Israeli demolition of Palestinian property
Demolition of Palestinian property is a method Israel has used in the Israeli-occupied territories since they came under its control in the Six-Day War to achieve various aims. Broadly speaking, demolitions can be classified as either administrative, punitive/dissuasive and as part of military operations.[1] The Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions estimated that Israel had razed 55,048 Palestinian structures as of 2022.[2] Administrative house demolitions are done to enforce building codes and regulations, which in the occupied Palestinian territories are set by the Israeli military.[3] Critics claim that they are used as a means to Judaize parts of the occupied territory, especially East Jerusalem.[4] Punitive house demolitions involve demolishing houses of Palestinians or neighbors and relatives of Palestinians suspected of violent acts against Israelis. These target the homes where the suspects live. Proponents of the method claim that it deters violence[5][6][7][8] while critics claim that it has not been proven effective and might even trigger more violence.[9] Punitive house demolitions have been criticized by a Palestinian human rights organization as a form of collective punishment and thus a war crime under international law.[10]
Method
Demolitions are carried out by the Israeli Army
Administrative demolition
Some house demolitions are allegedly performed because the houses may have been built without permits, or are in violation of various building codes, ordinances, or regulations. Amnesty International claims that Israeli authorities are in fact systematically denying building permit requests in Arab areas as a means of appropriating land.[1] This is disputed by Israeli sources, who claim that both Arabs and Jews enjoy a similar rate of application approvals.[11]
Dr. Meir Margalit of Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions writes:
"The thinking is that a national threat calls for a national response, invariably aggressive. Accordingly, a Jewish house without a permit is an urban problem; but a Palestinian home without a permit is a strategic threat. A Jew building without a permit is 'cocking a snook at the law'; a Palestinian doing the same is defying Jewish sovereignty over Jerusalem."[12]
Punitive demolition
Although revoked by the British[13][14] the Mandatory Palestine Defence (Emergency) Regulations were adopted by Israel on its formation.[15] These regulations gave authority to military commanders to confiscate and raze "any house, structure or land... the inhabitants of which he is satisfied have committed... any offence against these Regulations involving violence."[16]
In 1968, after
During the Second Intifada, the IDF adopted a policy of house demolition following a
According to a report by Amnesty International in 1999, house demolitions are usually done without prior warning and the home's inhabitants are given little time to evacuate.[32] According to a 2004 Human Rights Watch report, many families in Rafah own a "cluster of homes". For example, the family may own a "small house from earlier days in the camp, often with nothing more than an asbestos roof". Later, sons will build homes nearby when they start their own families.[33]
In February 2005, the Ministry of Defense ordered an end to the demolition of houses for the purpose of punishing the families of suicide bombers unless there is "an extreme change in circumstances".[34] However, house demolitions continue for other reasons.[35]
In 2009, after a string of fatal attacks by Palestinians against Israelis in Jerusalem, the
Amnesty International has criticized the lack of
Palestinian identity is deeply impregnated with the sense of national loss and place engendered by the Nakba, and according to physicians studying West Bankers who have had their homes destroyed, such events cause a retraumatization of the Nakba in the families affected.[38][39]
On 8 July 2021, Israeli army forces demolished a luxurious mansion in Turmus Ayya which was the family home of Sanaa Shalabi, who lived alone there with three of her seven children. She was the estranged wife of Muntasir Shalabi, a Palestinian-American who murdered an Israeli citizen in May. The wife has been separated from Muntasir since 2008, and her husband had married three other women in the meantime, and stayed in the home two months every year for family visits. The U.S. Embassy in Israel stated that "the home of an entire family should not be demolished for the actions of one individual."[40][41] Gideon Levy called this demolition an instance of apartheid since Jewish terrorists never have their family homes destroyed.[41]
Statistics
At least 741 Palestinians in the occupied West Bank and East Jerusalem were made homeless between January and 30 September 2020 due to demolitions, according to data compiled by Israeli rights group B'tselem.[42]
As of August 23, 2020, 89 residential units were demolished in East Jerusalem, compared to 104 in 2019 and 72 in 2018. In the first three weeks of August, 24 homes were demolished.[43]
The Palestinian village
Recent conflicts
House demolition has been used in an on-again-off-again fashion by the Israeli government during the Second Intifada. More than 3,000 homes have been destroyed in this way.
According to Peace Now, approvals for building in Israeli settlements in East Jerusalem has expanded by 60% since Trump became US president in 2017.[51] Since 1991, Palestinians who make up the majority of the residents in the area have only received 30% of the building permits.[52]
Area C
According to
On 7 July 2021, the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) said Israel declared Humsa al-Bqai'a a "closed military area" and blocked access for international observers. The NRC said that Israeli authorities must "immediately halt attempts to forcibly transfer around 70 Palestinians, including 35 children" following the Bedouin community's property being demolished for the seventh time since November 2020.[55][56]
Legal status
The use of house demolition under
However, Israel, which is a party to the Fourth Geneva Convention, asserts that the terms of the Convention are not applicable to the Palestinian territories on the grounds that the territories do not constitute a state which is a party to the Fourth Geneva Convention.[60][61][62] This position is rejected by human rights organisations such as Amnesty International, which notes that "it is a basic principle of human rights law that international human rights treaties are applicable in all areas in which states parties exercise effective control, regardless of whether or not they exercise sovereignty in that area."[1]
Justification and criticism
Justification
In May 2004, the
"...other means employed by Israel against terrorists is the demolition of homes of those who have carried out suicide attacks or other grave attacks, or those who are responsible for sending suicide bombers on their deadly missions. Israel has few available and effective means in its war against terrorism. This measure is employed to provide effective deterrence of the perpetrators and their dispatchers, not as a punitive measure. This practice has been reviewed and upheld by the High Court of Justice"[63]
House demolition is typically justified by the IDF on the basis of:
- Deterrence, achieved by deterring the relatives of those who carry out, or are suspected of involvement in carrying out, attacks[5] Benmelech, Berrebi and Klor call demolitions of this type, targeting the homes of terror operatives "punitive demolitions".[16]
- The following types are labelled as "precautionary demolitions" by Benmelech, Berrebi and Klor, however punishing they may feel to the impacted families.[16]
- Counter-terrorism, by destroying militant facilities such as bomb laboratories, weapons factories, weapons and ammunition warehouses, headquarters, offices, and others.[citation needed]
- Forcing out an individual barricaded inside a house, which may be rigged with explosives, without risking soldiers' lives.[citation needed]
- Self-defence, by destroying possible hideouts and rocket-propelled grenade or gun posts.[64]
- ]
- Destroying structures rigged with booby traps and explosives in order to prevent risk to soldiers and civilians.[citation needed]
Israeli historian Yaacov Lozowick, however, implied that there is a moral basis for demolishing the houses of families of suicide bombers, stating:
Demolishing the homes of civilians merely because a family member has committed a crime is immoral. If, however,... potential suicide murderers... will refrain from killing out of fear that their mothers will become homeless, it would be immoral to leave the Palestinian mothers untouched in their homes while Israeli children die on their school buses.
— [65]
Criticism
- Collective punishment, the punishment of an innocent Palestinian "for an offence he or she has not personally committed."[1][66]
- Taking over West Bank Palestinian land by annexation to build the Israeli West Bank barrier or to create, expand or otherwise benefit Israeli settlements.[1][67]
In 2004, Human Rights Watch published the report Razing Rafah: Mass Home Demolitions in the Gaza Strip.
The effectiveness of house demolitions as a deterrence has been questioned. In 2005, an Israeli Army commission to study house demolitions found no proof of effective deterrence and concluded that the damage caused by the demolitions overrides its effectiveness. As a result, the IDF approved the commission's recommendations to end punitive demolitions of Palestinian houses.[72]
A number of human rights organizations, including Human Rights Watch and the ICAHD, oppose the practice. Human Rights Watch has argued that the practice violates international laws against collective punishment, the destruction of private property, and the use of force against civilians.[73] According to Amnesty International, "The destruction of Palestinian homes, agricultural land and other property in the Occupied Territories, including East Jerusalem, is inextricably linked with Israel's long-standing policy of appropriating as much as possible of the land it occupies, notably by establishing Israeli settlements."[1] In October 1999, during the "Peace Process" and before the start of the Second Intifada, Amnesty International wrote that: "well over one third of the Palestinian population of East Jerusalem live under threat of having their house demolished. ... Threatened houses exist in almost every street and it is probable that the great majority of Palestinians live in or next to a house due for demolition."[74]
"House demolitions ostensibly occur because the homes are built 'illegally' – i.e. without a permit. Officials and spokespersons of the Israeli government have consistently maintained that the demolition of Palestinian houses is based on planning considerations and is carried out according to the law. ... But the Israeli policy has been based on discrimination. Palestinians are targeted for no other reasons than that they are Palestinians. ... [Israel has] discriminated in the application of the law, strictly enforcing planning prohibitions where Palestinian houses are built and freely allowing amendments to the plans to promote development where Israelis are setting up settlements."[74]
In May 2008, a UN agency said that thousands of Palestinians in the occupied West Bank risk being displaced as the Israeli authorities threaten to tear down their homes and in some cases entire communities. "To date, more than 3,000 Palestinian-owned structures in the West Bank have pending demolition orders, which can be immediately executed without prior warning," the UN Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs said in a report.[75]
Supreme Court justice Menachem Mazuz, who retired from the court in April 2021, was one of the few justices who opposed house demolitions due to the actions of a family member.[76] He told Haaretz that
I went against the stream explicitly and consciously. I considered demolishing homes to be immoral, contrary to the law and of dubious effectiveness. My feeling was that it was done to placate public opinion, and that the leadership, too, is aware that this is not what will prevent the next act of terror."[76]
In 2009 the then US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton criticized the Israeli government's plans to demolish Palestinian homes in East Jerusalem, calling the action a violation of international obligations.[77]
Commentary and analysis
A January 2015 efficacy study by Efraim Benmelech, Berrebi and Klor distinguishes between "punitive demolitions", in which homes belonging to the families of terror operatives are demolished, and "precautionary demolitions", such as the demolition of a house well-positioned for use by Palestinian snipers. Their results, which The New Republic calls "politically explosive," indicate that "precautionary demolitions" have caused suicide attacks to increase, a "48.7 percent increase in the number of suicide terrorists from an average district," while in the months immediately following a demolition, punitive demolitions caused terror attacks to decline by between 11.7 and 14.9 percent.[16][78] However, Klor later described the effect of punitive demolitions as "small, localized and diminish[ing] over time" and suggested that the real reason they were carried out was "to placate the Israeli public".[16]
See also
- Forced displacement
- Internally displaced person
- 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict § Destruction of homes
- Roof knocking
Notes
- ^ "An old man, Salim Id Al-Hathalin, grabs hold of me. He is waving papers - one a receipt from the tax authorities, confirming that he has paid taxes on the land he owns here in the village; the other a demolition order issued by the Civil Administration against his makeshift tent-cum-hut, which he points out to me as he cries: 'Why do they want to destroy my house? Where can I go? Can I go to America? I have nothing and they want to take that nothing from me. Can you help me? Where am I supposed to go?'"[30]
Citations
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Israel and the Occupied Territories Under the rubble: House demolition and destruction of land and property Archived 2014-12-07 at the Wayback Machine by Amnesty International, 18 May 2004.
- ^ "The Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions (ICAHD)". ICAHD. Archived from the original on 2023-01-07. Retrieved 2019-10-11.
- ^ "Document - Israel/Occupied Territories: House Demolition". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
- ^ "Demolition and dispossession: the destruction of Palestinian homes" (PDF). Amnesty International. p. 31. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-04-27. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
The objective of the Israeli authorities since then has been to transform the ethnic character of the annexed area from Arab to Jewish. The policy has been set by Israeli governments and largely implemented by the Jerusalem Municipality.
- ^ a b House demolitions as punishment Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine B'Tselem - The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories
- ^ Efraim Benmelech, Claude Berrebi, and Esteban F. Klor, 'Counter-Suicide-Terrorism: Evidence from House Demolitions,' Archived 2015-11-30 at the Wayback Machine in The Journal of Politics, vol. 77, no. 1 (January 2015), pp. 27–43.
- ^ Ludovica Iaccino, ['Israel's punitive demolition of Palestinian terrorist houses 'decreases suicide attacks','] International Business Times, 10 December 2014.
- ^ a b According to the study "Counter-Suicide-Terrorism: Evidence from House Demolitions," demolishing the homes of Palestinian terrorists results in "an immediate, significant decrease in the number of suicide attacks."Blank, Cynthia (2014-12-11). "Study Finds Israeli Home Demolitions Do Deter Terrorists". Arutz Sheva. Archived from the original on 2017-08-03. Retrieved 2015-01-25.
- ^ a b c Avi Kober,Israel's Wars of Attrition: Attrition Chanllenges to Democratic States Routledge 2009 p.131.
- ^ Shane Darcy (2003). "Israel's Punitive House Demolition Policy Collective Punishment in Violation of International Law" (PDF). Al-Haq. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-09-27. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
Israel's punitive house demolition policy constitutes one of the most egregiousof war crimes. The actions taken under this policy meet all the elements of thewar crime of extensive destruction of property, not justified by military necessity and carried out unlawfully and wantonly.
- ^ "Illegal Construction in Jerusalem by Justus Reid Weiner". Archived from the original on 11 May 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
- ^ Dr. Meir Margalit, (2007): "No Place Like Home" Archived 2007-09-25 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ In a 1987 letter, the British Foreign Ministry indicated that "in view of the Palestine (Revocations) Order in Council 1948 (S.I. 1948/1004, at 1350-51), the Palestine (Defense) Order in Council 1937 and the Defense Regulations 1945 made under it are, as a matter of English law, no longer in force." See Emma Playfair, "Demolition and Sealing of Houses as a Punitive Measure in the Israeli-Occupied West Bank," Al Haq, 33, April 1987.
- ^ UK Government (1948). "The Palestine (Revocations) Order in Council, 1948, No. 1004". Statutory Instruments. Vol. 1, part 1. pp. 67–68.
- ^ Reynolds 2017, p. 276.
- ^ a b c d e Schwartz, Yishai (8 December 2014). "Israel Destroys Homes to Deter Terrorists. A New Study Says It Works—But Is It Moral?". The New Republic. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
- ^ Gershom Gorenberg, 'Israel knew all along that settlements, home demolitions were illegal,' Archived 2015-05-20 at the Wayback Machine Haaretz 19 May 2015.
- ^ Hiltermann 1995, pp. 55–56.
- ^ Tolan 2015, p. 56.
- ^ ICAND 2017.
- ^ Bregman 2014, pp. 152–153.
- ^ Bregman 2014, p. 153.
- ^ Graff 2015, pp. 173–174.
- ^ Efrat 2006, p. 89.
- ^ B'Tselem 2018a.
- ^ B'Tselem 2017c.
- ^ B'Tselem 2018c.
- ^ B'Tselem 2018d.
- ^ Shafir 2017, p. 75.
- ^ Shulman 2018, p. 28.
- ^ "Razing Rafah: Mass Home Demolitions in the Gaza Strip". Human Rights Watch. October 17, 2004. Archived from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2010-06-10.
- ^ Israel: House demolitions -- Palestinians given "15 minutes to leave... Archived 2019-05-27 at the Wayback Machine Amnesty International. December 8, 1999
- ^ "Razing Rafah - Mass Home Demolitions in the Gaza Strip". Human Rights Watch. 2004-10-17. Archived from the original on 2023-06-30. Retrieved 2018-08-21.
- ^ BBC News, "Israel limits house demolitions" Archived 2006-12-15 at the Wayback Machine, Thursday, 17 February 2005
- ^ "Lords Hansard text for 18 Nov 201018 Nov 2010 (pt 0001)". Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
- ^ "Court Orders Home of Jerusalem Yeshiva Terrorist Sealed Off". Haaretz.com. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
- ^ Daniel Byman, A High Price:The Triumphs and Failures of Israeli Counterterrorism, Oxford University Press p.167.
- ^ Al-Krenawai, Graham & Sehwail 2004, p. 193.
- ^ Hiltermann 1990, p. 88.
- ^ "U.S. slams Israel for razing home of Palestinian-American who murdered an Israeli". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 2022-03-18. Retrieved 2021-07-08.
- ^ Haggai Segaland others of their ilk – stand proudly intact.'
- ^ "Number of Palestinians made homeless by Israeli demolitions hits four-year high despite pandemic". Independent. October 30, 2020. Archived from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved November 10, 2020.
- ^ "Israel on track for record number of East Jerusalem home demolitions". Haaretz. August 23, 2020. Archived from the original on October 18, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
- ^ "The lament of Iqrit and Kafr Birim". Archived from the original on 2008-12-04.
- ^ "Contact Us « Rebuilding Alliance". Rebuildingalliance.org. 2010-05-28. Retrieved 2010-10-03.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Al Aqabah Kindergarten and their Village". Archived from the original on 2008-10-13.
- ^ Through No Fault of Their Own: Israel's Punitive House Demolitions in the al-Aqsa Intifada Archived 2007-07-05 at the Wayback Machine. B'Tselem
- ^ Katz, 160
- ^ Palestine Facts Archived 2007-07-03 at the Wayback Machine. Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs
- ^ Katz, 280-281
- ^ "New data shows Israeli settlement surge in east Jerusalem". AP. 2019-09-12. Archived from the original on 2019-09-13. Retrieved 2019-09-13.
- ^ "New data shows Israeli settlement surge in east Jerusalem". Ynetnews. December 9, 2019. Archived from the original on September 12, 2019. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
- B'tselemJune 2013 p.19
- ^ 'Israel's West Bank housing policy by numbers,' Archived 2015-05-18 at the Wayback Machine Ma'an News Agency 10 May 2015.
- ^ "Israel destroys homes in Humsa Al-Bqai'a Bedouin community". NRC. Archived from the original on 2022-09-06. Retrieved 2021-07-08.
- ^ "Norwegian Refugee Council: Israel must immediately halt forcible transfer of Palestinian community". WAFA Agency. Archived from the original on 2022-09-06. Retrieved 2021-07-08.
- ^ Fourth Geneva Convention Archived 2007-07-06 at the Wayback Machine, International Committee of the Red Cross
- ^ Shahak 1974, p. 184.
- ^ HRW 2017a.
- ISBN 0-520-22911-8, p. 217.
- ISBN 0-7146-3091-8, p. 82.
- ^ Roberts, Adam, "Decline of Illusions: The Status of the Israeli-Occupied Territories over 21 Years" in International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), Vol. 64, No. 3. (Summer, 1988), pp. 345-359., p. 350
- ^ "2BackToHomePage3". Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
- ^ "ZNet |Mideast | Israel's Top Court Approves Razing Palestinian Homes". Archived from the original on 2005-03-12. Retrieved 2008-04-17. Israel's top court approves razing Palestinian homes, Znet
- ISBN 1-4000-3243-1. p.260
- ^ Article 33 of the Fourth Geneva Convention Archived 2007-07-14 at the Wayback Machine, International Committee of the Red Cross
- ^ Update to Amnesty International's briefing to the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination Archived 2019-05-25 at the Wayback Machine , Amnesty International, 1 February 2007
- ^ "Razing Rafah - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS". Human Rights Watch. 2004-10-17. Archived from the original on 2022-03-18. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
- ^ a b "Razing Rafah - I. SUMMARY". Human Rights Watch. 2004-10-17. Archived from the original on 2022-03-18. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
- ^ "Razing Rafah". Human Rights Watch. 2004-10-17. Archived from the original on 2022-09-01. Retrieved 2009-09-29.
- ^ "Razing Rafah - IV. THE SECURITY SITUATION IN RAFAH". Human Rights Watch. 2004-10-17. Archived from the original on 2022-12-28. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
- ^ "Is the House Demolition Policy Legal under International Humanitarian Law?". Archived from the original on September 28, 2007.
- ^ "Gaza: IDF House Demolition Injures Refugees (Human Rights Watch Press release, Gaza, October 24, 2002)". www.hrw.org. Archived from the original on December 28, 2022. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
- ^ a b "Document". Archived from the original on 10 May 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
- ^ "Israeli demolition threatens 3,000 Palestinian homes: UN - Yahoo! Canada News".[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b Gidi Weitz (December 30, 2021). "Supreme Court Justice Mazuz Stunned Israel When He Retired. He Finally Explains Why". Haaretz. Archived from the original on May 25, 2022. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
- ^ Glenn, Kessler (2009-03-05). "Clinton Criticizes Israel's Eviction, Demolition Plans". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2022-03-18. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
- ^ Rosenberg, Yair (9 December 2014). "Study Finds Israeli House Demolitions Deter Terrorism". Tablet. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
Sources
- Al-Krenawai, Alean; Graham, John R.; Sehwail, Mahmud A. (Spring 2004). "Mental Health and Violence/Trauma in Palestine: Implications for Helping Professional Practice". Journal of Comparative Family Studies. 35 (2): 185–209. JSTOR 41603932.
- ISBN 978-1-846-14735-7.
- "The Jordan Valley". B'Tselem. 11 November 2017c. Archived from the original on 22 April 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
- "Statistics on demolition of houses built without permits in the West Bank (Not including East Jerusalem)". B'Tselem. September 2018a. Archived from the original on 2019-10-26. Retrieved 2019-02-02.
- "Statistics on demolition of houses built without permits in East Jerusalem". B'Tselem. 3 January 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-03-11.
- "Statistics on demolition of houses built without permits in the West Bank (Not including East Jerusalem)". B'Tselem. 22 October 2018d. Archived from the original on 26 October 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
- Efrat, Elisha (2006). The West Bank and Gaza Strip: A Geography of Occupation and Disengagement. ISBN 978-1-134-17217-7. Archivedfrom the original on 2023-03-03. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
- ISBN 978-1-317-46285-9.
- Hiltermann, Joost R. (Winter 1990). "Israel's Strategy to Break the Uprising". JSTOR 2537415.
- Hiltermann, Joost R. (1995). "Teddy Kollek and the Native Question". In Moors, Annelies; van Teeffelen, Toine; Kanaana, Sharif; Ghazaleh, Ilham Abu (eds.). Discourse and Palestine: Power, Text and Context. Het Spinhuis. pp. 55–65. ISBN 978-9-055-89010-1. *"Israel: 50 Years of Occupation Abuses". Human Rights Watch. 4 June 2017a. Archivedfrom the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
- Overview of Israel's Demolition Policy (PDF). Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions. December 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-08-22. Retrieved 2019-02-02.
- Shafir, Gershon (2017). A Half Century of Occupation: Israel, Palestine, and the World's Most Intractable Conflict. ISBN 978-0-520-29350-2.
- JSTOR 2535945.
- ISBN 978-0-226-56665-8.
- Tolan, Sandy (2015). Children of the Stone: The Power of Music in a Hard Land. ISBN 978-1-608-19817-7.
- Adem, Seada Hussein (5 April 2019). Palestine and the International Criminal Court. Springer. ISBN 978-94-6265-291-0.
- European Union (May 28, 2020). Six-Month Report on Demolitions and Seizures in the West Bank, including East JerusalemReporting Period: 1 July–31December2019 (PDF) (Report). Retrieved November 5, 2020.
- Diakonia (June 2019). Demolishing the Future: Continued Property Destruction in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (PDF) (Report). Retrieved November 4, 2020.
- Reynolds, John (November 16, 2017). "Repressive inclusion". The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law. 49 (3): 268–293. S2CID 220316137. Retrieved November 6, 2020.
Further reading
- Hatz, Sophia (September 2020). "Selective or collective? Palestinian perceptions of targeting in house demolition". Conflict Management and Peace Science. 37 (5): 515–535. ISSN 0738-8942.
External links
- Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions
- B'Tselem - Statistics on demolition of houses built without permits in the West Bank (excluding East Jerusalem)
- The Rebuilding Alliance
- A Layman's Guide to Home Demolitions in East Jerusalem: An Ir Amim Report
- The Civic Coalition for Palestinian Rights in Jerusalem: Latest information about home demolition in Jerusalem