Jan Hus
Jan Hus | |
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Main interests | Theology |
Jan Hus (
After being ordained as a
Alexander V issued a Papal bull that excommunicated Hus; however, it was not enforced, and Hus continued to preach. Hus then spoke out against Alexander V's successor, Antipope John XXIII, for his selling of indulgences. Hus's excommunication was then enforced, and he spent the next two years living in exile.
When the
After Hus was executed, the followers of his religious teachings (known as
Early life
The exact date of Hus's birth is disputed. Some claim he was born around 1369,
At the age of roughly 10, Hus was sent away to a monastery. The exact reason is not known; some claim that his father had died,[15] others say he went there due to his devotion to God.[16] He impressed the teachers with his studies, and they recommended him to move to Prague, one of the largest cities in Bohemia at that time. Hus apparently supported himself by securing employment in Prague, which allowed him to fulfill his basic necessities, and access to the Prague Library.[17]
Three years later, he was admitted to the
Career
Hus began teaching at the University of Prague in 1398 and in 1399, he first publicly defended propositions of Wycliffe. Hus denounced the moral failings of clergy, bishops, and even the papacy from his pulpit. In 1406, two Bohemian students brought to Prague a document bearing the seal of the University of Oxford and praising Wycliffe. Hus proudly read the document from his pulpit.[27] Then, in 1408, Pope Gregory XII warned Archbishop Zajic that the Church in Rome had been informed of Wycliffe's heresies and of the sympathies of King Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia for nonconformists.[30] In response, the king and university ordered all of Wycliffe's writings surrendered to the archdiocesan chancery for correction. Hus obeyed, declaring that he condemned the errors in those writings.[31]
In 1408, the Papal Schism
Kutná Hora Decree
In January 1409,
Antipope Alexander V
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In 1409, the Council of Pisa tried to end the schism by electing Alexander V as Pope, but Gregory and Benedict did not submit. (Alexander was declared an "antipope" by the Council of Constance in 1418.) Hus, his followers, and Wenceslaus IV transferred their allegiance to Alexander V. Under pressure from King Wenceslaus IV, Archbishop Zajíc did the same. Zajíc then lodged an accusation of "ecclesiastical disturbances" against Wycliffites in Prague with Alexander V.
On 20 December 1409, Alexander V issued a papal bull that empowered the Archbishop to proceed against Wycliffism in Prague. All copies of Wycliffe's writings were to be surrendered and his views repudiated, and free preaching discontinued. After the publication of the bull in 1410, Hus appealed to Alexander V, but in vain. The Wycliffe books and valuable manuscripts were burned, and Hus and his adherents were excommunicated by Alexander V.
Crusade against Naples
Alexander V died in 1410, and was succeeded by
Condemnation of indulgences and Crusade
Archbishop Zajíc died in 1411 and with his death the
In response, three men from the lower classes who openly called the indulgences a fraud were beheaded. They were later considered the first martyrs of the
Attempts at reconciliation
King Wenceslaus IV made efforts to harmonize the opposing parties. In 1412, he convoked the heads of his kingdom for a consultation and, at their suggestion, ordered a synod to be held at Český Brod on 2 February 1412. The synod was instead held in the palace of the archbishops at Prague in order to exclude Hus from participation. Propositions were made to restore peace in the Church. Hus declared that Bohemia should have the same freedom in regard to ecclesiastical affairs as other countries and that approbation and condemnation should therefore be announced only with the permission of the state power. This was the view of Wycliffe (Sermones, iii. 519, etc.).
There followed treatises from both parties, but no harmony was obtained. "Even if I should stand before the stake which has been prepared for me," Hus wrote at the time, "I would never accept the recommendation of the theological faculty." The synod did not produce any results but the king ordered a commission to continue the work of reconciliation. The doctors of the university demanded Hus and his followers approve the university's conception of the Church. According to this conception, the pope is the head of the Church and the
Hus leaves Prague and appeals to Jesus Christ
By this time, Hus's ideas had become widely accepted in Bohemia and there was broad resentment against the Church hierarchy. The attack on Hus by the pope and archbishop caused riots in parts of Bohemia. King Wenceslaus IV and his government took the side of Hus and the power of his adherents increased from day to day. Hus continued to preach in the
Before Hus left Prague, he decided to take a step which gave a new dimension to his endeavors. He wanted to become a preacher and then taught at the university he studied at before. He no longer put his trust in an indecisive king, a hostile pope or an ineffective council. On 18 October 1412, he appealed to Jesus Christ as the supreme judge.
After Hus left Prague for the country, he realized what a gulf there was between university education and theological speculation and the life of uneducated country priests and the laymen entrusted to their care.[40] Therefore he started to write many texts in Czech, such as basics of the Christian faith or preachings, intended mainly for the priests whose knowledge of Latin was poor.[41]
Writings of Hus and Wycliffe
Of the writings occasioned by these controversies, those of Hus on the Church, entitled De Ecclesia, were written in 1413 and have been most frequently quoted and admired or criticized, yet their first ten chapters are an epitome of Wycliffe's work of the same title and the following chapters are an abstract of another of Wycliffe's works (De potentate papae) on the power of the pope. Wycliffe had written his book to oppose the common position that the Church consisted primarily of the clergy, and Hus now found himself making the same point. He wrote his work at the castle of one of his protectors in Kozí Hrádek and sent it to Prague where it was publicly read in the Bethlehem Chapel. It was answered by Stanislav ze Znojma and Štěpán z Pálče (also Štěpán Páleč) with treatises of the same title.[citation needed]
After the most vehement opponents of Hus had left Prague, his adherents occupied the whole ground. Hus wrote his treatises and preached in the neighborhood of Kozí Hrádek. Bohemian Wycliffism was carried into Poland, Hungary, Croatia, and Austria. But in January 1413, a general council in Rome condemned the writings of Wycliffe and ordered them to be burned.[citation needed]
Council of Constance
King Wenceslaus's brother
Imprisonment and preparations for trial
It is not known whether Hus knew what his fate would be, however, he made his
On 4 December 1414, John XXIII entrusted a committee of three bishops with a preliminary investigation against Hus. As was common practice, witnesses for the prosecution were heard but Hus was not allowed an advocate for his defense. His situation became worse after the downfall of John XXIII, who had left Constance to avoid abdicating. Hus had been the captive of John XXIII and in constant communication with his friends, but now he was delivered to the bishop of Constance and brought to his castle, Gottlieben on the Rhine. Here he remained for 73 days, separated from his friends, chained day and night, poorly fed, and ill.
Trial
On 5 June 1415, he was tried for the first time and was transferred to a
At the last trial, on 8 June 1415, thirty-nine sentences were read to him. Of these, twenty-six had been excerpted from his book on the Church (De ecclesia), seven from his treatise against Páleč (Contra Palecz), and six from that against Stanislav ze Znojma (Contra Stanislaum). The danger of some of these views to worldly power was explained to Sigismund to incite him against Hus. Hus again declared himself willing to submit if he could be convinced of errors. This declaration was considered an unconditional surrender, and he was asked to confess: 1. That he had erred in the theses which he had hitherto maintained; 2. That he renounced them for the future; 3. That he recanted them; and 4. That he declared the opposite of these sentences.
He asked to be exempted from recanting teachings which he had never taught. Other views, which the assembly considered erroneous, he was not willing to revoke and to act differently would be against his conscience. These words found no favorable reception. After the trial on 8 June, several other attempts were purportedly made to induce him to recant, which he resisted.[45]
Condemnation
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The condemnation of Jan Hus took place on 6 July 1415 in the presence of the assembly of the council in the cathedral. After the
An Italian prelate pronounced the sentence of condemnation upon Hus and his writings. Hus protested, saying that even at this hour he did not wish anything but to be convinced from Scripture.[citation needed] He fell upon his knees and asked God with a soft voice to forgive all his enemies.[citation needed] Then followed his degradation from the priesthood. He was dressed in priestly vestments and again asked to recant and again he refused. With curses, Hus's ornaments were taken from him, his priestly tonsure was destroyed. The judgment of the Church was pronounced:
This holy synod of Constance, seeing that God’s church has nothing more that it can do, relinquishes John Hus to the judgment of the secular authority and decrees that he is to be relinquished to the secular court.
— Council of Constance, Session 15 – 6 July 1415[46]
A tall paper hat was allegedly put upon his head with the inscription "Haeresiarcha" (i.e., the leader of a heretical movement).[47] Hus was led away to the stake under a strong guard of armed men.[48]
Before his execution, Hus is said to have declared, "You may kill a weak goose [Hus is Czech for "goose"], but more powerful birds, eagles and falcons, will come after me."[citation needed] Luther modified the statement and reported that Hus had said that they might have roasted a goose, but that in a hundred years a swan would sing to whom they be forced to listen. In 1546, in his funeral sermon for Luther, Johannes Bugenhagen gave a further twist to Hus's declaration: "You may burn a goose, but in a hundred years will come a swan you will not be able to burn." Twenty years later, in 1566, Johannes Mathesius, Luther's first biographer, found Hus's prophecy to be evidence of Luther's divine inspiration.[49]
Execution
At the place of execution, he knelt down, spread out his hands and prayed aloud. The executioner undressed Hus and tied his hands behind his back with ropes. His neck was bound with a chain to a stake around which wood and straw had been piled up so that it covered him to the neck. At the last moment, the imperial marshal, von Pappenheim, in the presence of the Count Palatine, asked Hus to recant and thus save his own life. Hus declined, stating:
God is my witness that the things charged against me I never preached. In the same truth of the Gospel which I have written, taught, and preached, drawing upon the sayings and positions of the holy doctors, I am ready to die today.[35]
Anecdotally, it has been said that the executioners had trouble intensifying the fire. An old woman then came to the stake and threw a relatively small amount of brushwood on it. Upon seeing her act, a suffering Hus then exclaimed, "O Sancta Simplicitas!" It is said that when he was about to expire, he cried out, "Christ, son of the Living God, have mercy on us!" (a variant of the Jesus Prayer). Hus's ashes were later thrown into the Rhine river as a means of preventing the veneration of his remains.
Aftermath
Bohemian Protest
As news of Hus's death spread outrage was brewing from the local nobles and doctors.[50] On 2 September 1415, a document now called the Bohemian Protest was signed with corresponding attached wax seals by 100 notable people from Bohemia and Moravia in protest of Jan Hus's burning. There is evidence that four documents of this kind were made in total, however only this one is known to survive and is currently held at the University of Edinburgh.[51] The statement inside reads that "Master John Hus was a good, just and catholic man" that "consistently detested all error and heresies" and that anyone that believed that heresy was arising within Bohemia or Moravia to be "the worst of traitors".[50]
Hussite Wars
Responding with horror to the execution of Hus, the people of Bohemia moved even more rapidly away from Papal teachings. Rome then pronounced a
The Hussite community included most of the Czech population of the Kingdom of Bohemia. Under the leadership of
Hus's scholarship and teachings
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Hus left reformatory writings. He translated Wycliffe's Trialogus and was very familiar with his works on the body of Jesus, the Church, and the power of the pope, as well as and especially with his sermons. There are reasons to suppose that Wycliffe's view of the Lord's Supper (consubstantiation rather than transubstantiation[53]) had spread to Prague as early as 1399, with strong evidence that students returning from England had brought the work back with them. It gained an even wider circulation after it had been prohibited in 1403, and Hus preached and taught it. The view was seized eagerly by the Taborites, who made it the central point of their system. According to their book, the Church is not the clerical hierarchy that was generally accepted as 'the Church'; the Church is the entire body of those who from eternity have been predestined for salvation. Christ, not the pope, is its head. It is no article of faith that one must obey the pope to be saved. Neither internal membership in the Church nor churchly offices and dignities are a surety that the persons in question are members of the true Church.
Hus's efforts were designed to rid the Church of its ethical abuses. The seeds of the Reformation are clear in Hus's and Wycliffe's writings. In explaining the plight of the average Christian in Bohemia, Hus wrote, "One pays for confession, for Mass, for the sacrament, for indulgences, for
Apology of the Catholic Church
Nearly six centuries later in 1999, Pope John Paul II expressed "deep regret for the cruel death inflicted" on Hus and added "deep sorrow" for Hus's death and praised his "moral courage".[55] Cardinal Miloslav Vlk of the Czech Republic was instrumental in crafting John Paul II's statement.[55] Members of the Moravian Church believe that it remains for God to judge those who were involved in the death of Hus.
Hus and the Czech language
The works of Jan Hus incorporate reforms to medieval
Legacy
A century after the
Jan Hus was a key contributor to Protestantism, whose teachings had a strong influence on the states of Europe and on Martin Luther.[62] The Hussite Wars resulted in the Basel Compacts, which allowed for a reformed Church in the Kingdom of Bohemia—almost a century before such developments would take place in the Lutheran Reformation. The Unitas Fratrum (or Moravian Church) is the modern-day home of Hus's followers.[63] Hus's extensive writings earned him a prominent place in Czech literary history.
In 1883 the Czech composer
Professor
Today, the Jan Hus Memorial is located at the Prague Old Town Square (Czech: Staroměstské náměstí), and there are many smaller memorials in other towns throughout the Czech Republic.
In New York City, a church in
A statue of Jan Hus was erected at the Union Cemetery in Bohemia, New York (on Long Island) by Czech immigrants to the New York area in 1893.
In contrast to the popular perception that Hus was a proto-Protestant, some Eastern Orthodox Christians have argued that his theology was far closer to Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Jan Hus is considered a martyr saint in some jurisdictions of the Orthodox Church.[65] The Czechoslovak Hussite Church claims to trace its origin to Hus, to be "neo-Hussite", and contains mixed Eastern Orthodox and Protestant elements. Nowadays, he is considered a saint by the orthodox churches of Greece, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, and several others.[66]
Hus was voted the greatest hero of the Czech nation in a 2015 survey by Czech Radio.[67]
In popular culture
Hus appears in the Mezi proudy trilogy by writer Alois Jirásek.
Jan Hus is a major character of the "Hussite Revolutionary Trilogy" directed by
Jan Hus is played by Rod Colbin in the 1977 American film John Hus.
Jan Hus is a major character in the stage play České nebe.
The Czech television film Jan Hus was released in 2015. It starred Matěj Hádek.
Hus appears in the 2022 film Medieval played by Viktor Krištof.
The lives of Hus and Petr Chelčický are the subject of the 2014 Hus a Chelčický book for older children, written and illustrated by Renáta Fučíková. The book won the Association of Czech Graphic Artists HOLLAR award for its illustrations.[68]
Holidays commemorating Hus
- Moravian Church – 6 July. Members of the Unitas Fratrum and Czech Brethren claim Hus as a spiritual forerunner.
- public holiday in the Czech Republic.
- He is also commemorated as a martyr on the Calendar of Saints of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.[69]
Famous followers of Jan Hus
- Jerome of Prague, Hus's friend and devoted follower shared his fate and on 30 May 1416 was also burned at Konstanz
- Jan Kardinál z Rejnštejna (1375–1428) (German: Johannes Cardinalis von Bergreichenstein)[70]
- Jan Žižka z Trocnova a Kalicha (c. 1360–1424), Czech general and Hussite leader
- Matěj z Knína (died 26 March 1410) (in German: Matthäus von Knin)
- Mikuláš of Pelhřimov (1385 Pelhřimov – 1460 Poděbrady) (in Latin: Nicolaus Pilgramensis, in German: Nikolaus von Pelgrims)
- Unitas Fratrum prior to its renewal and a pastor in the Moravian Church. Early champion of universal education, and education in one's mother language.
Gallery
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Portrait of Jan Hus, 16th century
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Painting of Jan Hus at the Council of Constance by Václav Brožík (1883)
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Preparing the execution of Jan Hus
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Alphonse Mucha: Master Jan Hus Preaching at the Bethlehem Chapel: Truth prevails, 1916; part of the 20-painting work, The Slav Epic
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Bethlehem Chapel (exterior) in Prague
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Bethlehem Chapel (interior) in Prague
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Medallion portrait of Jan Hus
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Preparing to burn Jan Hus at the stake
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Medallion of Jan Hus, showing his portrait and execution
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Profile of Jan Hus on theGiordano Bruno Statue
Works
- Iohannes Hus. Postilla adumbrata, ed. G. Silagi (Corpus Christianorum. Continuatio Mediaevalis 261), Turnhout: Brepols Publishers (ISBN 978-2-503-55275-0)
- David S. Schaff, translator, New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1915.
- Letters of John Huss Written During His Exile and Imprisonment, Jan Hus; Campbell Mackenzie, translator, Edinburgh, William Whyte & co., 1846
- The letters of John Hus, Jan Hus; Herbert B. Workman; R. Martin Pope, London, Hodder and Stoughton, 1904.
- The Letters of John Hus, Jan Hus; Matthew Spinka, translator.
- The Letters of John Hus
See also
- Orthographia bohemica, a treatise thought to have been written by Jan Hus
- Jan Hus Presbyterian Church, a New York City parish of the Presbyterian Church (USA) and named after Jan Hus
Notes
- ^ "John Wycliffe may be thought of as the theorist of ecclesiastical Reformation, but Hus is considered the first church reformer, the antecedent of Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli, as such. His teachings had a strong influence on the states of Western Europe in the formation of a reformist Bohemian religious denomination and, more than a century later, on Martin Luther himself. Hus was burned at the stake for heresy against the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church, including those on ecclesiology, the Eucharist, and other theological dogma."[1]
References
Citations
- ^ Lamport, Forrest & Whaley 2019, p. 227.
- ISBN 978-1-4982-0698-3. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
- ISBN 978-1-5326-5125-0. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
- ^ Walker, Williston (2014). A History of the Christian Church. Ravenio Books. p. 56. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
- ISBN 978-1-107-09588-5. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
- ^ a b Gillett 1863, pp. 464–466.
- ^ a b Kuhns 1907, p. 40.
- ^ a b Lützow 1909, p. 64.
- ^ Gillett 1863, p. 43.
- ^ Kuhns 1907, p. 64.
- ^ Lützow 1909, p. 65.
- ^ Gillett 1863, p. 44.
- ^ Gillett 1863, pp. 43–44.
- ^ Fudge 2010, p. 9.
- ^ Gilpin 1809, p. 141.
- ^ Gillett 1863, pp. 44–45.
- ^ Gillett 1863, pp. 46–48.
- ^ Gillett 1863, pp. 47–50.
- ^ Lützow 1909, pp. 70–71.
- ^ Gilpin 1809, p. 142.
- ^ Lützow 1909, pp. 73–76.
- OCLC 975125037.
- ISBN 9780191727795.
- ^ Kuhns 1907, p. 43.
- ^ Kuhns 1907, p. 47.
- ^ Kuhns 1907, pp. 45–46.
- ^ a b c d Wilhelm 1910.
- ^ Gillett 1863, pp. 76–78.
- ^ Gilpin 1809, p. 143.
- ^ Gillett 1863, pp. 140–141.
- ^ Hus 1372–1415, p. 69.
- ^ Kuhns & Dickie 2017, pp. 67–70.
- ^ Fudge 2010, pp. 97–100.
- ^ "Archaeological and Historical Evidence – Falling Away from the Pure Gospel of Jesus Christ". www.supportingevidences.net. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
- ^ a b Schaff 1953, pp. 415–420.
- ^ Herzog, Johann Jakob; Hauck, Albert; Jackson, Samuel Macauley; Sherman, Charles Colebrook; Gilmore, George William (1909). The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge: Embracing Biblical, Historical, Doctrinal, and Practical Theology and Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Biography from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. Funk and Wagnalls Company. pp. 416.
Archbishop Albik tried to persuade Hus to give up his opposition to the papal bulls and the king made an unsuccessful attempt to reconcile the two parties.
- ^ Kuhns 1907, p. 75.
- ^ Kuhns 1907, pp. 77–78.
- ISBN 978-8024615929.
- ^ Nodl 2010, pp. 530–531.
- ^ Šmahel 2013, p. 143.
- ^ Lützow 1909, pp. 224–228.
- ^ Fudge 2010, pp. 125–127.
- ^ Shahan 1908, p. III.
- ^ Kuhns 1907, pp. 126–127.
- ^ Fathers, Council (5 November 1414). "Council of Constance 1414-18 Council Fathers". Papal Encyclicals.
- ^ De Schweinitz, Edmund (1885). The History of the Church Known as the Unitas Fratrum: Or the Unity of the Brethren, Founded by the Followers of John Hus, the Bohemian Reformer and Martyr. Bethlehem, PA.: Moravian Publication Office. p. 74.
- ^ "Huss, John, Hussites". www.ccel.org. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
- JSTOR 650648.
- ^ a b Cuthbertson, David (1913). The Protest Against the Burning of John Huss. London: Alexander Moring Limited. p. 11.
- ^ "Bohemian Protest, Recto". ED. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
- ^ Lützow 1914, pp. 177–79.
- ^ Lechler 1904, p. 381.
- ^ Macek 1958, p. 16.
- ^ a b Allen, John L. Jr. (15 September 2009). "The German shepherd bids farewell to a 'wolf in winter'". National Catholic Reporter.
- ^ Václavík 2010, p. 53.
- ^ a b "Protestantism in Bohemia and Moravia (Czech Republic)".
- ^ "Tab 7.1 Population by religious belief and by municipality size groups" (PDF) (in Czech). Czso.cz. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
- ^ "Tab 7.2 Population by religious belief and by regions" (PDF) (in Czech). Czso.cz. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
- ISBN 978-0-470-29323-2.[page needed]
- ISBN 9781565183001. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
- ^ Oberman & Walliser-Schwarzbart 2006, pp. 54–55.
- ^ "The Origin & Growth". Unitas Fratrum. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
- ISBN 978-80-87173-47-3, pp. 17–25, 33–45, 70–76, 159–184, 187–199
- ^ "Jan Hus, Jerome of Prague and Orthodoxy in Czechia & Slovakia". Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
- ^ "More and More People in Czechia and Slovakia Are Giving Preference to the Orthodox Church".
- ^ "Anketa: Kdo Je Pro Vás hrdina.cz?". www.rozhlas.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^ "Výsledky 2014". Památník národního písemnictví. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
- ^ "Český statistický úřad". Archived from the original on 3 November 2014.
- ^ "Jan Kardinál z Rejnštejna". Phil.muni.cz. Retrieved 5 September 2008.
Sources
- Fudge, Thomas A. (2010). Jan Hus: Religious Reform and Social Revolution in Bohemia. Adams County Public Library: I.B. Tauris.
- Gillett, E.H. (1863). The life and times of John Huss; or, The Bohemian reformation of the fifteenth century (pt.1). Princeton Theological Seminary Library: Gould and Lincoln.
- Gilpin, William (1809). The Lives of the Reformers. Princeton Theological Seminary Library: T. Cadell and W. Davies.
- Oberman, Heiko Augustinus; Walliser-Schwarzbart (2006). Luther: Man Between God and the Devil. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10313-1.
- Hus, Jan (1372–1415). The Letters of John Hus. Trinity College-University of Toronto: Hodder and Stoughton.
- Kuhns, Oscar (1907). John Huss: The Witness. Cincinnati; New York: Jennings & Graham; Eaton & Mains – via New York Public Library.
- Kuhns, Oscar; Dickie, Robert (2017). Jan Hus: Reformation in Bohemia. Morrisville, NC: Lulu. ISBN 978-1-87255629-1.
- Lützow, Francis (1909). The Life & Times of Master John Hus. Princeton Theological Seminary Library: E.P. Dutton.
- Lützow, Francis (1914). The Hussite Wars. Toronto Public Library: London:Dent, New York:Dutton.
- Lechler, Gotthard Victor (1904). John Wycliffe and His English Precursors. Religious Tract Society. p. 381.
- Macek, Josef (1958), The Hussite Movement in Bohemia, Prague: Orbis
- Nodl, Martin (2010). Horníčková, Kateřina; Šroněk, Michal (eds.). Umění české reformace (1380–1620) [The Art of the Bohemian Reformation (1380–1620)]. Praha: Academia. ISBN 978-80-200-1879-3.
- Schaff, Philip (1953). "Huss, John, Hussites". The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge.
- Shahan, Thomas Joseph (1908). . Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 4.
- Šmahel, František (2013). Jan Hus : život a dílo [Jan Hus: Life and Work] (in Czech). Praha: Argo. ISBN 978-80-257-0875-0.
- Václavík, David (2010). Náboženství a moderní česká společnost [Religion and Modern Czech Society] (in Czech). Grada Publishing a.s. p. 53. ISBN 9788024724683.
- Wilhelm, Joseph (1910). The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Further reading
- Budgen, Victor. "On Fire For God." Evangelical Press, 2007.
- Jan Blahoslav Lášek and Angelo Shaun Franklin, Jan Hus: Faithful Witness to Truth (Rowman and Littlefield: 2022).
- Richard Friedenthal: Jan Hus. Der Ketzer und das Jahrhundert der Revolutionskriege. 2. Auflage 1987, ISBN 3-492-10331-6
- Fudge, Thomas A. Jan Hus: Religious Reform and Social Revolution in Bohemia, I.B. Tauris, London, 2010
- Fudge, Thomas A. The Memory and Morivation of Jan Hus, Medieval Priest and Martyr, Turnhout, Brepols, 2013
- Fudge, Thomas A. The Trial of Jan Hus: Medieval Heresy and Criminal Procedure, Oxford University Press, New York, 2013
- Fudge, Thomas A. nJan Hus Between Time and Eternity: Reconsidering a Medieval Heretic, Lexington Books, Lanham, MD, 2016
- Fudge, Thomas A. Living With Jan Hus: A Modern Journey Across a Medieval Landscape, Center for Christian Studies, Portland, OR, 2015
- Count Lützow: Life & Times of Master John Hus, E. P. Dutton & Co. London, 1909
- Pietro Ratto: Il gioco dell'oca. I retroscena segreti del processo al riformatore Jan Hus, Bibliotheka Edizioni [it], Rome, 2020. ISBN 978-88-6934-644-6
- Philip Schaff-Herzog: Encyclopedia of Religion
- Spinka, Matthew (1972). The Letters of John Hus. Totowa, OCLC 590290.
- ——— (1968). John Hus: A Biography. Princeton, NJ: OCLC 441706.
- ——— (1966). John Hus' Concept of the Church. Princeton, NJ: OCLC 390635.
- Matthew Spinka: John Hus at the Council of Constance Columbia University Press, 1965 (Includes the eye-witness account by Peter of Mladonovice)
- Wilhelm, J. (1910). Jan Hus. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 16 May 2011 from New Advent.
External links
- John Hus, a movie produced by Faith for Today (1977)
- Jan Hus, a Czechoslovak movie directed by Otakar Vávra (1955)
- Hussitism and the heritage of Jan Hus Archived 30 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine – Official Website of the Czech Republic
- Final Declaration written on 1 July 1415 – Modern History Sourcebook, Fordham University
- Letters of John Huss Written During His Exile and Imprisonment, with a preface by Martin Luther, by Jan Hus, François Paul Émile Boisnormand de Bonnechose, tr. Campbell Mackenzie, Edinburgh, William Whyte & Co., 1846
- Works by Jan Hus at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- The life and times of John Huss "btm" format
- Bohemian Reformation and Religious Practice – online translation of a Czech academic journal
- Jan Hus and the Hussite Wars on Medieval Archives Podcast
- Jan Hus Centre (historical Jan Hus Birth-house in Husinec, Czech Republic)