Irish Catholic Martyrs

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Irish Catholic Martyrs
Roman Catholic Church
Beatified3 were beatified on 15 December 1929 by Pope Pius XI
1 was beatified on 22 November 1987 by Pope John Paul II
18 were beatified on 27 September 1992 by Pope John Paul II
Canonized1 (Oliver Plunkett) was canonized on 12 October 1975 by Pope Paul VI
Feast20 June, various for individual martyrs

Irish Catholic Martyrs (

Catholic Emancipation
in 1829.

The more than three century-long

crossed themselves when they passed Protestant ministers on the road, had to be dragged into Protestant churches and put cotton wool in their ears rather than listen to Protestant sermons."[2]

According to historian and

folklorist Seumas MacManus, "Throughout these dreadful centuries, too, the hunted priest -- who in his youth had been smuggled to the Continent of Europe to receive his training -- tended the flame of faith. He lurked like a thief among the hills. On Sundays and Feast Days he celebrated Mass at a rock, on a remote mountainside, while the congregation knelt on the heather of the hillside, under the open heavens. While he said Mass, faithful sentries watched from all the nearby hilltops, to give timely warning of the approaching priest-hunter and his guard of British soldiers. But sometimes the troops came on them unawares, and the Mass Rock was bespattered with his blood, -- and men, women, and children caught in the crime of worshipping God among the rocks, were frequently slaughtered on the mountainside."[3]

The 1975 canonization of Archbishop Oliver Plunkett, who was hanged, drawn and quartered at Tyburn on 1 July 1681, as one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales raised considerable public interest in other Irishmen and Irishwomen who had similarly died for their Catholic faith in the 16th and 17th centuries. On 22 September 1992 Pope John Paul II beatified an additional 17 martyrs and assigned June 20, the anniversary of the 1584 martyrdom of Archbishop Dermot O'Hurley, as their feast day.[4] Many other causes for Roman Catholic Martyrdom and possible Sainthood, however, remain under active investigation.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

History

Henry VIII

Religious persecution of Catholics in Ireland began under

Mass were tortured and killed.[6] The Treasons Act 1534 defined even unspoken mental allegiance to the Holy See as high treason. Many were imprisoned on this basis. Alleged traitors who were brought to trial, like all other British subjects tried for the same offence prior to the Treason Act 1695, were forbidden the services of a defence counsel and forced to act as their own attorneys.[7]

According to D.P. Conyngham, "Though the faithful underwent fearful persecutions toward the latter part of the reign of Henry, few publicly suffered martyrdom. Numbers of the monks and religious were killed at their expulsion from their houses, but the King's adhesion to many articles of Catholicity made it too hazardous for his agents in Ireland to resort to the stake or the gibbet. In fact, Henry burned at the same stake

Real Presence, with Catholics, for denying his supremacy."[8]

Meanwhile, the King and

Earl of Kildare, to launch a 1534-1535 military uprising against the rule of the House of Tudor in Ireland.[9]

On c.30 July 1535,

burned at the stake in the Common then known as, "Oxmantown Green", part of which has since become Smithfield Market on the city's Northside.[10][11]

According to Philip O'Sullivan Beare, "[John Travers] wrote something against the English heresy, in which he maintained the jurisdiction and authority of the Pope. Being arraigned for this before the King's court, and questioned by the judge on the matter, he fearlessly replied - 'With these fingers', said he, holding out the thumb, index, and middle fingers, of his right hand, 'those were written by me, and for this deed in so good and holy a cause I neither am nor will be sorry.' There upon being condemned to death, amongst other punishments inflicted, that glorious hand was cut off by the executioner and thrown into the fire and burnt, except the three sacred fingers by which he had effected those writings, and which the flames, however piled on and stirred up, could not consume."[12]

In 1536,

Hiberno-Norse Archdeacon of Kells, was posthumously attained for high treason in the Attainder of the Earl of Kildare Act 1536 for successfully urging Pope Paul III to excommunicate King Henry VIII over his divorce, his uncanonical remarriage, and the Caesaropapism of his religious policy.[13]

When the

Franciscan Friars.[15]

Elizabeth I

Recusant poet Richard Verstegen's depiction of the 1584 torture and execution of Archbishop Dermot O'Hurley. The 1579 hanging of fellow Irish Catholic Martyrs Bishop Patrick O'Hely and Friar Conn Ó Ruairc at Kilmallock
is shown in the background.

Even though she continued the plantation of Ireland with English settlers, the persecution of Catholics ceased after the accession of the Catholic

Elizabethan religious settlement to favour High Church Anglicanism, which preserved many traditionally Catholic ceremonies. Meanwhile, the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity (1559), the Prayer Book of 1559, and the Thirty-Nine Articles (1563) mixed the doctrines of Protestantism and Caesaropapism.[16]

From the early years of her reign, pressure was put on all her subjects to conform to the "

Established Church" of the realm or be considered guilty of high treason. Prosecutions for Recusancy and refusals to take the Oath of Supremacy, the issuing of torture warrants, and the use of priest hunters
escalated rapidly.

In 1563 the

Roman Catholic priests, secular and regular, were forbidden to officiate, or even to reside in Dublin or in The Pale. Fines and penalties were strictly enforced for Recusancy from the Anglican Sunday service; before long. Priests and religious were, as might be expected, the first victims. They were hunted into the Mass rocks in mountains and caves; and the parish churches and few monastic chapels which had escaped the rapacity of King Henry VIII were also destroyed.[17] It ultimately resulted in Pope Pius V's 1570 papal bull Regnans in Excelsis, which, "released [Elizabeth I's] subjects from their allegiance to her".[1]

In Ireland the

Elizabeth I of England to be the Supreme Head of the Church of England
and Ireland.

The ongoing religious persecution also became highly significant as the primary cause of the Nine Years War, which similarly sought to replace Queen Elizabeth with a High King from the House of Habsburg. The war formally began when Red Hugh O'Donnell expelled English High Sheriff of Donegal Humphrey Willis, but not before Red Hugh listed his reasons for taking up arms against the House of Tudor and alluded in particular to the recent torture and executions of Archbishop Dermot O'Hurley and Bishop Patrick O'Hely. According to Philip O'Sullivan Beare, "Being surrounded there [Willis] surrendered to Roe by whom he was dismissed in safety with an injunction to remember his words, that the Queen and her officers were dealing unjustly with the Irish; that the Catholic religion was contaminated by impiety; that holy bishops and priests were inhumanely and barbarously tortured; that Catholic noblemen were cruelly imprisoned and ruined; that wrong was deemed right; that he himself had been treacherously and perfidiously kidnapped; and that for these reasons he would neither give tribute or allegiance to the English."[18]

Beatified Martyrs include:

Servants of God include:

King James I

According to D.P. Conyngham, "It was fondly hoped by the Catholics of Ireland that the accession of

James would bring peace and repose to the Church in that distracted and oppressed country. A general feeling of relief and joy pervaded all classes. Many of those who had been forced into exile returned to their native country: churches were rebuilt - monasteries repaired - the sacred duties of the sanctuary were resumed, and the offices of the Church were performed with undisturbed safety throughout the Kingdom. This state of comparative tranquility was not, however, suffered to continue..."[21]

A Royal edict issued on 4 July 1605 announced that Elizabethan era Recusancy laws were to be rigorously enforced and added, "It hath seemed proper to us to proclaim, and we hereby make it known to our subjects in Ireland, that no toleration shall ever be granted by us. This we do for the purpose of cutting off all hope that any other religion shall be allowed - save that which is consonant to the laws and statutes of this realm."[22]

Beatified Martyrs include:

Servants of God include:

King Charles I

According to historian D.P. Conyngham, "Ireland was torn by contending factions, and was oppressed by two belligerents during the reign of Charles. The Catholics took up arms in defense of themselves, their religion, and their King. Charles, with the proverbial fickleness of the Stuarts, when pressed by the Puritans, persecuted the Irish, while he encouraged them when he hoped their loyalty and devotion would be the means of establishing his royal prerogative. It is ever thus with Ireland... For eight years Ireland was the theatre of the most desolating war and implacable persecution."[23]

Beatified Martyrs of the era include:

Servants of God include:

The Commonwealth and Protectorate of England

On 24 October 1644, the Puritan-controlled

Canaanites during the time of the Old Testament prophet Joshua.[27]

According to historian D.P. Conyngham, "It is impossible to estimate the number of Catholics slain the ten years from 1642 to 1652. Three Bishops and more than 300 priests were put to death for their faith. Thousands of men, women, and children were sold as slaves for the West Indies; Sir W. Petty mentions that 6,000 boys and women were thus sold. A letter written in 1656, quoted by Lingard, puts the number at 60,000; as late as 1666 there were 12,000 Irish slaves scattered among the West Indian islands. Forty thousand Irish fled to the Continent, and 20,000 took shelter in the Hebrides or other Scottish islands. In 1641, the population of Ireland was 1,466,000, of whom 1,240,000 were Catholics. In 1659 the population was reduced to 500,091, so that very nearly 1,000,000 must have perished or been driven into exile in the space of eighteen years. In comparison with the population of both periods, this was even worse than the famine extermination of our own days."[28]

Inishbofin harbour, with Cromwell's Barracks in the background.

After taking the island in 1653, the

Roman Catholic priests arrested while exercising their religious ministry covertly in other parts of Ireland. Inishmore, in the Aran Islands, was used for exactly the same purpose. The last priests held on both islands were finally released following the Stuart Restoration in 1662.[29]

Officially Beatified Martyrs of the era include:

Servants of God include:

Sack of Cashel

Martyred by the Protestant and Parliamentarian soldiers under the command of the Lord President of Munster, Murchadh na dTóiteán, during the Sack of Cashel

  • Edward Stapleton, priest, 13 September 1647,
  • Thomas Morissey, priest, 13 September 1647 Sack of Cashel, County Tipperary
  • Richard Barry, OP, 13 September 1647, Sack of Cashel, County Tipperary
  • Richard Butler and James Saul, OFM, 13 September 1647 in Cashel, Tipperary
  • William Boyton, SJ, 13 September 1647 in Cashel, Tipperary
  • Elizabeth Kearney (mother of Blessed John Kearney) and Margaret (surname unrecorded), laywomen, on 13 September 1647

Cromwellian conquest of Ireland

Charles II

During the Stuart Restoration, the Crown's treatment of Catholics was more lenient than usual, owing to the sympathy of the king. For this reason, Catholic worship generally moved from the Mass rocks to thatched "Mass houses" (Irish: Cábán an Aifrinn, lit. ‘Mass Cabin’). Writing in 1668, Janvin de Rochefort commented, "Even in Dublin more than twenty houses where Mass is secretly said, and in about a thousand places, subterranean vaults and retired spots in the woods".[33]

This changed radically, however, due to the Popish Plot, a conspiracy theory concocted by Titus Oates and Lord Shaftesbury, who claimed that a plot existed to assassinate the King and massacre all the Protestants of the British Isles. Between 1678 and 1681, the attention of the public was riveted upon a series of anti-Catholic show trials that resulted in 22 executions at Tyburn.

Slieve Gullion.

As persecution of Catholics heated up in reaction to the Titus Oates plot, a priest with the

Hiberno-Norse surname of Father Mac Aidghalle was murdered while saying the Tridentine Mass at Cloch na hAltorach; a Mass rock that still stands atop Slieve Gullion. The perpetrators were a band of redcoats under the command of a priest hunter named Turner. Local Rapparee leader Count Redmond O'Hanlon is said in local oral tradition to have avenged the murdered priest and in so doing to have sealed his own fate.[34]

Irish victims of the Titus Oates witch hunt included:

Age of the Whig oligarchy

Fr. Sheehy's fenced grave at Shanrahan cemetery with ruined church tower in background.
Fr. Nicholas Sheehy's grave at Shanrahan cemetery, near Clogheen, County Tipperary.

Despite their exposure and public disgrace in 1681, the anti-Catholic

single party state
.

As the Whig-controlled Parliament of Ireland passed the

Penal Laws, which progressively criminalized Roman Catholicism and stripped away from its adherents all rights under the law,[35] a miracle connected to the ongoing religious persecution in Ireland took place, according to Diocesan and municipal records, at Győr in the Kingdom of Hungary
.

During the

Captain General of the town's military garrison.[36] A copy of the image was presented in 2003 to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Clonfert by Bishop Pápai Janos of Győr and now hangs inside St Brendan's Cathedral in Loughrea, County Galway.[37]

A 1709 Penal Act demanded that Catholic priests take the Oath of Abjuration, and recognise the Protestant Queen Anne as Supreme Head of the Church within all her dominions and declare that Catholic doctrine regarding Transubstantiation to be "base and idolatrous".[38]

Priests who refused to take the oath abjuring the Catholic faith were arrested and executed. This activity, along with the compulsory deportation of other priests who did not conform, was a documented attempt to cause the Catholic clergy to die out in Ireland within a generation. Priests had to register with the local magistrates to be allowed to preach, and most did so. Bishops were not permitted to register.[39]

In 1713, the Irish House of Commons declared that "prosecution and informing against Papists was an honourable service", which revived the Elizabethan era profession of the priest hunter,[40] the most infamous of whom remains John O'Mullowny, nicknamed (lang-ga|Seán na Sagart}}), of the Partry Mountains in County Mayo.[41] The reward rates for capture varied from £50–100 for a bishop, to £10–20 for the capture of an unregistered priest: substantial amounts of money at the time.[39]

sugar canes to hoe under the blazing sun of Barbados. Yet he pushes eagerly to meet his fate; for he carries in his hands a sacred deposit, bears in his heart a holy message, and he must tell it or die. See him, at last, springing ashore, and hurrying on to seek his Bishop in some cave, or under some hedge -- but going with caution by reason of the priest catcher and the blood-hounds."[42]

While being interviewed by Tadhg Ó Murchú of the

Catholic Emancipation and that her in-laws had twice carried their baby son up into the mountains, seeking to secretly make contact and request his baptism from one of the two outlawed priest known to be in hiding locally, one near Ballycrovane Wood and another near Castletownbere. Minihane-O'Driscoll concluded, "I don't know... there was some strength in them (the old people), with the grace of God. Oh, may God not blame us for complaining now, dear, there is a good life in it compared to that time."[43]

First French Republic

Investigations

The Irish Martyrs suffered over several reigns and even at the hands of both sides during

Catholic Europe, due to the danger of being caught possessing such evidence at home. Details of their endurance in most cases have been lost.[5] The first general catalog, that of Father John Houling, S.J., was compiled in Portugal between 1588 and 1599. It is styled a very brief abstract of certain persons whom it commemorates as sufferers for the Faith under Elizabeth.[6]

Detailed accounts were also written and published by

Richard Stanihurst, Anthony Bruodin, John Lynch, John Coppinger, and John Mullin.[44]

After the successful fight that was eventually spearheaded by

Catholic Emancipation between 1780 and 1829, interest revived as the Catholic Church in Ireland was rebuilding after three hundred years of being strictly illegal and underground. As a result, a series of re-publications of primary sources relating to the period of the persecutions and meticulous comparisons against archival Government documents in London and Dublin from the same period were made by Daniel F. Moran
and other historians.

The first Apostolic Process under Canon Law began in Dublin in 1904, after which the findings were submitted to the Holy See.

In the 12 February 1915 Apostolic decree In Hibernia, heroum nutrice, Pope Benedict XV formally authorized the formal introduction of additional Causes for Roman Catholic Sainthood.[45]

During a further Apostolic Process held at Dublin between 1917 and 1930 and against the backdrop of the Irish War of Independence and Civil War, the evidence surrounding 260 alleged cases of Roman Catholic martyrdom were further investigated, after which the findings were again submitted to the Holy See.[44]

Thus far, the only Martyr to complete the process was

witch hunt connected to Titus Oates and was executed following a show trial
motivated solely in odium fidei ("out of hatred of the Faith"), instead of being in any way guilty of than any real crime against the state.

Other causes have also been formally recognized.

The 6 Irish Martyrs of England and Wales

Canonized Martyrs

Saint Oliver Plunkett

12 October 1975 by Pope Paul VI.

Beatified Martyrs

15 December 1929 by Pope Pius XI.

22 November 1987 by Pope John Paul II.

The 17 Blessed Irish Martyrs

27 September 1992 by Pope John Paul II.

The 42 Martyred Irish Servants of God

Cover of ''Lives of Irish Martyrs and Confessors'' (1880)
Robert Scurlock, a young Irish Catholic man who was martyred in Dublin in 1581 AD

A group of 42 Irish martyrs have been selected for canonisation. This group is composed mostly of priests, both secular and religious as well as several lay men and two lay women. These martyrs have not yet been beatified.

  • Edmund Daniel, SJ, 25 October 1572 in Cork
  • Teige O'Daly, OFM, about March 1578 in Limerick
  • Donal O'Neylan, OFM, 28 March 1580 in Youghal, Cork
  • Cistercian Abbot of Boyle
    , 21 November 1580 in Dublin
  • Eoin O'Mulkern, OPraem, 21 November 1580 in Dublin
  • David, John Sutton and Robert Scurlock, laymen, 13 November 1581 in Dublin
  • Maurice, Thomas, and Christopher Eustace, laymen, 13 November 1581 in Dublin
  • William Wogan and Robert Fitzgerald, laymen, 13 November 1581 in Dublin
  • Felim O'Hara, OFM, 1 May 1582 in Moyne, Cork
  • Walter Eustace, layman, 14 June 1583 in Dublin
  • Richard Creagh (Irish: Risteard Craobhach) (born 1523), Archbishop of Armagh, December 1586 as a prisoner of conscience in the Tower of London, England
  • Brian O'Carolan, priest, 24 March 1606 near Trim, Meath
  • John Burke, layman, 20 December 1606 in Limerick
  • Donough MacCready, priest, before 5 August 1608 in Coleraine, Northern Ireland
  • George Halley (born 1622), OCD, 15 August 1642 in Siddan, Meath
  • Theobald and Edward Stapleton, priests, 13 September 1647 in Cashel, Tipperary
  • Thomas Morissey, priest, 13 September 1647 in Cashel, Tipperary
  • Richard Barry, OP, 13 September 1647 in Cashel, Tipperary
  • Richard Butler and James Saul, OFM, 13 September 1647 in Cashel, Tipperary
  • William Boyton, SJ, 13 September 1647 in Cashel, Tipperary
  • Elizabeth Kearney (mother of Blessed John Kearney) and Margaret (surname unrecorded), laywomen, martyred by the Protestant soldiers under the command of the Lord President of Munster, Murchadh na dTóiteán, during the Sack of Cashel on 13 September 1647
  • John Bathe, SJ and Thomas Bathe, priest, 11 September 1649 in Drogheda, Louth
  • Peter Taafe, OSA,11 September 1649 in Drogheda, Louth
  • Dominic Dillon and Richard Oveton, OP, 11 September 1649 in Drogheda, Louth
  • Laurence and Bernard O'Ferrall, OP, between February–March 1649 in Longford
  • Conor MacCarthy, priest, 5 June 1653 in Killarney, Kerry
  • Francis O'Sullivan, OFM, 23 June 1653 on Scarrrif Island, Kerry
  • Thaddeus Moriarty, OP, 15 October 1653 in Killarney, Kerry
  • Donal Breen and James Murphy, priests, 14 April 1655 in Wexford
  • Luke Bergin, OP, 14 April 1655 in Wexford

Fr. John O'Neill and the Bonane pilgrimage shrine

Even though the name of Fr. John O'Neill does not appear on the 1992 list of Catholic priests known to have served locally,

Anglo-Irish landlord and infamously anti-Catholic Church of Ireland vicar Denis Mahony at Dromore Castle. Rev. Mahony is said to have released the clerk while setting attack dogs on him, but the clerk managed to escape.[50][51][52][53][54]

This region of County Kerry had extremely rough terrain, few well-constructed roads, and was very difficult to travel to from other regions of Ireland without being robbed or even murdered by

monoglot-speakers.[55]

Even though this makes of Father John O'Neill's martyrdom plausible, but difficult to definitively confirm, Inse an tSagairt, despite being remote and difficult to access until well into the 20th-century, remained a place of reverence and devotion. For example, Fr. Eugene Daly's interest in the site began during his childhood, when his mother fell gravely ill and her life had been despaired of. As a deeply religious woman, however, Mrs. Daly requested that a drink of water be brought to her from Inse an tSagairt, which resulted in what was locally seen as a miraculous cure.[56] Both Fr. O'Neill's martyrdom and the cure of Mrs. Daly have been commemorated in locally composed Irish poetry.[57]

Since a hiking path was built there by the Coillte agency of the Irish State in 1981 at Fr. Daly's insistence,[58] Inse an tSagairt has been a site of Christian pilgrimage and is still used by the local parish for an open air Annual Commemorative Mass every June. There is also a memorial plaque next to the altar in honour of Fr. John O'Neill.[50][52][59][60] Other local Mass rock locations were an Alhóir, near the summit of Mount Esker, An Seana-Shéipeil at Garrymore, and Faill-a Shéipéil at Gearha.[61]

Legacy

Various parish churches have also been dedicated since 1992 to the Irish Catholic Martyrs, including:

Furthermore,

Scottish Gaelic: "Chaith sibh tìm san Duibhne, cùmte fo mhùiseag nur dùthaich fhèin"), "You spent time in darkness, confined, oppressed in your own country." Dòmhnall Iain praised, however, the Irish people for their loyalty despite centuries of religious persecution to the Catholic Church in Ireland and their ultimate victory in the Irish War of Independence.[63]

See also

References

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  2. ^ Marcus Tanner (2004), The Last of the Celts, Yale University Press. Pages 227-228.
  3. ^ Seamus MacManus (1921), The Story of the Irish Race, Barnes & Noble. pp. 462-463.
  4. ^ CREAZIONE DI VENTUNO NUOVI BEATI: OMELIA DI GIOVANNI PAOLO II, Piazza San Pietro - Domenica, 27 settembre 1992.
  5. ^ a b c "The Irish Martyrs", Irish Jesuits, sacredspace.ie; accessed 16 December 2015.
  6. ^ a b "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Irish Confessors and Martyrs".
  7. Google Books
    ).
  8. ^ D.P. Conyngham, Lives of the Irish Martyrs, P.J. Kenedy & Sons, New York. Page 26.
  9. Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review
    , pp. 687-699.
  10. ^ "Martyrs of England and Wales" New Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9 (1967), p. 322.
  11. Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review
    , pp. 687-699.
  12. ^ Philip O'Sullivan Beare (1903), Chapters Towards a History of Ireland Under Elizabeth, pages 2-3.
  13. ^ "Martyrs of England and Wales" New Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9 (1967), p. 322.
  14. ^ D.P. Conyngham, Lives of the Irish Martyrs, P.J. Kenedy & Sons, New York. Pages 26-27.
  15. ^ L.P. Murray (1935), "The Franciscan Monasteries after the Dissolution", Journal of the County Louth Archaeological Society, Vol. 8, No. 3 (1935), pp. 275-282.
  16. ^ "The Reign of Elizabeth I" Archived 2017-05-09 at the Wayback Machine by J.P. Sommerville, University of Wisconsin.
  17. ^ Cusack, Margaret Anne, An Illustrated History of Ireland, libraryireland.com; accessed 11 July 2015.
  18. ^ Philip O'Sullivan Beare (1903), Chapters Towards a History of Ireland Under Elizabeth, page 68.
  19. ^ a b c ""The Irish Martyrs", The Church of the Irish Martyrs, Ballyraine". Archived from the original on 2013-09-24. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
  20. ^ a b "Archives".
  21. ^ D.P. Conyngham, Lives of the Irish Martyrs, P.J. Kenedy & Sons, New York. Page 104.
  22. ^ D.P. Conyngham, Lives of the Irish Martyrs, P.J. Kenedy & Sons, New York. Pages 104-105.
  23. ^ D.P. Conyngham, Lives of the Irish Martyrs, P.J. Kenedy & Sons, New York. Page 137.
  24. ^ a b "Peter O'Higgins OP". Newbridge College.
  25. ^ Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), The Irish Martyrs, Four Courts Press, Dublin. Pages 148–156.
  26. ^ Clavin, Terry (October 2009). "Higgins, Peter". In McGuire, James; Quinn, James (eds.). Dictionary of Irish Biography (online ed.). Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  27. ^ D.P. Conyngham, Lives of the Irish Martyrs, P.J. Kenedy & Sons, New York. Page 138.
  28. ^ D.P. Conyngham, Lives of the Irish Martyrs, P.J. Kenedy & Sons, New York. Page 138.
  29. ^ Nugent, Tony (2013). Were You at the Rock? The History of Mass Rocks in Ireland. Liffey Press. Pages 51-52, 148.
  30. ^ a b "Stapleton, Theobald ('Teabóid Gálldubh') | Dictionary of Irish Biography". www.dib.ie. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
  31. ^ a b "Franciscan Saints & Blessed". Archived from the original on 2014-02-04.
  32. ^ a b c Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), The Irish Martyrs, Four Courts Press, Dublin. Pages 165–175.
  33. ^ Nugent 2013, p. 143.
  34. ^ Tony Nugent (2013), Were You at the Rock? The History of Mass Rocks in Ireland, pages 80–81.
  35. ^ Seamus MacManus (1921), The Story of the Irish Race, Barnes & Noble. pp. 454-469.
  36. ^ Erika Papp Faber (2005), Our Mother's Tears: Ten Weeping Madonnas in Historic Hungary, Academy of the Immaculate. New Bedford, Massachusetts. pp. 44-55, 88-89.
  37. ^ Hungarian bishop to present 'Irish Madonna' by Patsy McGarry, The Irish Times, Friday October 10, 2003.
  38. ^ D. P. Conyngham, Lives of the Irish Martyrs, P.J. Kennedy & Sons, New York City. Page 240-241.
  39. ^ a b MacManus, Seumas (1921). The Story of the Irish Race: A Popular History of Ireland. New York: The Irish Publishing Co.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  40. ^ Tony Nugent (2013), Were You at the Rock? The History of Mass Rocks in Ireland, The Liffey Press. Page 48.
  41. ^ Tony Nugent (2013), Were You at the Rock? The History of Mass Rocks in Ireland, pages 40-47.
  42. ^ Seamus MacManus (1921), The Story of the Irish Race, Barnes & Noble. p. 463.
  43. Cork City
    . pp. 40-45.
  44. ^ a b Corish & Millet 2005, p. 79.
  45. ^ Index ac status causarum beatificationis servorum dei et canonizationis beatorum (in Latin). Typis polyglottis vaticanis. January 1953. p. 56.
  46. ^ Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), The Irish Martyrs, Four Courts Press, Dublin. Pages 148–156.
  47. ^ Clavin, Terry (October 2009). "Higgins, Peter". In McGuire, James; Quinn, James (eds.). Dictionary of Irish Biography (online ed.). Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  48. ^ Terence Albert O'Brien. The Catholic Encyclopedia] Retrieved 28 September 2007.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  49. ^ Edited by Fr. John Shine (1992), Bonane: A Centenary Celebration, Printed by theLeinster Leader, Naas. pp. 68-70.
  50. ^ a b Nugent 2013, pp. 152–154.
  51. ^ Edited by Fr. John Shine (1992), Bonane: A Centenary Celebration, Printed by theLeinster Leader, Naas. p. 19.
  52. ^ a b "History of Bonane - Inse an t-Sagairt". Bonane Heritage Park. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  53. ^ "Inse an tSagairt". holywellscorkandkerry.com. Holy Wells of Cork & Kerry. 10 November 2017.
  54. ^ The Mass Rock at Inse an tSagairt.
  55. ^ Edited by Fr. John Shine (1992), Bonane: A Centenary Celebration, Printed by theLeinster Leader, Naas. pp. 40-44.
  56. ^ Edited by Fr. John Shine (1992), Bonane: A Centenary Celebration, Printed by theLeinster Leader, Naas. pp. 19-21, 86.
  57. ^ Edited by Fr. John Shine (1992), Bonane: A Centenary Celebration, Printed by theLeinster Leader, Naas. pp. 110-113.
  58. ^ Edited by Fr. John Shine (1992), Bonane: A Centenary Celebration, Printed by theLeinster Leader, Naas. p. 86.
  59. ^ "Inse an tSagairt". holywellscorkandkerry.com. Holy Wells of Cork & Kerry. 10 November 2017.
  60. ^ The Mass Rock at Inse an tSagairt.
  61. ^ Edited by Fr. John Shine (1992), Bonane: A Centenary Celebration, Printed by theLeinster Leader, Naas. pp. 19-21.
  62. ^ "Naas Parish website". Archived from the original on 2007-11-23. Retrieved 2008-01-29.
  63. ^ Chì Mi / I See: Bàrdachd Dhòmhnaill Iain Dhonnchaidh / The Poetry of Donald John MacDonald, edited by Bill Innes. Acair, Stornoway, 2021. Pages 346-347.

Sources

External links
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