a second sentence that had been omitted in earlier reporting, making the quotation "Gaza won't return to what it was before. There will be no Hamas. We will eliminate everything."[85][86]
Israeli Minister of Agriculture Avi Dichter called for the war to be "Gaza's Nakba" on Channel 12.[87] Ariel Kallner, another member of the Knesset from the Likud party, wrote on social media that there is "one goal: Nakba! A Nakba that will overshadow the Nakba of [1948]. Nakba in Gaza and Nakba to anyone who dares to join".[88] Israeli Minister of Heritage Amihai Eliyahu called for dropping an atomic bomb on Gaza.[87][89]
Israeli energy minister Israel Katz said: "All the civilian population in Gaza is ordered to leave immediately. We will win. They will not receive a drop of water or a single battery until they leave the world."[90][71]
On 29 April 2024, Finance Minister
Israeli president and members of Israeli parliament
President of Israel Isaac Herzog blamed the "entire nation" of Palestine for the 7 October attack.[92] He added: "It is not true, this rhetoric about civilians being not aware, not involved. It is absolutely not true."[71]
Yitzhak Kroizer, who represents the extreme-right Otzma Yehudit party in the Knesset, said in a radio interview that the "Gaza Strip should be flattened, and for all of them there is but one sentence, and that is death."[93] Tally Gotliv of the Likud party called for the use of nuclear weapons against Gaza.[93]
Invocations of Amalek
Israeli Prime Minister
Critics have connected Netanyahu's allusion to Amalek with
Other Israeli officials
Major General Ghassan Alian, Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories, said: "There will be no electricity and no water [in Gaza], there will only be destruction. You wanted hell, you will get hell".[82]
IDF Major General Giora Eiland wrote, "Gaza will become a place where no human being can exist" and "Creating a severe humanitarian crisis in Gaza is a necessary means to achieving the goal."[73] Israeli historian and holocaust scholar Omer Bartov noted that no Israeli politician nor anyone in the IDF denounced this statement.[73]
Of Israel's bombing of Gaza, the Israeli army spokesperson said, "while balancing accuracy with the scope of damage, right now we're focused on what causes maximum damage".[101] Legal scholars interpreted this as intention to destroy Gaza.[71]
Far-right politician and former Knesset member Moshe Feiglin said: "There is one and only solution, which is to completely destroy Gaza before invading it. I mean destruction like what happened in Dresden and Hiroshima, without nuclear weapons".[82][102][103] Minister of Economy Nir Barkat later said, "I don't remember Britain or the United States, at the tail end of the Second World War bombing Dresden, thinking about the residents."[102] Academics, non-Israeli politicians, and news organisations have also invoked the bombing of Dresden in justifying Israel's bombing of Gaza.[104][105]
Alleged genocidal actions
Since 7 October 2023, the IDF has been accused of indiscriminate mass arrest and detainment;
In November 2023, Raz Segal detailed three actions the IDF was engaging in that were genocidal in nature: acts of killing, infliction of severe bodily harm, and implementation of measures strategically designed to destroy Palestinian existence. As evidence, he accuses the IDF of engaging in total warfare by destroying mass swathes of Gaza and imposing a strict blockade of essential goods.[92]
On 26 February 2024, Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International both released statements declaring Israel had failed to comply with the International Court of Justice's 26 January ruling to prevent genocide by blocking aid from entry into Gaza.[123][124][125] Both statements reference the 16-year long blockade of Gaza,[123][124] which has intensified since 9 October.[126] A report by Refugees International found that Israel had "consistently and groundlessly impeded aid operations within Gaza".[127] Historian Melanie Tanielian argues that starvation, famine, and blockade should be foregrounded as methods of genocide alongside mass bombing. She references A. Dirk Moses' appeal not to ignore less spectacular forms of violence in the destruction of populations,[128] and highlights multiple other genocides where famine and starvation were used as methods of destruction.[129]
In October 2023, the
The law professor and United Nations special rapporteur on the right to food, Michael Fakhri, said that Israel is "culpable" of genocide because "Israel has announced its intention to destroy the Palestinian people, in whole or in part, simply for being Palestinian" and because Israel was denying food to Palestinians by halting humanitarian aid and "intentionally" destroying "small-scale fishing vessels, greenhouses and orchards in Gaza […] We have never seen a civilian population made to go so hungry so quickly and so completely, that is the consensus among starvation experts. Israel is not just targeting civilians, it is trying to damn the future of the Palestinian people by harming their children."[137] Since the ICJ ruling, the number of aid trucks Israel allows into Gaza has dropped by 40%.[138] In an Israel Democracy Institute survey of 510 Israeli citizens in early February, 68% of respondents supported preventing all international aid from entering Gaza.[139]
In an interview with Sveriges Television, the Israeli journalist and author Gideon Levy, who has reported on Israel's settlement policy for the newspaper Haaretz for 35 years, said of his work as a correspondent in Palestine: "I'm whistling in the dark in Israel. No one wants to listen or read. But I cannot change. Unlike other Israelis, I see with my own eyes what we do because I have been covering the occupation for almost 35 years now" and "All Swedish TV viewers, even in the northernmost village in Sweden, have seen more from Gaza than an Israeli in Tel Aviv. It's just about the soldiers, their bravery, the hostages, and their families, the soldiers who have fallen. Nothing about the Palestinians' suffering; it doesn't exist. And if you dare to show empathy for those who are suffering in Gaza, you're considered a traitor."[140]
Mark Levene and Elyse Semerdjian locate the mass destruction of infrastructure within Israel's Dahiya doctrine that has been implemented against Gaza since 2006, with Levene calling it urbicide and a tool of genocide.[141][142]
In articles published in November in
On 11 March 2024, 12 Israeli human rights organisations signed an open letter accusing Israel of failing to abide by the ICJ ruling to prevent genocide by facilitating the delivery of humanitarian aid.[157][127]
UN human rights expert Francesca Albanese prepared a report for the U.N. stating that there are "reasonable grounds to believe" that Israel is carrying out genocide in Gaza, and advocated a global arms embargo on that basis.[158] She said the genocidal actions included "killing members of the group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to groups' members; and deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part",[22] and highlighted that 70% of those killed were women and children, and that Israel has failed to show the 30% who are adult men were Hamas fighters.[159]
In late March it was reported that Israel had designated unmarked "kill zones" in Gaza, where any civilians would be shot on sight.[160]
In April, U.N. special rapporteur on the right to health Tlaleng Mofokeng said, "The destruction of healthcare facilities continues to catapult to proportions yet to be fully quantified". Mofokeng said Israel had not responded to the concerns she had raised about the situation, and that she had not been able to visit the Palestinian territory or Israel. But she said it was obvious that Israel was "killing and causing irreparable harm against Palestinian civilians with its bombardments", adding, "They are also knowingly and intentionally imposing famine, prolonged malnutrition and dehydration" and accusing Israel of "genocide". The current situation in Gaza, Mofokeng said, "is completely incompatible with the right to health".[161]
Academic and legal discourse
Scholars disagree about whether Israel's actions constitute a genocide against the Palestinians.[92][162]
On 13 October, Raz Segal called the intensified blockade of Gaza, which included the denial of water and food to the civilian population, a "textbook case of genocide" and connected it to the
On 19 October 2023, 100 civil society organisations and six genocide scholars sent Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court Karim Khan a letter calling on him to issue arrest warrants to Israeli officials for cases already before the prosecutor; to investigate new crimes committed in the Palestinian territories, including incitement to genocide, since 7 October; to issue a preventative statement against war crimes; and to remind all states of their obligations under international law. The letter said that Israeli officials' statements had shown "clear intent to commit war crimes, crimes against humanity and incitement to commit genocide, using dehumanizing language to describe Palestinians." The genocide scholars who signed the document were Raz Segal, Barry Trachtenberg, Robert McNeil, Damien Short, Taner Akçam, and Victoria Sanford.[169] Segal called the war a "textbook case of genocide".[163][92] The same day, lawyers at the Center for Constitutional Rights said that Israel's tactics were "calculated to destroy the Palestinian population in Gaza", and warned the Biden administration that "U.S. officials can be held responsible for their failure to prevent Israel's unfolding genocide, as well as for their complicity, by encouraging it and materially supporting it."[170]
On 9 November 2023, 47 scholars in the fields of history, law, and criminology published an open letter through the International State Crime Initiative based at Queen Mary University of London calling Israel's Gaza offensive a genocide.[24] The scholars wrote, "the Israeli state is employing its extensive and advanced military capacity to inflict violence on Palestinian peoples on such a scale that it is accurate to frame it as the annihilation phase of genocide."[24] In a 3 November 2023 interview on MSNBC, Omer Bartov said, "the possibility of genocide is staring us in the face",[53] and on 10 November 2023 he wrote in a New York Times opinion piece: "My greatest concern watching the Israel-Gaza war unfold is that there is genocidal intent, which can easily tip into genocidal action."[73] In a response to Bartov's article, a group of five Holocaust scholars, while acknowledging Israeli officials' "despicable statements that cannot be ignored",[171] said that only a few officials made such statements and justified them by pointing to Hamas' crimes.[172] The five scholars argued that the dehumanizing language was "not evidence of genocidal intent".[172]
On 13 November 2023, David Simon, director for genocide studies at Yale University, said it was possible that a court could find the Israel Defense Forces guilty of committing an act of genocide, but added, "it's certainly not textbook in that connecting the intent to destroy [an] ethnic group as such is difficult."[92] Yale's Ben Kiernan opined that events did "not meet the very high threshold that is required to meet the legal definition of genocide."[92] Adam Jones, author of a textbook on genocide, took the view that beyond killing civilians en masse, Israel appeared to be inflicting "conditions of life calculated to bring about [the targeted group's] physical destruction", thus violating the Genocide Convention; other scholars such as Dov Waxman said that while there was a "risk of genocidal actions" in Gaza, claims that it is already happening are "stretching the concept too far, emptying it of any meaning."[99] Martin Shaw argued that the term "genocide" was underused as states wish "to avoid the responsibilities to 'prevent and punish'" the convention imposes; moreover, he argued, there is "a special aversion to investigating its implications for Israel's conduct. Western states continue to protect it out of a misplaced belief that Jews, having been prime historical victims of genocide, cannot also be its perpetrators."[173][174]
Victoria Sanford, a professor at
In October 2023, sociologist Eva Illouz wrote that Israel's "military response … against an enemy which has violated borders and international law, … is not genocide",[179][180] though in a November article she said that Israel may have committed war crimes,[181][182] and in February 2024 she said that senior members of the Israeli government have called for genocide in response to the 7 October attacks.[183]
In December 2023, in correspondence published in The Lancet, multiple specialists in international medicine and humanitarian aid reiterated warnings of the risk of genocide, while detailing how Israel's blocking of humanitarian support and aid were leading to unnecessary deaths, and how the death rate would only continue to worsen. They called signatories to the Genocide Convention to enforce a ceasefire on Israel.[57] Also in December, a group of 60 Holocaust and genocide scholars published a statement addressing evidence of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide in Israel's attack on Gaza that called for "scholars, programs, centers, and institutes in Holocaust and Genocide Studies to take a clear stance against Israeli mass violence and join us in efforts to stop it and prevent its further escalation."[184]
In January 2024, a number of prominent Israelis, represented by human rights lawyer Michael Sfard, sent Israel's attorney general and state prosecutor an open letter detailing examples of "the discourse of annihilation, expulsion and revenge".[93] The signatories alleged that the Israeli judiciary was ignoring incitement to genocide in Gaza.[93]
Shmuel Lederman has called Israel's actions genocidal violence, but does not use the term "genocide", critiquing the simplification of intent in the term. He locates the situation in Gaza within a long and ongoing history of oppression, including mass surveillance, collective punishment, restrictions on travel and work, and
When Israel has previously been accused of committing genocide, there has been strong pushback, including calling such accusations antisemitic and arguing that such accusations are made to delegitimise or demonise Israel.[187] The anthropologist and sociologist Didier Fassin has detailed pushback of this sort since October 2023.[188] Fassin highlights three rhetorical formations that seem to repeatedly occur: presenting 7 October 2023 as the beginning of events, ignoring any history before that;[189] hyperbolic claims, such as calling the events of 7 October "a new Holocaust";[190] and distortion, where actions taken in Gaza are disputed and the statement that Israel has "the most moral army in the world" is frequently repeated.[191]
In February 2024, Mark Levene detailed how Israel's actions are ethnic cleansing at the very least, in line with Israeli intelligence ministry's policy paper for a forcible and permanent transfer of all Gazans, supported by Netanyahu's government.[17] Levene also argues that Israel's actions and its politicians' and officials' statements show that it is engaging in genocide.[192]
In February 2024, the journal Children's Geographies published an editorial identifying the harm done to Palestinian children, declaring that Israel's ongoing assault on Gaza is "neither self-defence nor legitimate", and saying in the context of the ICJ's ruling that ceasing hostilities must also be accompanied by restorative measures to rebuild Gazan communities and structures to mitigate the long-term disabling effects on Gazan children.[193]
In March 2024, the Middle East Studies Association released a statement condemning the "accelerating scale of genocidal violence being inflicted on the Palestinian population of Gaza" while also stating that Israel's conduct constitutes a cultural genocide.[194] The statement read: "We must also bear witness to the decimation of thousands of years of historical material culture that constitute a part of our shared world heritage. The current multipronged attacks against Gaza appear calculated to achieve nothing less than the total erasure of the Palestinians and their history from this small coastal strip."[195]
The sociologist and genocide scholar Uğur Ümit Üngör views the 2023 Israeli assault on Gaza as continuation of a history of "asymmetrical power relations, and annihilatory attitudes towards civilians."[196] He calls Israeli actions "unmistakably counter-genocidal in terms of the quantity, quality, and dynamic of mass violence."[197]
British-Israeli historian Ilan Pappé stated that "What we see now are massacres which are part of the genocidal impulse, namely to kill people in order to downsize the number of people living in Gaza".[198]
In a May 2024 interview, former
Statements by political organisations and governments
World leaders and governments
In late 2023, various global leaders and officials voiced their perspectives on the Israel-Gaza conflict, with many calling Israel's actions in Gaza a genocide. Iranian Foreign Minister Hossein Amir-Abdollahian,[200] Pakistani Foreign Minister Jalil Abbas Jilani,[201] the Taliban,[202][203] Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas,[204] Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro,[205] and the Kurdistan Communities Union were among those who condemned Israel's actions.[206][207][j] A day after Colombia withdrew its ambassador from Israel, President Gustavo Petro posted on X in Spanish: "It's called genocide, they do it to remove the Palestinian people from Gaza and take it over. The head of the state who carries out this genocide is a criminal against humanity. Their allies cannot talk about democracy."[210][211] Leaders from Turkey,[212] Brazil,[213] and Syria also condemned Israel's actions.[214]
In January 2024, President Hage Geingob of Namibia called Israel's actions in Gaza "genocidal and gruesome" and sharply criticized Germany's decision to back Israel in South Africa v. Israel, saying that Germany had an "inability to draw lessons from its horrific history", including the Herero and Nama Genocide in German Southwest Africa.[215]
On 9 February 2024,
On 29 February 2024, Colombian president Gustavo Petro announced the country would cease importing Israeli arms in the wake of the Flour massacre and called Israel's treatment of the Palestinians a genocide.[220] In March 2024, the EU's top diplomat, Josep Borrell, told the U.S. Secretary of State, "The very survival of the population in Gaza is at stake today".[221]
On 18 March 2024,
In May 2024, Margarita Robles, the defence minister of Spain, called Israel's war a "real genocide".[227]
Civil servants and elected representatives
On 2 February 2024, it was reported that more than 800 civil servants from the U.S., U.K., and the European Union, including many senior officials, had signed an open letter criticising their governments' "public, diplomatic and military support" of Israel as "given without real conditions or accountability", and warning that their governments' policies on Gaza "are contributing to grave violations of international law, war crimes and even ethnic cleansing or genocide".[228][229][230]
On 5 April 2024, Elizabeth Warren became the first senator from the United States, Israel's closest military ally,[231][232] to publicly say that the assault on Gaza would be legally ruled a genocide.[233][234] According to her office, Warren was expressing a legal analysis rather than her personal view.[235] U.S. Representative Ilhan Omar said that she feared the U.S. government and its citizens were "going to be complicit in genocide".[236] In May 2024, Senator Fatima Payman became the first member of the Australian Labor Party to call Israel's actions a genocide, saying, "This is a genocide and we need to stop pretending otherwise."[237]
NGOs and intergovernmental organisations
After Israel started its military operation against Hamas, both
On 1 November, Defence for Children International (DCI) accused the U.S. of complicity in Israel's "crime of genocide."[241] On 11 March 2024, DCI addressed the famine affecting Gaza: "The starvation of children is a hallmark of genocide and a deliberate political choice by Israel, backed by the Biden administration".[242]
On 2 November 2023, a group of UN special rapporteurs wrote, "We remain convinced that the Palestinian people are at grave risk of genocide."[243][99] On 4 November, UN Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights to Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation Pedro Arrojo said that based on article 7 of the Rome Statute, which counts "deprivation of access to food or medicine, among others" as a form of extermination, "even if there is no clear intention, the data show that the war is heading towards genocide".[166] Three Palestinian rights groups, Al-Haq, Al Mezan, and the Palestinian Centre for Human Rights, have filed a lawsuit with the International Criminal Court (ICC) urging it to investigate Israel for apartheid and genocide and issue arrest warrants for Israeli leaders.[244]
On 16 November, a group of U.N. experts said there was "evidence of increasing genocidal incitement" against Palestinians.
Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor documented evidence of executions committed by the IDF.[249] It submitted the evidence and documentation to the International Criminal Court and the U.N. special rapporteur.[249]
In response to a 3 January 2024
On 9 February, ahead of Israel's announced military assault on
In May 2024, UN Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women Reem Alsalem said that Palestinian women "are experiencing a full-blown genocide. They are being exterminated. There are few places in the world where we've seen something like this."[255] The UNHCR Special Rapporteur on adequate housing, Balakrishnan Rajagopal, stated that Israel's destruction of Gaza "constitutes an act of genocide as well because the purpose of that destruction, exceeding 70 to 80 percent across Gaza, is to make the place uninhabitable for the people of Gaza".[256]
Legal proceedings
International Criminal Court
In 2021, the Pretrial Chamber I of the International Criminal Court confirmed that the court had jurisdiction in its investigation in Palestine.[257] On 12 October 2023, the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, Karim Ahmad Khan, confirmed that war crimes committed by Israeli nationals in Gaza are within the investigation's purview.[258]
U.S. Center for Constitutional Rights lawsuit
On 13 November 2023, the Center for Constitutional Rights sued U.S. President Joe Biden, Secretary of State Antony Blinken, and Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin.[259][260][53] The suit alleges that Israel's "mass killings", targeting of civilian infrastructure, and forced expulsions amount to genocide,[100][259] writing: "As Israel's closest ally and strongest supporter, being its biggest provider of military assistance by a large margin and with Israel being the largest cumulative recipient of US foreign assistance since World War II, the United States has the means available to have a deterrent effect on Israeli officials now pursuing genocidal acts against the Palestinian people in Gaza".[100] Genocide expert William Schabas supported the lawsuit, saying he believed there was a "serious risk of genocide" and the U.S. was "in breach of its obligation, under both the 1948 Genocide Convention to which it is a party as well as customary international law, to use its position of influence with the government of Israel and to take the best measures within its power to prevent the crime taking place."[261] On 16 November, the scholars Victoria Sanford, Barry Trachtenberg, and John Cox filed a declaration in support of the CCR's lawsuit.[53] During the court case, Trachtenberg testified that the U.S. must act and not repeat its failure to take a stand against the violence against Jews in Nazi Germany leading up to the Holocaust.[262]
A federal judge dismissed the case Defense for Children International-Palestine et al v. Biden et al on 31 January 2024, saying the Constitution prevents his court from determining foreign policy, which is reserved to the political branches of the U.S. government, though he wrote that "as the ICJ has found, it is plausible that Israel's conduct amounts to genocide.";[263] the judge also commented that he would have preferred to have issued the injunction and urged Biden to rethink U.S. policy, writing that the court "implores defendants to examine the results of their unflagging support of the military siege against the Palestinians in Gaza".[264][261][259]
International Court of Justice application
In an application filed on 29 December 2023, South Africa alleged that Israel's actions "are genocidal in character because they are intended to bring about the destruction of a substantial part of the Palestinian national, racial and ethnical group."[33][324] South Africa requested that the ICJ issue a legal order on an interim basis (i.e., before hearing the merits of the application) requiring Israel to "immediately suspend its military operations in and against Gaza."[33][324] Adjudication of the merits of the case may take years, but such an order could be issued within weeks.[266] In a statement to the ICJ during the proceedings, the South African ambassador to the Netherlands argued that the current assault on Gaza is not an individual event but the escalation of "Israel’s 25-year apartheid, 56-year occupation, and 16-year siege imposed on the Gaza Strip."[128]
Balkees Jarrah, associate international justice director at Human Rights Watch, notes that the ICJ case is not a prosecution of individuals, and does not involve the International Criminal Court, which is a separate body.[266] Jarrah said that the case presents an opportunity to "provide clear, definitive answers on the question of whether Israel is committing genocide against the Palestinian people."[266]
On 6 March 2024, South Africa asked the ICJ to order additional measures against Israel because Gazans are facing mass starvation.[325]
Israeli response
Israeli government spokesman Eylon Levy rejected the allegations "with disgust"[266] and accused South Africa of cooperating with Hamas,[265] calling South Africa's claims "blood libel"[326] that abets "the modern heirs of the Nazis".[327] On 2 January 2024, Israel decided to appear before the ICJ in response to South Africa's case, despite a history of ignoring international tribunals.[324][328] On 13 January, Netanyahu said, "No one will stop us. Not The Hague, not the Axis of Evil, no one."[329]
South Africa's actions found support from some Israeli politicians, including Ofer Cassif.[330]
ICJ ruling
On 26 January 2024, the ICJ issued a preliminary ruling finding that the claims in South Africa's filing were "plausible" and issued an order to Israel requiring it to take all measures in its power to prevent acts of genocide, to prevent and punish incitement to genocide, and to allow basic humanitarian services into Gaza.[34]
Occupation proceedings
In the legal consequences arising from the policies and practices of Israel in the occupied Palestinian territory including East Jerusalem,[331] Qatar said, "Israel's genocidal war on the people of Gaza has shown that the situation in Palestine is the most pressing threat to international peace and security".[332]
German lawsuit
In February 2024, lawyers representing Palestinians in Germany filed a criminal complaint against various senior politicians, including Chancellor Olaf Scholz, Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock, Economic Minister Robert Habeck, and Finance Minister Christian Lindner, for "aiding and abetting" genocide in Gaza.[333][334]
Nicaragua v. Germany
On 1 March 2024, Nicaragua initiated proceedings against Germany at the ICJ under the Genocide Convention concerning Germany's support for Israel in the
Australian legal proceedings
In March 2024, Sydney-based firm Birchgrove Legal referred Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese, Foreign Minister Penny Wong, Opposition Leader Peter Dutton, and others to the ICC as accessories to genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity, citing the defunding of UNRWA, the provision of military aid, and "unequivocal political support" for Israel's actions during the Israel-Hamas War.[337][338]
International complicity
Some commentators have accused Western media and governments of supporting genocide against Palestinians, especially those of the United States.
In January 2024, former UNRWA spokesperson
American complicity
On 13 October 2023, journalist Eric Levitz of
In November 2023, critics of President
In February 2024, the Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention said the Biden administration was complicit in genocide in Gaza: "None of the Biden Administration's tactics to deny genocide and avoid accountability will withstand the test of time. President Biden and key administration officials are on a path to be remembered as the principal enablers of one of the worst genocides in the 21st century".
Rhetoric from U.S politicians
In the Florida legislature, Democratic U.S. Representative Angie Nixon sponsored a resolution calling for "de-escalation" and a ceasefire to end the killing of Palestinians. She said: "We are at 10,000 dead Palestinians. How many will be enough?" Republican Representative Michelle Salzman replied, "All of them," Nixon interrupted her speech saying, "One of my colleagues just said 'All of them.' Wow." Some commentators have called Salzman's remark a call for genocide. Nixon and the Florida chapter of the Council on American-Islamic Relations called for her to be censured or resign.[352][353] CAIR-Florida Executive Director Imam Abdullah Jaber said in a statement: "This chilling call for genocide by an American lawmaker is the direct result of decades of dehumanization of the Palestinian people by advocates of Israeli apartheid and their eager enablers in government and the media."[354] Executive director of the U.S. Campaign for Palestinian Rights (USPCR) Ahmad Abuznaid said, "There is a bipartisan effort to dehumanize the Palestinian people", referring especially to Biden voicing doubt about the accuracy of the Palestinian death count and attacks on Palestinian-American Congresswoman Rashida Tlaib for her criticism of Israel's military offensive.[355]
Republican U.S. Representative and former Donald Trump aide Max Miller, said that Palestine is "about to get eviscerated... to turn that into a parking lot." He previously called on the Biden administration "to get out of Israel's way and to let Israel do what it needs to do best" and said there should be "no rules of engagement" during Israel's bombardment of Gaza.[356] Miller also questioned the accuracy of the Gaza Health Ministry's claim that 10,000 people have been killed in Gaza, saying that he believes many of those killed have been "Hamas terrorists", not innocent civilians, and that the U.S. does not "trust an entity that puts munitions in mosques, and churches and in hospitals."[357]
In December, former Republican U.S. Representative Michele Bachmann said on The Charlie Kirk Show: "So it's time that Gaza ends. The two million people who live there, they are clever assassins. They need to be removed from that land. That land needs to be turned into a national park. And since they're the voluntary mercenaries for Iran, they need to be dropped on the doorstep of Iran. Let Iran deal with those people." She received a round of applause from the audience. Kirk replied: "I look at Israel and Israel says we never want another person into our country that doesn't share our values. They said they don't want refugees. They don't want any of these people. I want American immigration policy to be like that."[358][359]
Republican U.S. Representative Brian Mast compared all Palestinians to Nazis in November on the House floor.[360] On January 31, 2024, Mast said that Palestinian babies are not innocent civilians but "terrorists" who should be killed, that more infrastructure in Gaza needs to be destroyed, and "It would be better if you kill all the terrorists and kill everyone who are supporters."[361]
In an interview with Fox News on 5 March 2024, former president and presumptive Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump said that Biden "dumped Israel" due to being overly influenced by pro-Palestinian protests, that "the Democrats are very bad for Israel", that he supports Israel’s ongoing offensive in Gaza, that Israel has to "finish the problem", and that the Biden administration "got soft", which some commentators viewed as a call to continue and "double down" on genocidal acts. Trump's campaign also said that, if elected, he would bar Gaza residents from entering the U.S. as part of an expanded travel ban.[362]
In a town hall meeting on March 25, 2024, Republican U.S. Representative Tim Walberg said that Palestinian civilians should have nuclear weapons used against them, "like Nagasaki and Hiroshima", to "get it over quick."[363][364][365]
Democratic U.S. Representative
A group of eight Democratic U.S. senators, led by Bernie Sanders, Jeff Merkley, and Chris Van Hollen, wrote Biden an official letter calling on him to "enforce federal law" by requiring Prime Minister Netanyahu "to stop restricting humanitarian aid access to Gaza or forfeit U.S. military aid to Israel", as "The severe humanitarian catastrophe unfolding in Gaza is nearly unprecedented in modern history" and "The United States should not provide military assistance to any country that interferes with U.S. humanitarian assistance." They cited the 1961 Foreign Assistance Act, which states that "no assistance" shall be provided under that law or the Arms Export Control Act to any country that restricts, directly or indirectly, the transport or delivery of U.S. humanitarian assistance. "Stopping American humanitarian aid is in violation of the law. That should be clear. No more money to Netanyahu's war machine to kill Palestinian children," Sanders said.[370]
British complicity
On 12 December 2023,
In April 2024, Guy Goodwin-Gill said: "There is a serious risk of genocide, as the International Court of Justice has found. If the UK, with that knowledge in mind, carries on exporting arms to Israel, there is a risk that those arms will be used in the conduct of aggressive activities and in the conduct of genocide."[377]
German complicity
In October 2023, political analyst Lena Obermaier argued that Germany is complicit in Israel's war crimes against Gaza.[378] She detailed how most of Germany's most prominent news outlets have "been silent on Israeli genocidal policies in the past" and still are. She also highlighted police suppression of pro-Palestine protests throughout Germany[379] as evidence of state complicity.[378] Karen Wells et al. highlight how Germany has entrenched its complicity in Israel's actions by criminalising use of the word "genocide" in reference to any Israeli action.[351] In February 2024, a criminal complaint was filed in German courts accusing various senior politicians of complicity in genocide.[333] In March, Nicaragua sued Germany for complicity at the ICJ.[335]
Cultural discourse
Various public figures have called Israel's offensive in Gaza a genocide, including Kid Cudi,[380] Macklemore,[381] and Summer Walker.[382] Melissa Barrera was fired from the Scream franchise for reposting on social media an article accusing Israel of genocide.[383] Time mentioned Barrera's firing in the context of a "growing divide" within Hollywood over the war.[384] Raz Segal's "textbook genocide" verdict has been quoted approvingly by climate activist Greta Thunberg[385] and BBC football presenter Gary Lineker.[386]
In December 2023, Olly Alexander, who will represent the United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest 2024,[387] signed a letter by the LGBT association Voices4London that accuses Israel of genocide against the Palestinians.[388] The Israeli government and the Campaign Against Antisemitism (CAA) condemned his views and asked the BBC not to allow him to perform at the contest. The BBC rejected Israel's request to cut ties with Alexander over his views.[389]
Asked whether what is happening in Gaza is a genocide, Russian-American author Masha Gessen said, "I think there are some fine distinctions between genocide and ethnic cleansing and I think that there are valid arguments for using both terms".[390] When pressed further, they said, "it is at the very least ethnic cleansing". Controversy surrounded Gessen's reception of the Hannah Arendt Prize over remarks in a New Yorker article critical of Israeli actions in Gaza in which Gessen compared them to Nazis liquidating an Eastern European ghetto.[391]
Various, mainly western, media and news outlets have been accused of complicity in genocide against Gaza through media imperialism.[392][393][394] Others have situated the biases of western media outlets within a long history of downplaying and excusing the oppression of Palestinians.[395] In analysis of the language used in coverage of the Israeli assault on Gaza, it was found that the internationally legally recognised term "occupied territories" appeared more often in Al Jazeera English's coverage than in all U.S. and U.K. news outlets combined, and that emotive language was 11 times more likely to be used in descriptions of Israeli victims than of Palestinian victims.[396] On 14 March 2024, protesters blocked access to the offices of The New York Times, accusing the paper of complicity in genocide.[397]
At the 96th Academy Awards, after accepting the award for Best International Feature Film for The Zone of Interest, Jonathan Glazer drew parallels between the depiction of the Holocaust in his film and the situation in Gaza.[398][399] Journalist Naomi Klein expanded on the parallels between Gaza and the film's depiction of the Holocaust, highlighting the normalisation of genocidal action.[400]
Nobel Peace Prize winner Malala Yousafzai said: "When we see alarming signs of genocide, we cannot wait to take decisive action. We must work together to urge our leaders to stop these war crimes and hold perpetrators to account."[401] Nobel Peace Prize winner Tawakkol Karman stated, "The world is silent in front of the genocide and the ethnic cleansing of the Palestinian people in Gaza."[402]
Media discourse
The allegations about Israel's actions have drawn criticism from several publications and individuals. Several publications argued that calling Israel's actions "genocide" cheapens the term and undermines its serious nature as defined by the UN Genocide Convention.[38][42][403]
South Africa's claims were also criticized for diverting attention from real issues such as potential breaches of war laws and the humanitarian crisis in Gaza,[38] and for ignoring Hamas's actions.[404] Several publications argued that Israel's actions are defensive responses to Hamas, not identity-based attacks on Palestinians, and warn that these claims could weaken global genocide laws.[38][39]
See also
- Animal stereotypes of Palestinians in Israeli discourse
- Sexual and gender-based violence in 2023 Israeli attack on Gaza
- Allegations of genocide in the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel
- Israeli war crimes
- Racism in Israel
- Palestinian genocide accusation
- War crimes in the Israel–Hamas war
- Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel
- Weaponization of antisemitism
- Gaza Strip mass graves
Footnotes
- ^ Per Gaza Health Ministry and Government Information Office,[1] which Israeli Intelligence has deemed reliable,[2] and has been supported by independent investigation of the reporting.[3] In the same period at least 490 Palestinians have been killed in the West Bank.[4][5]
- ^ The destruction includes:[9][10]
- at least 360,000 homes
- 392 educational facilities
- 267 places of worship
- 12 hospitals are partially functional
- 83% of groundwater wells are not operational
- ^ It is unclear how many of the deaths were a result of friendly fire or of the Hannibal Directive. An Ynet article stated that there was an "immense and complex quantity" of friendly-fire incidents on the part of IDF during the 7 October attack.[48][49][50][51]
- ^ Per the Gaza Health Ministry and Government Information Office by 3 January 2024, over 22,300 people had been confirmed dead.[59]
- ^ See the list of statements here.
- ^ "Remember what Amalek did unto thee by the way as ye came forth out of Egypt; how he met thee by the way, and smote the hindmost of thee, all that were enfeebled in thy rear, when thou wast faint and weary; and he feared not God. Therefore it shall be, when the Lord thy God hath given thee rest from all thine enemies round about, in the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee for an inheritance to possess it, that thou shalt blot out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven; thou shalt not forget." (Deuteronomy 25:17–19, Jewish Publication Society of America Version)
- ^ Hebrew: זכור את אשר עשה לך עמלק
- ^ The Jewish Publication Society of America Version and King James Version give an identical translation for this verse.
- ^ While the use of white phosphorus against military targets located among civilians is contrary to Protocol III of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, Israel is not a signatory.[120]
- ^ The Kurdistan Communities Union chair Cemîl Bayik urged Israel to change its approach.[208][209]
- ^ South Africa's case has been supported by the following states and international organisations:
- Algeria[268]
- Bangladesh[269]
- Bolivia[270][271]
- Brazil[272][273][274]
- Chile[275]
- Colombia[272][276]
- Comoros[277]
- Cuba[278]
- Djibouti[277]
- Egypt[279]
- Indonesia[280]
- Iran[281]
- Iraq[282]
- Jordan[283]
- Lebanon[284]
- Libya[285]
- Malaysia[286]
- Maldives[287]
- Namibia[269]
- Nicaragua[269]
- Pakistan[288]
- Palestine[269]
- Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic[289]
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines[290]
- Slovenia[291][292]
- Syria[293]
- Turkey[286]
- Venezuela[269][294]
- Zimbabwe[295][296]
- Arab League[297]
- Organisation of Islamic Cooperation[298][299]
- Non-Aligned Movement[300]
- ^ The lawsuit has also been supported by hundreds of activist groups, NGOs, political parties, unions, and other organisations, with (as of mid-January 2024) over 1400 showing support in the form of a letter organized by the newly-formed International Coalition to Stop Genocide in Palestine.[301][302][303] Some of that letter's signatories, and other supportive organisations, include:
- Al-Haq[304]
- Al-Mezan Center for Human Rights[304]
- Amnesty International[305]
- Boycott from Within[302][303][306]
- De-Colonizer[310][302][303]
- Democratic Socialists of America[302]
- Human Rights Watch[311][312][269]
- International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network[302]
- International Peoples' Assembly[313]
- Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions[302][303][314]
- Israelis Against Apartheid[302][315][316]
- Jewish Voice for Peace[302]
- La Via Campesina[313]
- National Lawyers Guild[308]
- Nelson Mandela Foundation[317]
- New Zealand Labour Party[318][319]
- Palestinian Centre for Human Rights[304]
- Palestinian General Federation of Trade Unions[313]
- Palestinian NGO Network[313]
- Progressive International[307][308][309]
- Women's International League for Peace and Freedom[320]
- World Beyond War[307][308][309]
- World March of Women[313]
- ^
- Amnesty International
- Mellemfolkeligt Samvirke
- Al-Haq
- ^ The UK Labour Party under Keir Starmer suspended several parliamentary candidates and MPs for comments they made against Israel.[371][372]
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Gaza won't return to what it was before. There will be no Hamas. We will eliminate everything.
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{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 (link
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We stand in solidarity with the Palestinians, and with countries and organisations calling for the immediate end of the ongoing genocide and bringing its perpetrators to justice.
The Taliban's response to the current conflict is entirely in support of the Palestinians and calls out Israeli aggression for violating their rights and the sanctity of Al-Aqsa and other mosques in Palestine. In a series of tweets, Afghanistan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs referred to Israel's bombardment as a "genocide."
Last night, the Israeli state launched an airstrike on a hospital in Gaza and unfortunately hundreds of people lost their lives in this attack. This attack is an attack of massacre and genocide.
Some time ago, Armenians in Karabakh were facing genocide. People were suffering. Now the same situation is happening in Gaza.
Israeli state and government have to immediately change their current approach and stop their attacks. They must abandon their policies of war, genocide and massacre.
Palestinian people have been resisting occupation and genocide for decades, struggling for freedom and liberation.
The US has given Israel more military assistance than any other country since World War II, providing aid worth more than $124bn.
Israel and its closest ally, the US, have been anticipating an Iranian attack ever since.
Slovenia supports the proceedings regarding the violation of the Genocide Convention, both in the case of Ukraine and Palestine.
Fajon hopes the court will call on Israel at an early stage of procedure to end the military operation because it could take several years for a final decision to be reached on the genocide accusation.
For genocide to happen, two critical elements are needed: the infrastructural and material capabilities to commit the genocide and the ability to conceal the genocide by calling it something other than what it is. The West is participating in both of these critical elements… In terms of material capabilities, the United States empire has sent, not one, but two aircraft carriers to the region, and has made it abundantly clear in word and deed that if any state or group attempts to enter the picture and aid Palestinians in their desperate attempt to survive Israel's genocidal operation, that the US will intervene with its full force. Years of US and Western aid and support to Israel have allowed Israel to develop the infrastructural capabilities to carry out a genocide… In terms of concealment, political, media, social and cultural institutions are fully mobilised in the West to hide and conceal this act of genocide, presenting it as a righteous violence of a victimised Jewish people everywhere in the world. Those expressing support for Palestine in the West are being threatened with job loss (and are actually losing their jobs), possible criminal charges and bans, and other punitive measures and harassment campaigns.
Once again, we are seeing a genocide unfolding before our eyes, and the Organization that we serve appears powerless to stop it.
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Further reading
- Jamshidi, Maryam (6 May 2024). "Genocide and Resistance in Palestine under Law's Shadow". .
- Sultany, Nimer (9 May 2024). "A Threshold Crossed: On Genocidal Intent and the Duty to Prevent Genocide in Palestine". .
- Roundtable in Journal of Genocide Research:
- McDoom, Omar Shahabudin (25 April 2024). "Expert Commentary, the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, and the Question of Genocide: Prosemitic Bias within a Scholarly Community?". .
- Whyte, Jessica (17 April 2024). "A "Tragic Humanitarian Crisis": Israel's Weaponization of Starvation and the Question of Intent". .