Berlin wool work
Type | Style of embroidery |
---|---|
Material | Wool yarn on canvas |
Place of origin | Berlin, Germany |
Berlin wool work is a style of embroidery similar to today's
Berlin work creates very durable and long-lived pieces of embroidery that can be used as furniture covers, cushions, bags, or even clothing.
History
Berlin wool work patterns were first published in Berlin, Germany, early in the 19th century. The first Berlin wool patterns were printed in black and white on grid paper and then hand-coloured. Previously, the stitcher was expected to draw the outlines on the canvas and then stitch following the colours on the pattern. Counted stitch patterns on charted paper, similar to modern cross-stitch patterns, made it easier to execute the designs, because amateur embroiderers were able to follow the patterns using just a simple tent stitch.[4] They were published mostly as single sheets which made them affordable to middle-class women.
Soon they were exported to Britain and the United States. The patterns were used sparsely in the United States until the 1840s, when they started to appear in women's magazines,[5] after which "Berlin work" became all the rage. Indeed, Berlin work became practically synonymous with canvas work.
In Britain, Berlin work received a further boost through the
The popularity of Berlin work was due largely to the fact that, for the first time in history, a fairly large number of women had leisure time to devote to needlework.
Designs started to be published in Vienna and Paris as well, and included geometric, floral, and pictorial scenes, before sentimental Victorian tastes impacted the patterns.
In the late 1880s, the demand for Berlin wool work decreased dramatically, largely because the tastes had changed, but also because Berlin work publishers failed to accommodate new tastes. Other, less opulent styles of embroidery became more popular, such as the art needlework advocated by William Morris and his Arts and Crafts movement. Yet the wide distribution of Berlin work patterns had made needlework available to a large number of women, and it also caused them to become interested in other types of needlework.[1]: 68
Motifs
Biblical quotations or other allegorical messages espousing Christian values and ideals were often incorporated into Berlin work designs; "God Bless Our Home", "Forget Me Not", "Remember Me", "Look to Jesus", and so on.[8] Other popular motifs included children, pets lying on cushions, forest scenes, and hunting. In the United States, flowers were the most popular design.[1]: 68
Today
Original charted Berlin wool work patterns remain available in a number of books.[9] Berlin wool work designs are still popular in trammed needlepoint canvases,[10][full citation needed] printed canvas needlepoint kits and can be found as digitized charts on needlework enthusiasts' websites.
Citations
- ^ a b c d Cannarella, Deborah (1995). "Berlin Work". Piecework (March/April): 66–68.
- ISBN 1-85152-023-6p.559. Beeton also considers the use of silk thread and/or beads as Berlin Work.
- ^ Stepanova, Irina (2011). "Berlin Wool: Fine Fiber from an Innovative Age". Piecework (November/December): 12–15.
- ISBN 9780955605574.
- ^ OCLC 21482166.
- OCLC 52295597.
- ^ Rosika Desnoyers, Pictorial Embroidery in England: A Critical History of Needlepainting and Berlin Work (London: Bloomsbury, 2019).
- ^ Leslie, Catherine Amoroso (2007). Needlework Through History: An Encyclopedia.
- ^ E.g.
- Proctor, Molly (1986). Victorian Canvas Work: Berlin Wool Work. London: Batsford. ISBN 0-7134-5425-3.
- Alford, Jane (2002) Beginner's Guide to Berlin Woolwork Tunbridge Wells, England: Search Press Ltd. ISBN 0-85532-936-X.
- Proctor, Molly (1986). Victorian Canvas Work: Berlin Wool Work. London: Batsford.
- ^ E.g. Ivo tapestries: The Gold Collection catalogue.
General and cited references
- Desnoyers, Rosika. Pictorial Embroidery in England: A Critical History of Needlepainting and Berlin Work. London: Bloomsbury, 2019.
- Edwards, Joan. Berlin Work. Dorking, England: Bayford Books, 1980.
- Levey, Santina M. Discovering Embroidery of the 19th Century. England: Shire Publications, Ltd., 1977.
- Markrich, Lilo, and Heinz Edgar Kiewe. Victorian Fancywork: Nineteenth-Century Needlepoint Patterns and Designs. Chicago: Regnery, 1974.
- Procter, Molly G. Victorian Canvas Work: Berlin Wool Work. B. T. Batsford Ltd, 1986.
- Serena, Raffaella. Animal Embroideries & Patterns: From 19th Century Vienna. Antique Collectors Club Dist, 2006.
- Serena, Raffaella. Berlin Work, Samplers & Embroidery of the Nineteenth Century. Lacis, 1996.
- Serena, Raffaella. Embroideries & Patterns from 19th Century Vienna. Antique Collectors Club Dist, 2006.
- Stepanova, Irina. "Berlin Work: An Exuberance of Color". PieceWork magazine, March–April, 2011, pp. 41–46.
- Stepanova, Irina. "Berlin Wool: Fine Fiber from an Innovative Age". PieceWork magazine, November–December, 2011, pp. 12–17.
External links
- Berlin Work by Pat Berman, a technical history at the American Needlepoint Guild site.