Archaic globalization
Archaic globalization is a phase in the
States began to interact and trade with others within close proximity as a way to acquire coveted goods that were considered
Defining globalization
Globalization is the process of increasing interconnectedness between regions and individuals. Steps toward globalization include economic, political, technological, social, and cultural connections around the world. The term "archaic" can be described as early ideals and functions that were once historically apparent in society but may have disintegrated over time.
There are three main prerequisites for globalization to occur. The first is the idea of Eastern Origins, which shows how Western states have adapted and implemented learned principles from the East.
Emergence of a world system
Historians argue that a
During the 1500s other Asian empires emerged, which included trading over longer distances than before. During the early exchanges between states, Europe had little to offer with the exception of slaves, metals, wood and furs.[8] The push for selling of items in the east drove European production and helped integrate them into the exchange.[9] The European expansion and growth of opportunities for trade made possible by the Crusades increased the renaissance of agriculture, mining, and manufacturing.[9] Rapid urbanization throughout Europe allowed a connection from the North Sea to Venice.[9] Advances in industrialization coupled with the rouse of population growth and the growing demands of the eastern trade, led to the growth of true trading emporia with outlets to the sea.[9]
There is a 'multi-polar' nature to archaic globalization, which involved the active participation of non-Europeans. Because it predated the Great Divergence of the nineteenth century, in which Western Europe pulled ahead of the rest of the world in terms of industrial production and economic output, archaic globalization was a phenomenon that was driven not only by Europe but also by other economically developed Old World centers such as Gujarat, Bengal, coastal China and Japan.[10]
These pre-capitalist movements were regional rather than global and for the most part temporary. This idea of early globalization was proposed by the historian
The three principles of archaic globalization
Archaic globalization consists of three principles: universalizing kingship, expansion of religious movements, and medicinal understanding.
- The universalizing of kingship led soldiers and monarchs far distances to find honor and prestige. However, the crossing over foreign lands also gave the traveling men opportunity to exchange prized goods. This expanded trade between distant lands, which consequently increased the amount of social and economic relations.
- Despite the vast distances covered by monarchs and their companies, pilgrimagesremain one of the greatest global movements of people.
- Finally, the desire for better health was the remaining push behind archaic globalization. While the trading of spices, precious stones, animals, and weapons remained of major importance, people began to seek medicine from faraway lands. This implemented more trade routes, especially to China for their tea.[14]
Economic exchange
With the increase in trade and state linkage, economic exchange extended throughout the region and caused actors to form new relationships.
A higher circuit of trade developed once urban traders from outside city limits travelled from distant directions to the market center in the quest to buy or sell goods. Merchants would then begin to meet at the same spot on a weekly basis allowing for them to arrange with other merchants to bring special items for exchange that were not demanded by the local agriculturalists but for markets in their home towns.[17] When the local individuals placed advanced orders, customers from towns of different traders may begin to place order for items in a distant town that their trader can order from their counterpart. This central meeting point, becomes the focus of long-distance trade and how it began to increase.[17]
Expansion of long distance trade
In order for trade to be able to expand during this early time period, it required some basic functions of the market as well as the merchants. The first was security. Goods that were being transported began to have more value and the merchants needed to protect their coveted goods especially since they were often traveling through poor areas where the risk of theft was high. To overcome this problem merchants began to travel in caravans as a way to ensure their personal safety as well as the safety of their goods.[18] The second prerequisite to early long distant trade had to be an agreement on a rate of exchange. Since many of the merchants came from distant lands with different monetary systems a system had to be put into place as a way to enforce repayment of previous goods, repay previous debt and to ensure contracts were upheld.[18] Expansion was also able to thrive so long as it had a motive for exchange as a way to promote trade amongst foreign lands. Also, outside merchants access to trading sites was a critical factor in trade route growth.
The spread of goods and ideas
The most popular goods produced were spices, which were traded over short distances, while manufactured goods were central to the system and could not have been aided without them.[7] The invention of money in the form of gold coins in Europe and Middle East and paper money in China around the thirteenth century allowed trade to move more easily between the different actors.[19] The main actors involved in this system viewed gold, silver, and copper as valuable on different levels. Nevertheless, goods were transferred, prices set, exchange rates agreed upon, contracts entered into, credit extended, partnerships formed and agreements that were made were kept on record and honored.[20] During this time of globalization, credit was also used as a means for trading. The use of credit began in the form of blood ties but later led to the emergence the "banker" as a profession.[21]
With the spread of people came new ideas, religion and goods throughout the land, which had never been apparent in most societies before the movement.
Examples of such luxury goods would include Chinese silks, exotic herbs, coffee, cotton, iron, Indian
Major trade routes
During the time of archaic globalization there were three major trade routes which connected Europe, China and the Middle East.
Some major cities along these trading routes were wealthy and provided services for merchants and the international markets. Palmyra and Petra which are located on the fringes of the Syrian Desert, flourished mainly as power centers of trading. They would police the trade routes and be the source of supplies for the merchants caravans. They also became places where people of different ethnic and cultural backgrounds could meet and interact. These trading routes were the communication highways for the ancient civilizations and their societies. New inventions, religious beliefs, artistic styles, languages, and social customs, as well as goods and raw materials, were transmitted by people moving from one place to another to conduct business.[33]
Proto-globalization
As a result of a measurable amount of polyethnic regions due to these higher frequency trade routes, war became prominent. Such wars include the
Modern globalization
The modern form of globalization began to take form during the 19th century. The evolving beginnings of this period were largely responsible for the expansion of the West, capitalism and
See also
References
- ^ a b Martell, Luke (2010). The Sociology of Globalization. Policy Press. p. 45.
- ^ a b c Abu-Lughod, Janet (1991). Before European Hegemony. Oxford University Press. p. 33.
- ^ a b c d Martell, Luke (2010). The Sociology of Globalization. Polity Press. p. 47.
- ^ a b Martell, Luke (2010). The Sociology of Globalization. Polity Press. p. 48.
- ^ Martell, Luke (2010). The Sociology of Globalization. p. 44.
- ^ Rossi, Ino (2008). Frontiers of Globalization Research: Theoretical and Methodological Approaches. Springer Science + Business Media. pp. 33–36.
- ^ a b Abu-Lughod, Janet (1991). Before European Hegemony The World System A.D. 1250–1350. Oxford University Press. p. 8.
- ^ Abu-Lughod, Janet (1991). Before European Hegemony The World System A.D. 1250–1350. Oxford University Press. p. 47.
- ^ a b c d Abu-Lughod, Janet (1991). Before European Hegemony. Oxford University Press. p. 47.
- ^ Kochler, Hans (2000). Globality versus Democracy: The Changing Nature of International Relations in the Era of Globalization. Vienna: International Progress Organization. p. 35.
- ^ Pramanick (2010). Globalization in India: New Frontiers Emerging. New Delhi: PHI Learning Private Limited. p. 49.
- ^ Martell, Luke (2010). The Sociology of Globalization. p. 45.
- ^ Martell, Luke (2010). The Sociology of Globalization. Polity Press. p. 45.
- ^ C.A. Bayly, Birth of the Modern World, (Oxford, 2004) pp. 42–44
- ^ a b Martell, Luke (2010). The Sociology of Globalization. Policy Press. p. 44.
- ^ a b Abu-Lughod, Janet (1991). Before European Hegemony. Oxford University Press. p. 52.
- ^ a b c d Abu-Lughod, Janet (1991). Before European Hegemony. Oxford University Press. p. 53.
- ^ a b Abu-Lughod, Janet (1991). Before European Hegemony. Oxford University Press. p. 54.
- ^ Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1989). Before European Hegemony. Oxford University Press Inc. p. 15.
- ^ Abu-Lughod, Janet (1991). Before European Hegemony The World System A.D. 1250–1350. p. 8.
- ^ Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1989). Before European Hegemony. Oxford University Press Inc. pp. 15–16.
- ^ Dobb, Maurice (1962). Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism. p. 3.
- ^ Abu-Lughod, Janet L (1989). Before European Hegemony. Oxford University Press Inc. p. 14.
- ^ Abu-Lughod, Janet (1991). Before European Hegemony. Oxford University Press. p. 55.
- ^ Abu-Lughod, Janet L (1989). Before European Hegemony. Oxford University Press Inc. p. 137.
- ^ Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1989). Before European Hegemony. Oxford University Press Inc. p. 176.
- ^ Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1989). Before European Hegemony. Oxford University Press Inc. p. 154.
- ^ Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1989). Before European Hegemony. Oxford University Press Inc. p. 157.
- ^ Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1989). Before European Hegemony. Oxford University Press Inc. p. 145.
- ^ Abu-Lughod, Janet L (1989). Before European Hegemony. Oxford University Press Inc. p. 192.
- ^ Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1989). Before European Hegemony. Oxford University Press Inc. p. 195.
- ^ Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1989). Before European Hegemony. Oxford University Press Inc. p. 196.
- ^ Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "Trade Routes between Europe and Asia during Antiquity". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/trade/hd_trade.htm (October 2000)
- ISBN 978-0-393-97942-8.
- ^ Bayly, A.C (2004). The Birth of the Modern World. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p. 62.
- ^ Bayly, C.A. (2004). The Birth of the Modern World. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p. 42.
- ISBN 978-0-393-97942-8.
- ^ Rommelse, Gijs (2006). The Second Anglo-Dutch War (1665-1667). Hilversum. p. 11.
- ^ Martell, Luke (2010). The Sociology of Globalization. Polity Press. pp. 53–54.
- ^ Martell, Luke (2010). The Sociology of Globalization. Polity Press. p. 60.
- ^ Yeates, VM (1962). Winged Victory. London: Jonathan Cape. pp. 54–55.
- ^ Jurgen, Osterhammel (2005). Globalization: A Short History. p. 8.
- ^ Elmer, Greg (2002). Critical Perspectives on the Internet. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 183.