Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
The Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs,[a] or Xuanzheng Yuan[b] (Chinese: 宣政院; pinyin: Xuānzhèng Yuàn; lit. 'Court for the Spread of Governance') was a government agency of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty of China to handle Buddhist affairs across the empire in addition to managing the territory of Tibet.[7] It was originally set up by Kublai Khan in 1264 under the name Zongzhi Yuan[c] (simplified Chinese: 总制院; traditional Chinese: 總制院; pinyin: Zǒngzhìyuàn) or the "Bureau of General Regulation", before it was renamed in 1288.[9]
The bureau was set up in
One of the department's purposes was to select a
The Lifan Yuan (also known as the Board for the Administration of Outlying Regions and Office of Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs etc.) was roughly a Qing dynasty equivalent of the Xuanzheng Yuan, instituted by the Qing Empire for administering affairs in Tibet and other border regions.[15]
See also
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Similar government agencies
- Lifan Yuan (Qing dynasty)
- Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission (Republic of China)
- State Ethnic Affairs Commission(People's Republic of China)
- State Administration for Religious Affairs (People's Republic of China)
Notes
References
- ^ Rossabi 2009, pp. 193–194.
- ^ Twitchett, Franke & Fairbank 1978, pp. 606–607.
- ^ Franke 2014, p. 397.
- ^ Blondeau & Buffetrille 2008, pp. 14–15.
- ^ Twitchett, Franke & Fairbank 1978, p. 487.
- ^ Rossabi 2009, p. 194.
- ^ Blondeau & Buffetrille 2008, p. 47.
- ^ Rossabi 2009, p. 143.
- ^ Rossabi 2009, pp. 143, 194
- ^ Norbu 2001, p. 139.
- ^ a b Charles Orzech, Henrik Sørensen, Richard Payne, Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia, p.548
- ^ F. W. Mote. Imperial China 900-1800. Harvard University Press, 1999. p.483
- ^ Evelyn S. Rawski, The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions, p.244
- ^ ars orientalis, p9
- ^ Xiaolin Guo, State and Ethnicity in China's Southwest, p.29
Bibliography
- Blondeau, Anne-Marie; Buffetrille, Katia, eds. (2008), Authenticating Tibet: Answers to China's 100 Questions, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-24464-1
- Franke, Herbert (2014). "Tibetans in Yüan China". In John D. Langlois Jr. (ed.). China Under Mongol Rule. Princeton University Press. pp. 296–329. ISBN 978-1-4008-5409-7.
- Laird, Thomas (2007), The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama, Open Road + Grove/Atlantic, ISBN 978-1-55584-672-5
- Norbu, Dawa (2001), China's Tibet Policy, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-136-79793-4
- Petech, Luciano (1990), Central Tibet and the Mongols: The Yüan-Sa-skya Period of Tibetan History, Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, ISBN 978-88-6323-072-7
- Rossabi, Morris (1983), China among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th-14th Centuries, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04383-1
- Rossabi, Morris. Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times (1989) Univ. of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06740-1
- Rossabi, Morris (2009), Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times, Univ of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-26132-7
- Rossabi, Morris (2009), Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times, Univ of California Press,
- Smith, Warren (1996), Tibetan Nation: A History Of Tibetan Nationalism And Sino-Tibetan Relations, Avalon Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8133-3155-3
- Sperling, Elliot (2004), The Tibet-China Conflict: History and Polemics, East-West Center Washington, ISBN 978-1-932728-12-5
- Twitchett, Denis C.; Franke, Herbert; Fairbank, John King (1978). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24331-5.
- Wylie, Turrell V. (June 1977), "The First Mongol Conquest of Tibet Reinterpreted", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 37 (1): 103–133, JSTOR 2718667