American Museum of Natural History
M10, M11, M79 New York City Subway: trains at 81st Street–Museum of Natural History train at 79th Street | |
Website | www |
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American Museum of Natural History | |
Built | 1874 |
NRHP reference No. | 76001235[4] |
Significant dates | |
Added to NRHP | June 24, 1976 |
Designated NYCL | August 24, 1967 |
The American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) is a natural history museum on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City.[5] Located in Theodore Roosevelt Park, across the street from Central Park, the museum complex comprises 20 interconnected buildings housing 45 permanent exhibition halls, in addition to a planetarium and a library. The museum collections contain about 32 million specimens[6] of plants, animals, fungi, fossils, minerals, rocks, meteorites, human remains, and human cultural artifacts, as well as specialized collections for frozen tissue and genomic and astrophysical data, of which only a small fraction can be displayed at any given time. The museum occupies more than 2,500,000 sq ft (232,258 m2). AMNH has a full-time scientific staff of 225, sponsors over 120 special field expeditions each year,[7] and averages about five million visits annually.[8]
The AMNH is a private
History
Founding
Early efforts
The naturalist Albert S. Bickmore devised the idea for the American Museum of Natural History in 1861.[9] At the time, he was studying in Cambridge, Massachusetts, at Louis Agassiz's Museum of Comparative Zoology.[9][10] Observing that many European natural history museums were in populous cities, Bickmore wrote in a biography: "Now New York is our city of greatest wealth and therefore probably the best location for the future museum of natural history for our whole land."[9] For several years, Bickmore lobbied for the establishment of a natural history museum in New York.[11] Upon the end of the American Civil War, Bickmore asked numerous prominent New Yorkers, such as William E. Dodge Jr., to sponsor his museum.[12][13] Although Dodge himself could not fund the museum at the time, he introduced the naturalist to Theodore Roosevelt Sr., the father of future U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt.[12][14]
Calls for a natural history museum increased after
Creation and new building
Hoffman signed the legislation creating the museum on April 6, 1869,[19][20] with John David Wolfe as its first president.[21][a] Subsequently, the chairman of the AMNH's executive committee asked Green if the museum could use the top two stories of Central Park's Arsenal, and Green approved the request in January 1870.[20] Insect specimens were placed on the lower level of the Arsenal,[22] while stones, fossils, mammals, birds, fish, and reptiles were placed on the upper level.[23] The museum opened within the Arsenal on May 22, 1871.[23][24] The AMNH became popular in the following years. The Arsenal location had 856,773 visitors in the first nine months of 1876 alone, more than the British Museum had recorded for all of 1874.[25]
Meanwhile, the AMNH's directors had identified Manhattan Square (bounded by Eighth Avenue/Central Park West, 81st Street, Ninth Avenue/Columbus Avenue, and 77th Street) as a site for a permanent structure.[10][26] Several prominent New Yorkers had raised $500,000 to fund the construction of the new building. The city's park commissioners then reserved Manhattan Square as the site of the permanent museum, and another $200,000 was raised for the building fund.[27] Numerous dignitaries and officials, including U.S. president Ulysses S. Grant, attended the museum's groundbreaking ceremony on June 3, 1874.[28][29][30]
The museum opened on December 22, 1877, with a ceremony attended by U.S. president Rutherford B. Hayes.[31][25] The old exhibits were removed from the Arsenal in 1878, and the AMNH was debt-free by the next year.[32]
19th century
Originally, the AMNH was accessed by a temporary bridge that crossed a ditch, and it was closed during Sundays. The museum's trustees voted in May 1881 to complete the approaches from Central Park,[33] and work began later that year.[34] The landscape changes were nearly complete by mid-1882,[35] and a bridge over Central Park West opened that November.[36][37] At this point, the AMNH's Manhattan Square building and the Arsenal could not physically fit any more objects, and the existing facilities, such as the 100-seat lecture hall, were insufficient to accommodate demand.[38] The trustees began discussing the possibility of opening the museum on Sundays in May 1885,[39] and the state legislature approved a bill permitting Sunday operations the next year.[40][41] Despite advocacy from the working class,[42] the trustees opposed Sunday operations because it would be expensive to do so.[43] At the time, the museum was open to the general public on Wednesdays through Saturdays, and it was open exclusively to members on Mondays and Tuesdays.[44] The museum's collections continued to grow during the 1880s,[32] and it hosted various lectures through the 19th century.[45]
With several departments having been crowded out of the original building, New York state legislators introduced bills to expand the AMNH in early 1887;[46] thousands of teachers endorsed the legislation.[47] City parks engineer Montgomery A. Kellogg was directed to prepare plans for landscaping the site.[48] In March 1888, the trustees approved an entrance pavilion at the center of the 77th Street elevation.[49][50] The New York City Board of Estimate began soliciting bids from general contractors in late 1889.[51][52] Many of the objects and specimens in the museum's collection could not be displayed until the annex was opened.[53] The original building was refurbished during 1890,[54] and the museum's library was transferred to the west wing that year.[55] The AMNH's trustees considered opening the museum on Sundays by February 1892[56] and stopped charging admission that July.[57][58] The museum began Sunday operations in August,[59] and the southern entrance pavilion opened that November.[60][61] Even with the new wing, there was still not enough space for the museum's collection.[32] The city's Park Board approved a new lecture hall in January 1893,[62][63] but the hall was postponed that May in favor of a wing extending east on 77th Street.[64][65] A contract to furnish the east wing was awarded in June 1894.[66]
When the east wing was nearly completed in February 1895, the AMNH's trustees asked state legislators for $200,000 to build a wing extending west on 77th Street.
20th century
1900s to 1940s
The museum's 1,350-seat lecture hall opened in October 1900, as did the Native American and Mexican halls in the west wing.[84][85] During the 1900s, the AMNH sponsored several expeditions to grow its collection, including a trip to Mexico,[86] a trip to collect fauna from the Pacific Northwest,[87] a trip to collect art in China,[88] and an expedition to collect rocks in local caves.[89] One such exhibition yielded a brontosaurus skeleton, which was the centerpiece of the dinosaur hall that opened in February 1905.[90][91]
In the early 1920s, museum president Henry Fairfield Osborn planned a new entrance for the AMNH, which was to contain a memorial to Theodore Roosevelt.[92] Also around that time, the New York state government formed a commission to study the feasibility of a Roosevelt memorial.[92][93] After a dispute over whether to put the memorial in Albany or in New York City,[94] the government of New York City offered a site next to the AMNH for consideration.[95] The commission rejected a "conventional Greek mausoleum" design, instead opting to design a triumphal arch and hall in a Roman style.[92] In 1925, the AMNH's trustees hosted an architectural design competition, selecting John Russell Pope to design the memorial hall.[96][97] Construction began in 1929,[98] and the trustees approved final plans the next year.[99] J. Harry McNally was the general contractor.[100] Roosevelt's cousin, U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt, dedicated the memorial on January 19, 1936.[101][102]
1950s to 1990s
The original building was later known as "Wing A". During the 1950s, the top floor was renovated into a library, being redecorated with what Christopher Gray of The New York Times described as "dropped ceilings and the other usual insults".[103] The ten-story Childs Frick Building, which contained the AMNH's fossil collection, was added to the museum in the 1970s.[104][105]
The architect Kevin Roche and his firm Roche-Dinkeloo have been responsible for the master planning of the museum since the 1990s.[106] Various renovations to both the interior and exterior have been carried out. Renovations to the Dinosaur Hall were undertaken beginning in 1991,[106] and Roche-Dinkeloo designed the eight-story AMNH Library in 1992.[107] The museum's Rose Center for Earth and Space was completed in 2000.[108][109]
21st century
The museum's lecture hall was renamed the Samuel J. and Ethel LeFrak Theater in 2001 after Samuel J. LeFrak donated $8 million to the AMNH.[110] The museum's south facade, spanning 77th Street from Central Park West to Columbus Avenue, was cleaned, repaired, and re-emerged in 2009. Steven Reichl, a spokesman for the museum, said that work would include restoring 650 black-cherry window frames and stone repairs. The museum's consultant on the latest renovation was Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc., an architectural and engineering firm with headquarters in Northbrook, Illinois.[111] The museum also restored the mural in Roosevelt Memorial Hall in 2010.[112]
In 2014, the museum published plans for a $325 million, 195,000 sq ft (18,100 m2) annex, the
The Gilder Center opened on May 4, 2023,[118][119] and the museum saw 1.5 million visitors over the next three months.[120] In late 2023, the museum announced that it would stop displaying human remains from its collection.[121][122] Despite the 1990 passage of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), as late as 2023, the AMNH held an estimated 1,900 Native American remains that had not been repatriated.[123] After the act was revised in January 2024, the AMNH's Eastern Woodlands and Great Plains halls were closed because the museum would have needed permission to display all of these remains.[124][125]
Original structure
The full plan called for twelve pavilions similar in design to the original building. Eight pavilions would have been arranged as the sides of a square, while the remaining four would be perpendicular to each other in the interior of the square. There were to be eight towers along the perimeter of the square, as well as a 120 ft-wide (37 m) dome in the center, at the intersection of the four interior pavilions.[25][130][131] In each pavilion, there was to be a ground floor; the second floor was to contain a gallery; the third floor was to exhibit specimens; and the fourth floor was to be used for research.[26] Upon the intended completion of the master plan, the museum would measure 850 ft (260 m) from north to south and 650 ft (200 m) from west to east, including projections from the square.[25][130][131] The finished structure, with a ground area of over 18 acres (7.3 ha),[27][131] would have been the largest building in North America, as well as the largest museum building in the world.[127] The master plan was never fully realized;[132] by 2015, the museum consisted of 25 separate buildings that were poorly connected.[133]
The original building was soon eclipsed by the west and east wings of the southern frontage, designed by J. Cleaveland Cady as a brownstone neo-Romanesque structure.[111] It extends 700 ft (210 m) along West 77th Street,[134] with corner towers 150 ft (46 m) tall. Its pink brownstone and granite, similar to that found at Grindstone Island in the St. Lawrence River, came from quarries at Picton Island, New York.[135] The southern wing contains several halls ranging in size from 60 by 110 feet (18 m × 34 m) to 30 ft × 125 ft (9.1 m × 38.1 m).[60][61] At the ends of either wings are rounded turret-like towers.[79][81]
New York State Memorial to Theodore Roosevelt
The main entrance hall on Central Park West is formally known as the New York State Memorial to Theodore Roosevelt. Completed by John Russell Pope in 1936, it is an over-scaled Beaux-Arts monument to former U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt.[93] The hall was originally supposed to have formed one end of an "Intermuseum Promenade" through Central Park, connecting with the Metropolitan Museum of Art to the east,[136] but the promenade was never completed.[137]
The memorial hall has a pink-granite facade, which is modeled after Roman arches.[98][138] In front of the hall on Central Park West is a terrace measuring 350 ft (110 m) long, as well as a series of steps. The main entrance consists of an arch measuring 60 ft (18 m) high.[98] The underside of the arch is a coffered granite vestibule, which leads to a bronze, glass, and marble screen.[98][139] On either side of the arch are niches that contain sculptures of a bison and a bear.[139] It is flanked by two pairs of columns, which are topped by figures of American explorers John James Audubon, Daniel Boone, Meriwether Lewis, and William Clark.[140][98][138] These figures were sculpted by James Earle Fraser[98] and are about 30 ft (9.1 m) high.[139] In the attic above the main archway, there is an inscription describing Roosevelt's accomplishments.[140][98] The words "Truth", "Knowledge", and "Vision" are carved into the entablature under this inscription.[140]
Fraser also designed an
The Memorial Hall originally connected to various classrooms, exhibition rooms, and a 600-person auditorium.[98][155] Directly underneath the Memorial Hall is an entrance to the 81st Street–Museum of Natural History station.[98] Today, the hall connects to the Akeley Hall of African Mammals and the Hall of Asian Mammals. The Memorial Hall contains four exhibits that describe Theodore Roosevelt's conservation activities in his youth, early adulthood, U.S. presidency, and post-presidency.[156]
Mammal halls
Old World mammals
Akeley Hall of African Mammals
The Hall of African Mammals was first proposed to the museum by Carl Akeley around 1909; he proposed 40 dioramas featuring the rapidly vanishing landscapes and animals of Africa. Daniel Pomeroy, a trustee of the museum and partner at J.P. Morgan & Co., offered investors the opportunity to accompany the museum's expeditions in Africa in exchange for funding.[162] Akeley began collecting specimens for the hall as early as 1909, famously encountering Theodore Roosevelt in the midst of the Smithsonian-Roosevelt African expedition.[163] On these early expeditions, Akeley was accompanied by his former apprentice in taxidermy, James L. Clark, and artist, William R. Leigh.[162] When Akeley returned to Africa to collect gorillas for the hall's first diorama, Clark remained behind and began scouring the country for artists to create the backgrounds. The eventual appearance of the first habitat groups impacted the design of other diorama halls, including Birds of the World, the Hall of North American Mammals, the Vernay Hall of Southeast Asian Mammals, and the Hall of Oceanic Life.[162]
After Akeley's unexpected death during the Eastman-Pommeroy expedition in 1926, responsibility of the hall's completion fell to James L. Clark, who hired architectural artist
Hall of Asian Mammals
The Hall of Asian Mammals, sometimes referred to as the Vernay-Faunthorpe Hall of Asian Mammals, is directly south of the Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Hall.
Specimens for the Hall of Asian Mammals were collected over six expeditions led by British-born antiques dealer Arthur S. Vernay and Col. John Faunthorpe (as noted by stylized plaques at both entrances). The expeditions were funded entirely by Vernay, who characterized the expense as a British tribute to American involvement in World War I.[168] The first Vernay-Faunthorpe expedition took place in 1922, when many of the animals Vernay was seeking, such as the Sumatran rhinoceros and Asiatic lion, were facing the possibility of extinction. Vernay made many appeals to regional authorities to obtain hunting permits;[169] in later museum-related expeditions headed by Vernay, these appeals helped the museum gain access to areas previously restricted to foreign visitors.[170] Artist Clarence C. Rosenkranz accompanied the Vernay-Faunthorpe expeditions as field artist and painted the majority of the diorama backgrounds in the hall.[171] These expeditions were also well documented in both photo and video, with enough footage of the first expedition to create a feature-length film, Hunting Tigers in India (1929).[172]
Species and Locations Represented in the Hall of Asian Mammals | ||
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India (Assam) | Hoolock gibbon | |
– | Thamin
| |
(Awadh) | Sambar | Barasingha |
– | Chital | |
(Bhopal) | Sambar | Dhole (listed as wild dog) |
( Bikanir )
|
Blackbuck | Chinkara |
(Biligiriranga Hills, listed as Kallegal Range) | Leopard | |
(Mysore) | Gaur | Indian roller |
(Manas River) | Wild water buffalo | |
Nepal (Base of the Himalayas) | Tiger | |
( Morang )
|
Indian rhinoceros | |
Rangoon )
|
Banteng | |
Habitat groups | ||
Sloth bear | ||
Four-horned antelope | Smooth-coated otter | |
Muntjac | Spotted chevrotain | |
Sumatran rhinoceros | ||
Hog deer
|
Indian wild boar | |
Asiatic lion |
New World mammals
Bernard Family Hall of North American Mammals
The Bernard Family Hall of North American Mammals is on the first floor, directly west of the Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Hall.
The Hall of North American Mammals opened in 1942 with only ten dioramas.[173] Another 16 dioramas were added in 1963.[174] A massive restoration project began in late 2011 following a large donation from Jill and Lewis Bernard.[175][176] In October 2012 the hall was reopened as the Bernard Hall of North American Mammals.[177]
Hall of Small Mammals
The Hall of Small Mammals is an offshoot of the Bernard Family Hall of North American Mammals, directly to the west of the latter.
Species and Locations Represented in the Hall of Small Mammals | ||
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Kaibab National Forest, Arizona | Abert's squirrel | |
Jackson Hole, Wyoming | American badger | |
Crater Lake National Park, Oregon | American marten | |
Pine Barrens (New Jersey)
|
American mink | |
Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota | Black-footed ferret | |
Big Bend National Park, Texas | Collared peccary | |
Baxter State Park, Maine | Stoat | Red-backed vole |
Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee | Gray fox | Virginia opossum |
Cohocton, New York | Groundhog | |
Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge, Texas | Nine-banded armadillo | |
Trapper Peak (Montana) | Northern flying squirrel | |
Algonquin Provincial Park | North American river otter | |
Delaware Water Gap, New Jersey | Striped skunk | |
Ennadai Lake, Nunavut, Canada | Wolverine |
Birds, reptiles, and amphibian halls
Sanford Hall of North American Birds
The Sanford Hall of North American birds is a one-story hall on the third floor, between the Hall of Primates and Akeley Hall's second level.
Conceived by museum ornithologist Frank Chapman, the Hall is named for Chapman's friend and amateur ornithologist Leonard C. Sanford, who partially funded the hall and also donated the entirety of his own bird specimen collection to the museum. Construction began on the hall's dioramas as early as 1902, and the dioramas opened in 1909. They were the first to be exhibited in the museum and are the oldest still on display.[180] The hall was refurbished in 1962.[181]
Although Chapman was not the first to create museum dioramas, he was the first to bring artists into the field with him in the hopes of capturing a specific location at a specific time. In contrast to the dramatic scenes that Akeley created for the African Hall, Chapman wanted his dioramas to evoke a scientific realism, ultimately serving as a historical record of habitats and species facing a high probability of extinction.[180] Each of Chapman's dioramas depicted a species, their nests, and 4 ft (1.2 m) of the surrounding habitat in each direction.[182]
Hall of Birds of the World
The Hall of Birds of the World is on the south side of the second floor.[157] The global diversity of bird species is exhibited in this hall. 12 dioramas showcase various ecosystems around the world and provide a sample of the varieties of birds that live there. Example dioramas include South Georgia featuring king penguins and skuas, the East African plains featuring secretarybirds and bustards, and the Australian outback featuring honeyeaters, cockatoos, and kookaburras.[183]
Whitney Memorial Hall of Oceanic Birds
The Whitney Memorial Wing, originally named after Harry Payne Whitney and comprising 750,000 birds, opened in 1939.[184] Later known as the Hall of Oceanic Birds, it was completed and dedicated in 1953.[185][186] It was founded by Frank Chapman and Leonard C. Sanford, originally museum volunteers, who had gone forward with creation of a hall to feature birds of the Pacific islands. The hall was designed as a completely immersive collection of dioramas, including a circular display featuring birds-of-paradise.[187] In 1998, the Butterfly Conservatory was installed inside the hall.[188]
Hall of Reptiles and Amphibians
The Hall of Reptiles and Amphibians is near the southeast corner of the third floor.[157] It serves as an introduction to herpetology, with many exhibits detailing reptile evolution, anatomy, diversity, reproduction, and behavior. Notable exhibits include a Komodo dragon group, an American alligator, Lonesome George, the last Pinta Island tortoise, and poison dart frogs.[189]
In 1926,
Biodiversity and environmental halls
Hall of Biodiversity
The Hall of Biodiversity is underneath the Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Hall.[157] It opened in May 1998. The hall primarily contains exhibits and objects highlighting the concept of biodiversity, the interactions between living organisms, and the negative impacts of extinction on biodiversity.[193][194] The hall includes a 2,500 sq ft (230 m2) diorama depicting the Dzanga-Sangha Special Reserve rainforest with over 160 animal and plant species.[194][195] The diorama shows the rainforest in three states: pristine, altered by human activity, and destroyed by human activity.[193][194] Another attraction in the hall is "The Spectrum of Habitats", a video wall displaying footage of nine ecosystems. There is a "Transformation Wall", containing information and stories detailing changes to biodiversity, and a "Solutions Wall", containing suggestions on how to increase biodiversity.[194]
Hall of North American Forests
The Hall of North American Forests is a one-story hall on the museum's first floor in between the Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Hall and the Warburg Hall of New York State Environments.
Locations Represented in the Hall of North American Forests | |
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Oak-Hickory Forest in late August
|
Ozark Plateau
|
Northern Spruce-Fir in mid-August
|
Lake Nipigon |
Jeffrey Pine Forest in early June
|
Inyo National Forest |
Olympic Rain Forest in mid-June | Quinault Rainforest
|
Timberline of the Northern Rocky Mountains in mid-July | Logan Pass |
Pinyon-Juniper Woodland in early October | Colorado National Monument |
Giant Cactus Forest in mid-April | Saguaro National Park |
Southeastern Coastal Plain Forest in mid-March | Coosawhatchie River, South Carolina |
Mixed Deciduous Forest in late April | Great Smoky Mountains National Park |
Early October in Southern New Hampshire | Lake Sunapee |
Warburg Hall of New York State Environments
Warburg Hall of New York State Environments is a one-story hall on the museum's ground floor in between the Hall of North American Forests and the Grand Hall.[157] Based on the town of Pine Plains in Dutchess County, New York, the hall gives a multi-faceted presentation of the eco-systems typical of New York.[199][200] Aspects covered include soil types, seasonal changes, and the impact of both humans and nonhuman animals on the environment. It is named for the German-American philanthropist Felix M. Warburg and opened on May 14, 1951,[200] as the Warburg Memorial Hall of General Ecology.[201] It has changed little since and is now frequently regarded for its retro-modern styling.[202]
Milstein Hall of Ocean Life
The Milstein Hall of Ocean Life is in the southeastern quadrant of the first floor, west of the Hall of Biodiversity.
In 1910, museum president
Human origins and cultural halls
Cultural halls
Stout Hall of Asian Peoples
The Stout Hall of Asian Peoples is a one-story hall on the museum's second floor in between the Hall of Asian Mammals and Birds of the World.[157] It is named for Gardner D. Stout, a former president of the museum, and was primarily organized by Walter A. Fairservis, a longtime museum archaeologist. Opened in 1980, Stout Hall is the museum's largest anthropological hall and contains artifacts acquired by the museum between 1869 and the mid-1970s.[208] Many famous expeditions sponsored by the museum are associated with the artifacts in the hall, including the Roy Chapman Andrews expeditions in Central Asia and the Vernay-Hopwood Chindwin expedition.[209]
Stout Hall has two sections: Ancient Eurasia, a small section devoted to the evolution of human civilization in
-
A forced perspective, miniature diorama of Isfahan
-
A Yakut shaman performs a healing rite in this diorama
-
A range of costumes worn by women in Islamic Asia
Hall of African Peoples
The Hall of African Peoples is behind Akeley Hall of African Mammals and underneath Sanford Hall of North American Birds.
- River Valley: Lozi
- Grasslands: Pokot, Shilluk, Barawa
- Forest-Woodland: Kofyar, Mbuti
- Desert: Ait Atta, Tuareg
Hall of Mexico and Central America
The Hall of Mexico and Central America is a one-story hall on the museum's second floor behind Birds of the World and before the Hall of South American Peoples.
The museum has displayed pre-Columbian artifacts since its opening, only a short time after the discovery of the civilizations by archaeologists, with its first hall dedicated to the subject opening in 1899.
South American Peoples
The Hall of South American Peoples is a one-story hall on the northwestern corner of the second floor, next to the Hall of Mexico and Central America. The hall was first opened on the third floor in 1904, and exhibited archaeological objects, including mummies, from
Margaret Mead Hall of Pacific Peoples
The Hall of Pacific Peoples is on the southwestern corner of the third floor, accessed through the Hall of Plains Indians.[157] The cultural anthropologist Margaret Mead had founded the Hall of Pacific Peoples in 1971.[220] From the time Mead began curatorial work on the hall in 1945, she conceived an exhibit environment that would emulate sights and sounds from the Pacific regions on display.[221] After Mead's death in 1978, the hall reopened in December 1984 as the Margaret Mead Hall of Pacific Peoples.[222][223] The new hall, designed by Eugene Burgmann, maintained the blue-themed ocean and sky ambiance of the original hall.[221] The hall was once again closed in 1997 and reopened in 2001 with an updated design that retained the geocultural "alcoves" first installed with the 1984 remodel.[224]
The Margaret Mead Hall of Pacific Peoples contains artifacts from New Zealand, Australia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Micronesia, Melanesia and other Pacific islands.[225][226][224] Mead had collected 250 of the 1,500 items in the hall. Some of these were probably selected from the 3,284 items she collected for the American Museum of Natural History during fieldwork in New Guinea and other Pacific island locations, 1928-1939.[227] Others, such as the theatrical set from a puppet play in Bali, were chosen from among the approximately 600 items that Mead and her anthropologist husband Gregory Bateson had sent to the American Museum of Natural History while they were conducting fieldwork in Bali, 1936-1938.[224] The exhibits in the Margaret Mead Hall of Pacific Peoples also include a fiberglass cast of an Easter Island moai statue and capes made of honeycreeper feathers.[226]
Native American halls
Northwest Coast Hall
The Hall of Northwest Coast Indians is a one-story hall on the museum's ground floor behind the Grand Gallery and in between Warburg and Spitzer Halls.
Artifacts in the hall originated from three main sources. The earliest of these was a gift of Haida artifacts collected by
At the time of its opening, the Hall of Northwest Coast Indians was one of four halls dedicated to the native peoples of United States and Canada. It was originally organized in two sections, the first being a general area pertaining to all peoples of the region and the second a specialized area divided by tribe. This was a point of contention for Boas who wanted all artifacts in the hall to be associated with the proper tribe (much like it is currently organized), eventually leading to the dissolution of Boas's relationship with the museum.[233][238] In May 2022, the hall reopened after a five-year, $19 million renovation, with more than 1,000 artifacts on view. The new display includes work from contemporary artists such as Greg Colfax KlaWayHee and Robert Davidson.[239][240]
Hall of Plains Indians
The Hall of Plains Indians is on the south side of the third floor, near the western end of the museum.
Hall of Eastern Woodlands Indians
The Hall of Eastern Woodlands Indians is next to the Hall of Plains Indians, on the south side of the third floor.
Human origins halls
Anne and Bernard Spitzer Hall of Human Origins
Many of the displays from the original hall can still be viewed in the present expanded format. These include life-size dioramas of our human predecessors Australopithecus afarensis, Homo ergaster, Neanderthal, and Cro-Magnon, showing each species demonstrating the behaviors and capabilities that scientists believe they were capable of. Also displayed are full-sized casts of important fossils, including the 3.2-million-year-old Lucy skeleton and the 1.7-million-year-old Turkana Boy, and Homo erectus specimens including a cast of Peking Man.[249] The hall also features replicas of ice age art found in the Dordogne region of southwestern France. The limestone carvings of horses were made nearly 26,000 years ago and are considered to represent some of the earliest artistic expression of humans.[247]
Earth and planetary science halls
Arthur Ross Hall of Meteorites
The
The hall also contains extra-solar
Allison and Roberto Mignone Halls of Gems and Minerals
The Allison and Roberto Mignone Halls of Gems and Minerals (formerly the Harry Frank Guggenheim Hall of Gems and Minerals) is on the first floor, north of the Ross Hall of Meteorites.[157] It houses thousands of rare gems, minerals specimens and pieces of jewelry. The halls closed in 2017 to undergo a $32 million redesign by Ralph Appelbaum Associates and reopened to the general public in June 2021.[253][254] The redesigned exhibits adopt newer philosophies in exhibit design, including a focus on storytelling, interactivity, and connecting ideas across disciplines. The halls explore a range of topics, including the diversification of mineral species over the course of Earth's history, plate tectonics, and the stories of specific gems.[255]
The halls display rare samples chosen from among the more than 100,000 pieces in the museum's collection including the Star of India, the Patricia Emerald, and the DeLong Star Ruby.[256]
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Assorted faceted and polished minerals
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Labradorite specimen
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Microcline specimen
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Quartz var. amethyst geode
David S. and Ruth L. Gottesman Hall of Planet Earth
The David S. and Ruth L. Gottesman Hall of Planet Earth is on the first floor at the northeast corner of the museum.[157] Opened in 1999, it is a permanent hall devoted to the history of Earth, from accretion to the origin of life and contemporary human impacts on the planet. The hall was designed to answer five key questions: "How has earth evolved? Why are there ocean basins, continents and mountains? How do scientists read rocks? What causes climate and climate change? Why is earth habitable?"[257][258] The hall features rocks and other objects collected over 28 expeditions; the oldest rock is 4.3 billion years old, while the youngest was collected from a volcano on the day that it solidified. There is also a 30-seat granite amphitheater, with a globe, at the center of the hall.[258]
Several sections also discuss the studies of Earth systems, including
Fossil halls
Storage facilities
Most of the museum's collections of mammalian and dinosaur fossils remain hidden from public view and are kept in many repositories deep within the museum complex.[104] The most significant storage facility among these is the ten-story Childs Frick Building, which started construction in 1969[260] and was completed in 1973.[104][105] When the Frick Building was completed, the museum's collection of fossilized mammals and dinosaurs was the world's largest such collection, weighing 600 short tons (540 long tons; 540 t). The Frick Building's top three floors contain laboratories and offices.[261]
Other areas of the museum contain repositories of life from the past. The
Public displays
The great fossil collections that are open to public view occupy the entire fourth floor of the museum.
Many of the fossils on display represent unique and historic pieces that were collected during the museum's golden era of worldwide expeditions (1880s–1930s).[19] On a smaller scale, expeditions continue into the present and have resulted in additions to the collections from Vietnam, Madagascar, South America, and central and eastern Africa.
Halls
The first dinosaur hall in the museum opened in 1905.[90][91] The 4th floor includes the following halls:[265]
- Hall of Vertebrate Origins
- Hall of Saurischian Dinosaurs (recognized by their grasping hand, long mobile neck, and the downward/forward position of the pubis bone, they are forerunners of the modern bird)[266]
- Hall of Ornithischian Dinosaurs (defined for a pubic bone that points toward the back)
- Hall of Primitive Mammals
- Hall of Advanced Mammals
The dinosaur halls were temporarily closed for renovation starting in 1990.[267] The first halls to reopen were the primitive-mammal and advanced-mammal halls, part of the Lila Acheson Wallace Wing of Mammals and Their Extinct Relatives, which opened in 1994.[268][269] The Halls of Saurischian Dinosaurs and Ornithischian Dinosaurs reopened in 1995 as part of a $12 million expansion.[270][271] The Hall of Vertebrate Origins opened in 1996.[263]
Fossils on display
The fossils on display include:
- Tyrannosaurus rex: Composed almost entirely of real fossil bones, it is mounted in a horizontal stalking pose balanced on powerful legs. The specimen is actually composed of fossil bones from two T. rex skeletons discovered in Montana in 1902 and 1908 by famous dinosaur hunter Barnum Brown.[272]
- Mammuthus: Larger than its relative the woolly mammoth, these fossils are from an animal that lived 11,000 years ago in Indiana.[273]
- Apatosaurus or Brontosaurus: This giant specimen was discovered at the end of the 19th century. Although most of its fossil bones are original, the skull is not, since none was found on site. The skeleton is composed primarily of the specimen AMNH 460, as well as specimens AMNH 222, AMNH 339, AMNH 592, and casts of the Brontosaurus excelsus holotype YPM 1980.[274][275] It was only many years later that the first Apatosaurus skull was discovered, and so a plaster cast of that skull was made and placed on the museum's mount. A Camarasaurus skull had been used mistakenly until a correct skull was found.[276] It is not entirely certain whether this specimen is a Brontosaurus or an Apatosaurus, and therefore it is considered an "unidentified apatosaurine", as it could also potentially be its own genus and species.[275]
- Brontops: Extinct mammal distantly related to the horse and rhinoceros. It lived 35 million years ago in what is now South Dakota. It is noted for its magnificent and unusual pair of horns.[277]
- A skeleton of ornithopod dinosaur. The specimen is an example of a "mummified" dinosaur fossil in which the soft tissue and skin impressions were imbedded in the surrounding rock. The specimen is mounted as it was found, lying on its side with its legs drawn up and head drawn backwards.[278]
- On September 26, 2007, an 80-million-year-old, 2 ft (61 cm) diameter fossil of an
- One skeleton of an Allosaurus scavenging from a Brontosaurus corpse based on fossils found at Bone Cabin Quarry preserving large bite marks on Apatosaurine vertebrae.[280][281][282]
- The only known skull of Andrewsarchus mongoliensis.[283]
- A display of various species of ground sloths including Megalocnus rodens, Scelidotherium cuvieri, Megalonyx wheatleyi and Glossotherium robustus
A Triceratops and a Stegosaurus are also both on display, among many other specimens.
Besides the fossils in museum display, many specimens are stored in the collections available for scientists. Those include important specimens such as complete
Rose Center for Earth and Space
The
The Frederick Phineas and Sandra Priest Rose Center for Earth and Space was completed in 2000 at a cost of $210 million.[108][109] Designed by James Stewart Polshek, the new building consists of a six-story high glass cube enclosing an 87 ft (27 m) illuminated sphere that appears to float, although it is actually supported by truss work. Polshek has referred to his work as a "cosmic cathedral".[108] The sphere is known as the Space Theater.[287]
The facility encloses 333,500 sq ft (30,980 m2) of research, education, and exhibition space as well as the Hayden planetarium. Also in the facility is the Department of
Richard Gilder Center for Science, Education and Innovation
Designed by
The Richard Gilder Center houses new exhibition and display areas devoted to insects, including an insectarium and butterfly vivarium, where visitors can walk among hundreds of live specimens as they flutter about in a lush tropical setting. It also includes a visible storage structure that houses and displays scientific specimens; an expanded research library; classrooms and education areas, and laboratories.[293] Another permanent fixture is an immersive and interactive video experience called “Invisible Worlds” that focuses on the vital, often hard-to-see connections that support life, such as the firing of brain neurons, the exchange of nutrients and water between tree roots, and the microscopic world of plankton in ocean ecosystems.[294]
This expansion was originally supposed to be north of the existing museum, occupying parts of Theodore Roosevelt Park. The expansion was relocated to the west side of the existing museum, and its footprint was reduced in size, due to opposition to construction in the park. The annex replaced three existing buildings along
Exhibitions Lab
Founded in 1869, the AMNH Exhibitions Lab has since produced thousands of installations. The department is notable for its integration of new scientific research into immersive art and multimedia presentations. In addition to the famous dioramas at its home museum and the Rose Center for Earth and Space, the lab has also produced international exhibitions and software such as the Digital Universe Atlas.[295]
The exhibitions team currently consists of over sixty artists, writers, preparators, designers and programmers. The department is responsible for the creation of two to three exhibits per year. These extensive shows typically travel nationally to sister
Research Library
The Research Library is open to staff and public visitors, and is on the fourth floor of the museum.
In its early years, the Library expanded its collection mostly through such gifts as
The new Library was designed by the firm
Special collections include:
- Institutional Archives, Manuscripts, and Personal Papers: Includes archival documents, field notebooks, clippings and other documents relating to the museum, its scientists and staff, scientific expeditions and research, museum exhibitions, education, and general administration.[307]
- Art and Memorabilia Collection.[308]
- Moving Image Collection.[309]
- Vertical Files: Relating to exhibitions, expeditions, and museum operations.[310]
Activities
Research activities
The museum has a scientific staff of more than 225, and sponsors over 120 special field expeditions each year. Many of the fossils on display represent unique and historic pieces that were collected during the museum's golden era of worldwide expeditions (1880s–1930s). Examples of some of these expeditions, financed in whole or part by the AMNH are:
Southwestern Research Station
The AMNH operates a biological field station in Portal, Arizona, among the Chiricahua Mountains. The Southwestern Research Station was established in 1955, purchased with a grant from philanthropist David Rockefeller, and with entomologist Mont Cazier as its first director.[312] The station, in a "biodiversity hotspot", is used by researchers and students, and offers occasional seminars to the public.[313]
Educational outreach
AMNH's education programs include outreach to schools in New York City by the
Richard Gilder Graduate School
On October 23, 2006, the museum launched the Richard Gilder Graduate School, becoming the first American museum in the United States to award doctoral degrees in its own name.
The MAT Earth Science Residency program was launched in 2012 to address a critical shortage of qualified science teachers in New York state.[326] In 2015, the MAT program officially joined the Richard Gilder Graduate School, with the NYS Board of Regents authorizing the Gilder School to grant the MAT degree.[327]
Notable people
Presidents
The museum's first three presidents were all cofounders.[16][17] John David Wolfe served from 1869 until his death in 1872;[328] he was followed by Robert L. Stuart, who resigned in 1881.[329][330] The third president, Morris K. Jesup, was president for over 25 years, serving until his death in 1908.[331] Upon his death, Jesup bequeathed $1 million to the museum.[332]
The fourth president,
After Osborn resigned in 1933, F. Trubee Davison became the AMNH's fifth president.[336][337] Davison stepped down in 1951, and Alexander M. White was elected as the museum's president.[338] Gardner D. Stout then served as president from 1968 to 1975, when Robert Guestier Goelet was elected in his place.[339] Goelet served until 1987, when he was placed on the board of trustees. He was succeeded by George D. Langdon Jr., the first president in the museum's history to receive a salary; all previous presidents had served without pay.[340]
Ellen V. Futter became the museum's first female president in 1993.[341][342] Futter announced in June 2022 that she planned to step down when the Gilder Center opened in March 2023.[343] Sean M. Decatur was named as Futter's successor in December 2022 and became the first African American president of the museum on April 3, 2023.[3][344]
Other associated names
Famous names associated with the museum include the dinosaur-hunter of the Gobi Desert, Roy Chapman Andrews (one of the inspirations for Indiana Jones);[345] photographer Yvette Borup Andrews; George Gaylord Simpson; biologist Ernst Mayr; pioneer cultural anthropologists Franz Boas and Margaret Mead; explorer and geographer Alexander H. Rice Jr.; and ornithologist Robert Cushman Murphy.
Surroundings
The museum is at 79th Street and Central Park West. There is a direct entrance into the museum from the New York City Subway's 81st Street–Museum of Natural History station, served by the B and C trains.[346]
On a pedestal outside the museum's
The museum is in a 17-acre (69,000 m2) city park known as Theodore Roosevelt Park that extends from Central Park West to Columbus Avenue, and from West 77th to 81st Streets and that contains park benches, gardens and lawns, and also a
Controversy
On May 13, 2024, Lorenzo Prendini, a curator of the museum specializing in entomology, was arrested by police in Istanbul Airport on suspicion of smuggling animals from Turkey after 1,500 arachnid specimen and samples were discovered on his luggage. Prendini said he had permits from the Turkish government to collect the items as part of his research.[351]
In popular culture
The museum is featured in many works of art and popular culture, including:
- A large portion of the 2017 film Wonderstruck takes place in the museum, showing the museum in 1927 as well as 1977.[352]
- The museum in the film facade were done at the actual AMNH. AMNH officials have credited the movie with increasing the number of visitors during the holiday season in 2006 by almost 20 percent.[353] Its sequels, Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian (2009) and Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb(2014), were also partially set in this museum.
- The main characters of the 2023 graphic novel Roaming visit the AMNH.
Gallery
-
Bengal tiger at the American Museum of Natural History
-
Diorama in Akeley Hall of African Mammals
-
Diorama in Akeley Hall of African Mammals
-
Diorama in Akeley Hall of African Mammals
-
Butterfly Conservatory
-
Display in Milstein Hall of Ocean Life
-
Tibetan Kalachakra statue
-
The museum's south range, and some of the west façade, in the 1920s
-
American bison and pronghorn diorama (right)
-
Night view of the museum, looking northwest from acrossCentral Park West
See also
- List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City
- List of most-visited museums in the United States
- List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 59th to 110th Streets
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan from 59th to 110th Streets
- Education in New York City
- Margaret Mead Film Festival
- Constantin Astori
References
Notes
- Adrian Iselin, Moses H. Grinnell, Benjamin B. Sherman, A. G. Phelps Dodge, William A. Haines, Charles A. Dana, Joseph H. Choate, Henry G. Stebbins, Henry Parish, and Howard Potter.[16]
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