Kunming
This article needs additional citations for verification. (June 2016) |
Kunming
昆明市 | |
---|---|
Chenggong | |
Admin units | |
Government | |
• Type | Cwb |
Home to | Karst wonders |
Website | www |
Symbols | |
Flower | Camellia japonica |
Tree | Magnolia denudata |
Kunming | ||
---|---|---|
Hanyu Pinyin Kūnmíng | | |
Bopomofo | ㄎㄨㄣ ㄇㄧㄥˊ | |
Gwoyeu Romatzyh | Kuenming | |
Wade–Giles | Kʻun1-ming2 | |
Tongyong Pinyin | Kunmíng | |
IPA | [kʰwə́n.mǐŋ] | |
Wu | ||
Romanization | Khuen1min1 | |
Yue: Cantonese | ||
Yale Romanization | Gwān-mìhng | |
Jyutping | Gwan1-ming4 | |
IPA | [kʷɐn˥.meŋ˩] | |
Southern Min | ||
Hokkien POJ | Khun-bêng |
Former names | |
---|---|
Yunnan-Fu (former name used during imperial dynasties) | |
Hanyu Pinyin | Yúnnánfǔ |
Bopomofo | ㄩㄣˊ ㄋㄢˊ ㄈㄨˇ |
Wade–Giles | Yün2-nan2-fu3 |
Tongyong Pinyin | Yúnnánfǔ |
IPA | [yn.nǎn.fù] |
Kunming
Kunming consists of an old, previously walled city, a modern commercial district, residential zones, and university areas. The city is also one of the major centers for scientific research and education in Southwestern China. As of 2023, it was listed among the top 125 cities in the world by scientific research output.[5] The city has an astronomical observatory, and its institutions of higher learning include Yunnan University, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Normal University, Yunnan Agricultural University and Southwest Forestry University. On the northeast mountainous outskirt is a bronze temple dating from the Ming dynasty, the largest of its kind in China.
Kunming is also one of the major economic centers in Western China. The city's economic importance derives from its geographical position, as it shares a border with various
Etymology
The name "Kunming" evolved from an ancient ethnicity named
A 2009 research paper proposes that the name "Kunming" of Kunming Yi is a cognate word of "Khmer" and "Khmu" that originally meant 'people'.[9]
History
Early history
Kunming long profited from its position on the caravan roads through to Southeast Asia, India and Tibet. Early townships in the southern edge of Lake Dian (outside the contemporary city perimeter) can be dated back to 279 BC, although they have been long lost to history. Early settlements in the area around Lake Dian date back to Neolithic times. The Dian Kingdom, whose original language likely belonged to the Tibeto-Burman languages, was also established near the area.[10]
Dian was subjugated by the Chinese Han dynasty under the reign of Emperor Wu of Han in 109 BC. The Han dynasty incorporated the territory of the Dian Kingdom into their Yizhou Commandery, but left the King of Dian as the local ruler.[11]
The Han dynasty (205 BC–AD 220), seeking control over the Southern Silk Road running to Burma and India, brought small parts of Yunnan into China's orbit, though subsequent dynasties could do little to tame what was then a remote and wild borderland.[contradictory] During the Sui dynasty (581–618), two military expeditions were launched against the area, and it was renamed Kunzhou in Chinese sources.[12]
Medieval China
Founded in 765, Kunming was known to the Chinese as Tuodong (拓東) city in the
Ming and Qing dynasties
In the 14th century, Kunming was retaken from Khan Mongolian control when the
The area was first dubbed Kunming in the period towards the decline of the Yuan dynasty and later still in 1832, the beginnings of a real city were acknowledged within the city walls and significant structures within their confines. Founding of the city can therefore be said to have been a predominantly 19th century affair. It was also in this century that the city grew to become the major market and transport centre for the region. [citation needed] Many of the city's inhabitants were displaced as a result of the 1833 Kunming earthquake.
The rebel leader
Kunming was a
After Qing dynasty
"In the late 1800s, the French started to build the Kunming-Haiphong railway for trade and shipping of weapons".[18]
Kunming reverted to county status in 1912, under the name Kunming, and became a municipality in 1935. [
Kunming became a
The local warlord General Tang Jiyao established the Wujiaba Aerodrome in 1922; an additional 23 airports would be established in Yunnan from 1922 to 1929.[19]
Second World War (1937-1945)
Kunming was transformed into a modern city as a result of fighting of the Second Sino-Japanese War/World War II in 1937 with the outbreak of the Battles of Shanghai, Nanking and Taiyuan, forcing a great movement of refugees from the north and eastern coastal regions of China,[21] bringing much commerce and industry into the southwest of China, including Kunming. They carried dismantled industrial plants with them, which were then re-erected beyond the range of Japanese bombers. [citation needed] In addition, a number of universities and institutes of higher education were evacuated there. The increased trade and expertise quickly established Kunming as an industrial and manufacturing base for the wartime government in Chongqing. [citation needed]
As the battles of Shanghai, Taiyuan and
Although the Empire of Japan was focusing on ending the Chinese war of resistance at the
When the city of
Kunming, the northern terminus of all three of the Burma Road, the Ledo Road, and The Hump supply-line, was increasingly targeted by the IJAAF. When the Burma Road was lost to the Japanese, the Hump became China's primary lifeline to the outside world. The 1st American Volunteer Group, known as the "Flying Tigers", was based in Kunming and tasked with defense of The Hump supply-line against Japanese aerial interceptions.[27]
Industry became important in Kunming during World War II. The large state-owned Central Machine Works[28] was transferred there from Hunan, while the manufacture of electrical products, copper, cement, steel, paper, and textiles expanded.
After World War II
Until 1952, Kunming was a walled city. The city government in 1952 ordered hundreds of young people to tear down the wall and use its bricks to make a new road running north–south. To show its appreciation for the young people that demolished the east wall, the city government named the new street after them. The existence of the walls still echoes today at place names like Xiao Ximen (小西门; 'Lesser west gate') and Beimen Jie (北门街; 'North gate Street'). There are also less obvious connections to the wall, such as Qingnian Lu (青年路; 'Youth Road'), in the location of Kunming's east wall.
After 1949, Kunming developed rapidly into an
In 1957, Kunming's rail link to Hanoi was re-opened (after being cut during World War II). It was cut again in 1979.
Since the
The rail link to Vietnam re-opened again in 1996.
In July 2005, the second
Infrastructure improvements have been underway to improve links between Kunming and Southeast Asia in time for the 2010 China-ASEAN Free Trade Area. The FTA is expected to make Kunming a trade and financial center for Southeast Asia. In addition to physical improvements to enhance Kunming's trade with Southeast Asia, the central and provincial governments have made financial preparations to assist the city's emergence. At the end of 2004, the central government approved Kunming to be one of the 18 mainland cities in which foreign banks could conduct business in renminbi. [citation needed]
In the 1980s and 1990s, the city center was rebuilt, with Swiss help, in its current 'modern' style to impress visitors attending the 1999 World Horticultural Exposition.[29] It was primarily during 1997 and 1998 that much of the city's roads, bridges and high rises were built.
The World Horticultural Expo was widely regarded as a public relations success for Kunming.[citation needed] Today the after-effects of the Expo are apparent in more than just the physical improvements to the city—it was the Expo that made the outside world take notice of Kunming, which was relatively unknown at the time.[dubious ]
In July 2006, talks at the
On 1 March 2014, 29 people were killed, and more than 130 were injured at Kunming Railway Station in a terrorist attack.[31]
Geography
Kunming is located in east-central Yunnan province. It is located between north latitude 24°23' and 26°22' N, and east longitude 102°10' and 103°40' E, with a total area of 21,600 square kilometres (8,340 square miles). Its widest stretch from the east to the west amounts to 140 kilometres (87 miles) and its largest expansion from the north to the south amounts to 220 kilometres (137 miles).
Situated in a fertile lake basin on the northern shore of the
About 96 km (60 mi) southeast of the city centre is the
Climate
Located at an elevation of 1,890 metres (6,200 feet) on the
Climate data for Kunming (1991–2020 normals) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 23.3 (73.9) |
25.6 (78.1) |
28.2 (82.8) |
30.4 (86.7) |
31.3 (88.3) |
30.0 (86.0) |
30.3 (86.5) |
30.3 (86.5) |
30.4 (86.7) |
27.4 (81.3) |
25.3 (77.5) |
25.1 (77.2) |
31.3 (88.3) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 16.3 (61.3) |
18.5 (65.3) |
21.8 (71.2) |
24.3 (75.7) |
25.2 (77.4) |
25.4 (77.7) |
24.8 (76.6) |
25.0 (77.0) |
23.5 (74.3) |
21.1 (70.0) |
18.7 (65.7) |
16.0 (60.8) |
23.5 (74.3) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 9.3 (48.7) |
11.5 (52.7) |
14.8 (58.6) |
17.8 (64.0) |
19.6 (67.3) |
20.7 (69.3) |
20.5 (68.9) |
20.2 (68.4) |
18.8 (65.8) |
16.2 (61.2) |
12.5 (54.5) |
9.5 (49.1) |
16.0 (60.8) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 4.0 (39.2) |
5.8 (42.4) |
8.9 (48.0) |
12.0 (53.6) |
14.9 (58.8) |
17.3 (63.1) |
17.6 (63.7) |
17.2 (63.0) |
15.7 (60.3) |
12.9 (55.2) |
8.2 (46.8) |
4.8 (40.6) |
11.6 (52.9) |
Record low °C (°F) | −2.8 (27.0) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
2.0 (35.6) |
5.5 (41.9) |
10.8 (51.4) |
11.6 (52.9) |
11.5 (52.7) |
6.2 (43.2) |
4.0 (39.2) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 23.8 (0.94) |
11.9 (0.47) |
19.6 (0.77) |
25.4 (1.00) |
80.1 (3.15) |
173.1 (6.81) |
215.7 (8.49) |
195.9 (7.71) |
119.3 (4.70) |
82.4 (3.24) |
30.1 (1.19) |
13.7 (0.54) |
991.0 (39.02) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 4.3 | 3.7 | 5.4 | 6.5 | 11.1 | 16.5 | 19.7 | 18.9 | 13.9 | 12.0 | 5.3 | 3.7 | 121.0 |
Average snowy days | 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 2.1 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
66 | 58 | 54 | 55 | 64 | 75 | 79 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 74 | 71 | 69 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 223.6 | 223.9 | 253.3 | 252.2 | 217.2 | 148.0 | 122.6 | 142.9 | 127.1 | 143.2 | 191.5 | 195.4 | 2,240.9 |
Percent possible sunshine | 67 | 70 | 68 | 66 | 52 | 36 | 29 | 36 | 35 | 40 | 59 | 60 | 52 |
Source: China Meteorological Administration[34][35] |
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
See or edit raw graph data.
Natural resources
Mineral resources include phosphorus, salt, magnesium, titanium, coal, quartz sand, clay, silica, copper. Phosphorus and salt mines are the most plentiful. Kunyang Phosphorus Mine is one of the three major
Proven reserves of
Environment and horticulture
Kunming has 2,585 hectares (6,390 acres) of lawns, trees and flowers, averaging 4.96 square metres (53.4 square feet) per capita and a green space rate of 21.7 percent. The city's smoke control area is 115 square kilometres (44 square miles) and noise control area 87 square kilometres (34 square miles). [citation needed]
Kunming is a significant horticultural center in China, providing products such as grain, wheat, horsebeans, corn, potato and fruit such as peaches, apples, oranges, grapes and chestnuts. [
The camellia was confirmed by the Municipality of Kunming as its city flower in 1983.
The Kunming city government plans to create an environmental trial court to deal with environment-related lawsuits. It is to be part of the city's intermediate people's court and will have jurisdiction over appeals by companies that have been found guilty of violating environmental laws in cities throughout Yunnan.[38]
Demographics
The population of
National name | Han |
Yi | Hui |
Bai | Hmong | Hani | Zhuang | Dai | Lisu | Naxi |
Others |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population | 5,542,394 | 444,261 | 158,384 | 82,560 | 59,925 | 25,807 | 23,283 | 20,831 | 19,756 | 11,010 | 43,998 |
Proportion of total population (%) | 86.17 | 6.91 | 2.46 | 1.28 | 0.93 | 0.40 | 0.36 | 0.32 | 0.31 | 0.17 | 0.68 |
Proportion of minority population (%) | --- | 49.93 | 17.80 | 9.28 | 6.73 | 2.90 | 2.62 | 2.34 | 2.22 | 1.24 | 4.94 |
Cityscape
The city center has three major squares and five major streets: Jinma Biji Square, Nanping Square and Dongfeng Square along with Nanping Jie, Jinbi Lu, Renmin Lu, Zhengyi Lu and Jingxin Jie. Qingnian Lu, Zhengyi Lu, and Renmin Lu are the main commercial areas in Kunming; the most popular pedestrian streets are Nanping Jie, Jingxing Birds-Flowers' Market, and Jinma Biji Fang.
Kunming's public focus is the huge square outside the now-demolished Workers' Cultural Hall at the Beijing Lu-Dongfeng Lu intersection, where in the mornings there are crowds doing
The center is an area of importance to Kunming's Hui population, with Shuncheng Jie, one of the last old streets in the center of the city, previously forming a Muslim quarter. Until shortly before 2005, this street was full of wind-dried beef and mutton carcasses, pitta bread and raisin sellers, and huge woks of roasting coffee beans being stirred with shovels. [citation needed] Under Kunming's rapid modernisation, however, the street has been demolished to make way for apartments and shopping centers. Rising behind a supermarket one block north off Zhengyi Lu, Nancheng Qingzhen Si is the city's new mosque, its green dome and chevron-patterned minaret visible from afar and built on the site of an earlier Qing edifice.
Running west off Zhengyi Jie just past the mosque, Jingxing Jie leads into one of the more bizarre corners of the city, with Kunming's huge Bird and Flower Market convening daily in the streets connecting it with the northerly, parallel Guanghua Jie. The market offers many plants such as
Jinbi Lu runs roughly parallel to and south of Dongfeng Lu, reached from Beijing Lu. Two large
Parks
Kunming's zoo, founded in 1950, is adjoined to Yuantong Park. The zoo houses 5,000 animals from 140 species and receives 3 million visitors a year.[41]
Other parks in Kunming include
Landmarks
The "Garden of the World Horticultural Exposition", located in the northern suburbs of Kunming, is six kilometres (3.7 miles) from central Kunming. From 1 May to 31 October 1999, Kunming held the 1999 World Horticulture Exposition, with the theme of "Man and Nature—Marching Toward the 21st Century".
The "
Notable museums in Kunming:
- Yunnan Provincial Museum
- Kunming City Museum(redeveloped in 2014)
- Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology (opened in November 2006)
- Yunnan Ethnology Museum(opened 1995)
Administrative divisions
The prefecture-level city of Kunming has jurisdiction over 14 subdivisions; seven districts, one county-level city, three counties and three autonomous counties. Kunming also borders with Panzhihua prefecture level city and Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan province.
Kunming plans to add two new districts to its existing four urban districts (Panlong, Wuhua, Guandu, Xishan) over the next few years.
Map | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wuhua Panlong Guandu Xishan Dongchuan Chenggong Jinning Anning (city) | ||||||
Name | Simplified Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Population (2020 census) |
Area (km2) | Density (/km2) | |
City Proper | ||||||
Chenggong District
|
呈贡区 | Chénggòng Qū | 649,501 | 510 | 1,273.5 | |
Panlong District
|
盘龙区 | Pánlóng Qū | 987,955 | 869 | 1,136.9 | |
Wuhua District
|
五华区 | Wǔhuá Qū | 1,143,085 | 315 | 3,628.8 | |
Guandu District
|
官渡区 | Guāndù Qū | 1,602,279 | 633 | 2,531.2 | |
Xishan District
|
西山区 | Xīshān Qū | 960,746 | 880 | 1,091.8 | |
Suburban and satellite city | ||||||
Jinning District
|
晋宁区 | Jìnníng Qū | 346,268 | 1,337 | 259.0 | |
Dongchuan District
|
东川区 | Dōngchuān Qū | 260,744 | 1,866 | 139.7 | |
Anning city
|
安宁市 | Ānníng Shì | 483,753 | 1,303 | 371.2 | |
Rural | ||||||
Fumin County | 富民县 | Fùmín Xiàn | 149,506 | 1,060 | 141 | |
Yiliang County | 宜良县 | Yíliáng Xiàn | 384,875 | 1,913 | 201 | |
Songming County | 嵩明县 | Sōngmíng Xiàn | 410,929 | 826 | 497.5 | |
Shilin Yi Autonomous County | 石林彝族自治县 | Shílín Yízú Zìzhìxiàn | 240,827 | 1,680 | 143.3 | |
Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County | 禄劝彝族苗族自治县 | Lùquàn Yízú Miáozú Zìzhìxiàn | 378,881 | 4,234 | 89.5 | |
Xundian Hui and Yi Autonomous County | 寻甸回族彝族自治县 | Xúndiàn Huízú Yízú Zìzhìxiàn | 460,739 | 3,588 | 128.4 |
Society and culture
Leisure and entertainment
Within Kunming, the entertainment district has its focus around Kundu Square, with many cinemas, bars, clubs and restaurants. Food aside, one feature of less formal
Language
The Kunming dialect is very similar to that of Sichuan and Guizhou but uses the third tone much less than standard Chinese. Many terms are used only in Kunming dialect, such as "板扎" meaning 'terrific'.
The pronunciations of certain Chinese characters are very different from Mandarin Chinese. For example, "鱼 (fish)" would be pronounced as "yi" in Kunming dialect instead of "yu" in Mandarin Chinese; "街 (street)" would be pronounced as "gai" instead of "jie".
When someone speaks Mandarin Chinese with a strong Kunming accent, it'll be called Mapu (马普), short for Majie (马街, a place in Kunming) Mandarin Chinese.
The Kunming Dialect is slowly dying due to it being 'informal' and is being replaced by Mandarin Chinese. Nevertheless, it is still spoken by a decent amount of residents today. Sometimes this is called dirt language or slum language (土话)
Tourism
Kunming attracts domestic and foreign tourists year-round. At the center of Yunnan and as its capital, Kunming is also a
Conference and exhibition venues in Kunming include the Kunming International Convention and Exhibition Center and the Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Hall.
Kingdom of the Little People, a theme park featuring performers with dwarfism, is also located near Kunming.[42]
Other famous attractions include Stone Forest and Yunnan's Ethnic Village.
Sports
Every year, many Chinese and international athletes come to Kunming for high-altitude training. The city has been China's national high-elevation training base for more than 30 years. There are two major training complexes, Hongta Sports Center and Haigeng National Training Center.[43]
Hongta Sports Center was built in 2000 by Hongta (Red Pagoda) cigarette company, at a cost of US$58 million. Located near Haigeng Park, the complex is mostly used by professional athletes, but also acts as a sports club for the general public. Every weekend, it hosts amateur football matches. Aside from about 10 football pitches, including one surrounded by a running track, Hongta also has a 50-metre (160-foot) swimming pool, a badminton gymnasium, tennis courts and a basketball court. It also has one of China's few ice hockey rinks, and a workout room with treadmills and weightlifting machines. There are also game rooms for air hockey; also pool tables and a basement bowling alley. The complex comes complete with a 101-room hotel and restaurant.[43]
Haigeng National Training Center is located ten minutes away from Hongta on Dianchi (Lake Dian) near Kunming's award-winning Lakeview Golf Club and new condominium developments. This complex dates from the late 1970s and was built by the government specifically to specialize in high-altitude training.[43]
Golf
Golf is a major attraction in Kunming. There are four golf courses within an hour's drive of downtown. For the last six years [when?], Spring City Golf and Lake Resort in nearby Yiliang County has reigned as the best golf course in China and Hong Kong according to US Golf Digest. In 2004, it was named Asia's best golf resort by Asian Golf Monthly.[44] It hosts the Kunming Leg of the Omega China Tour.
Kunming has attracted foreign investment in golf course development. "Spring City" Golf Resort is a US$600 million project that began as an investment led by Singapore's Keppel Land Group in 1992.
Sport facilities
Major sports facilities include:
- Tuodong Sports Center, a multi-purpose venue
- Golf: Spring City Golf and Lake Resort, its 'Mountain Course' was designed by Jack Nicklaus
- Lakeview Golf Villa
- Cuihu Parktennis courts
- Kunming Municipal Athletic Center
- Kunming Gymnasium
- Hongta Yunnan Football Club
- Wuhua District Stadium
Economy
Kunming has three economic advantages over other cities in southwest China: significant natural resources, a large
Kunming's chief industries are
In May 1995, the State Council approved Kunming as an Open City. By the end of 1995, the city had approved 929 overseas-funded enterprises with a total investment of $2.3 billion including $1.1 billion of foreign capital. More than 40 projects each had an investment of more than $9 million.
Kunming is a center of
Development zones
Kunming has two major development zones, Kunming High-tech Industrial Development Zone (biological medicine, new materials, electronic information, photoelectron, agriculture) and Kunming Economic and Technology Development Zone (mechanical equipment production, biological science and food industry, information industry, software).
Industrial parks
There are 30 key industrial parks promulgated and recognized by National Development and Reform Commission in Yunnan Province.[45]
The largest include:
- Chenggong Industrial Park
- Anning Industrial Park
- Songming Yanglin Industrial Development Zone
- Dongchuan Special Industrial Park
- Xundian Special Industrial Park
- Kunming Haikou Industrial Park.
Companies
As of 2008[update], Kunming is home to 65 of the Top 100 Enterprises in Yunnan Province. The top 100 enterprises were based on their revenues for 2007.
sector remains the largest sector in the province.Flower industry
Yunnan has developed into the largest flower export base in Asia, with many Dutch experts having transferred technology to the area. The Dounan Flower Market, located in suburban Kunming, is the largest in China with daily sales of 2.5 million yuan (US$300,000) from the 2 million sprays of flowers (as of 2006[update]). The provincial government agency, the Yunnan Flower Association, regulates the industry.[46]
Logistics
Kunming East Station is at present Yunnan province's only container handling depot, with direct links to only three provinces; Guangdong, Guizhou and Sichuan. It also has direct access to the metropolitan district of Chongqing.
The Jiaying Depot is connected with the new system of highways built linking Yunnan to the increasingly important markets of Southeast Asia, facilitating cheap Chinese exports to the region and granting resource-poor China greater access to the region's massive raw material resources. Yunnan has thereby become a progressively important area in the Southwest's rail logistics both in terms of national and international logistics.
Solar energy
In July 2008, Kunming began to implement a program to transform the city's solar energy industry into a US$8.8 billion industrial base in China by 2013. Kunming receives an annual average sunshine of more than 2,400 hours. Each 1 kW PV system has the potential to generate 1500 kilowatt-hours of electricity a year from solar energy. [citation needed]
As of 2007[update], the Kunming Economic Committee listed about 130 solar energy enterprises in the city. Of these, 118 enterprises produce solar lamps and solar water heaters, with a combined total production value of about US$43.8 million, and 10 enterprises are engaged in solar photovoltaic cells manufacturing, with a total production value of about US$51.2 million.[47]
Suntech Power announced in December 2008 that it was jointly constructing a solar energy project with Yunnan Provincial Power Investment and other investors. The 1MW first-phase of the Shilin 66MW on-grid solar power station began generating power on 28 December 2009. The initial phase of the 66MW project was originally scheduled to start production in first half of 2010 while the 20MW second phase and 36 MW third phase were under construction.
Transport
This section is written like a encyclopedic style or move the content to Wikivoyage . (December 2011) |
Kunming is situated on the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau. Rail and air are the main two methods to travel to or from Kunming from outside Yunnan.
Air transport
Kunming has air connections with several Chinese and Southeast Asian cities. Kunming is served by Kunming Changshui International Airport (KMG), which opened in June 2012, replacing the older international airport, which was located 4–5 km (2.5–3.1 mi) southeast of central Kunming.
The now defunct
Currently, the longest non-stop flight from Kunming is to Paris, France, operated by China Eastern Airlines since 18 December 2014.[48]
Highway
Rail
Kunming is the main rail hub of Yunnan province. The
Kunming has three major railway stations:
- Kunming railway station is at the southern end of Beijing Xi Lu. Compared with the other railway station (North Railway Station), Kunming Railway Station services most of the "conventional" (not high-speed) trains to places to other provinces of China. Trains run north to Chengdu, southeast via Xingyi to Baise and Nanning in Guangxi, and east through Guizhou, via Liupanshui, Anshun, Guiyang, into the rest of the country.
- Chenggong District, many miles southeast from the historical city center. It is the western terminal of the Shanghai–Kunming high-speed railway and the Guangzhou–Nanning–Kunming high-speed railway, and has high-speed service to destinations along these lines and elsewhere on the nation's high-speed network.
- Kunming–Hai Phong Railway, which runs to Hekou and Vietnam. Most of the station has been converted into a museum. Due to the deterioration of the railway line, the long distance narrow-gauge service has been cancelled; however, as of 2012[update], some local narrow gauge service still operates at Kunming North Railway Station, in particular two daily trains to Shizui (石咀) Station on the western outskirts of Kunming, and to Wangjiaying (王家营) east of the city.[49]
As of 2017, railway development projects continue to proceed in the Kunming metropolitan area. In February 2017, the railway authorities announced that a connector between the new Kunming South railway station and the old Kunming railway station (also known as the Nanyao Station; 南窑火车站) will open by the end of 2017, making it possible for some high-speed train to serve Kunming railway station as well.[50]
Urban rail plan
In May 2010, Kunming began construction on its first urban rail lines, line 1 and 2 of the Kunming Metro. An elevated test section had been under construction since 2009. Parts of lines 1 and 2 opened in April 2014.[51] Construction on line 3 began in August 2010 and the Phase 1 was completed in 2018. The entire system consisting of 6 lines and covering a total of 162 kilometres (101 miles) is estimated to be complete by 2018.
High-speed rail plan
Kunming will be the hub and terminus for the "
Completed but under trial high-speed railways:
- Kunming–Shanghai. The construction completed on 16 June 2016. It goes through 6 provincial capital cities: Shanghai, Hangzhou, Nanchang, Changsha, Guiyang and Kunming. The overall length is 2,266 kilometres (1,408 miles). As estimated it would take 3 hours from Shanghai to Nanchang, 2.5 hours from Hangzhou to Nanchang, 4 hours from Kunming to Changsha, 8 hours from Kunming to Hangzhou and 9 hours from Shanghai to Kunming. It is expected to start operating on 30 December 2016.
Construction is underway for the following high-speed railways:
- Kunming–Shanghai. The speed will be 350 km/h (220 mph).
- Kunming–Nanning. The speed will be 200 km/h (120 mph). Later the speed may be improved to 250 km/h (160 mph) or 156 miles/h.
- Kunming–Vietnam via Honghe Prefecture.
- .
Study or planning is being done for the following railways:
- Kunming–Chengdu. The speed will be 250 km/h (160 mph).
- Kunming–Chongqing. The speed will be 350 km/h (220 mph).
- Intercity rail will connect three neighboring cities: Qujing, Chuxiong, and Yuxi. The line to Chuxiong will then be extended to Dali. The speed will be 250 km/h (160 mph).
- Kunming to Kolkata, India via Myanmar
- Kunming to Kyaukphyu, Myanmar.[53]
Road and transit
Yunnan has built a comprehensive highway system with roads reaching almost all the major cities or towns in the region. Bus travel across the region is extensive. Buses head from Kunming to destinations such as
There are four major long-distance bus stations in Kunming with the South Bus Station and Railway Square Bus Station being the most primary.
- South Bus Station faces the Kunming Railway Station in Beijing Xi Lu, with standard, luxury, express and sleeper buses departing for all over Yunnan and neighboring provinces.
- Railway Square Bus Station is smaller than SBS and the majority of the buses depart from the station are private-run. Usually no fixed schedules are available and buses will leave when they are full. There are standard and sleeper services to Dali, Jinghong and elsewhere in Yunnan.
Leaving China by road into
The
.At the 14th Greater Mekong Subregion Ministerial Conference in July 2007, China, Laos and Thailand signed an agreement on the construction of a new bridge over the Mekong River to connect Chiangkhong in Thailand and Ban Houayxay in Laos, to the Kunming–Bangkok Highway. The completion of the new bridge over the Mekong River will help connect China's southeast provinces with Bangkok. With capital investments from both China and Thailand, the bridge is expected to be completed in 2011 and will be the last link in the highway system that winds through the Mekong River region.
Local transit
Public buses and taxis are the two main means of transport within the city. A metro system is currently under construction (see Kunming Metro).
Nearly two hundred public bus lines crisscross the city center, covering the whole prefecture.
Cycling is common, and many hotels around the Kunming Railway Station provide bicycle rental services.
Conscious of its growing traffic issues, the city is currently renovating a pedestrian-friendly city centre.
Central Kunming
The city hangs off two main
Education and research
Kunming remains a major educational and cultural center in the
Colleges and universities
- Kunming Medical University
- Kunming Metallurgy College
- Kunming University
- Kunming University of Science and Technology (1925)
- Southwest Forestry University
- Yunnan Agricultural University
- Yunnan Arts University
- Yunnan Normal University
- Yunnan Normal University Business School
- Yunnan University (1922)
- Yunnan University of Finance and Economics
- Yunnan Nationalities University
- Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Yunnan University
Yunnan University (云南大学), located in Kunming, is one of the largest and the most prestigious universities in China and is the only university in Yunnan province which has been developed into a "National Key University". It was founded in 1922, as "University of the Eastern Land". Its name has been changed six times subsequently. The institution has 17 schools on the local campus and 3 independent schools located in other cities. It claims the largest and best law school in Yunnan province.
Yunnan Normal University
Yunnan Normal University (云南师范大学) was founded in 1938 as the National Normal College of Southwestern Union University. In 1946, when some faculties returned to the north of China, it changed its name to National Kunming Normal College. It now as 6 campuses in Kunming itself and other cities. With 22 schools, it has an enrollment of some 33000 undergraduate students.
Kunming University of Science and Technology
Kunming University of Science and Technology (昆明理工大学) was established in 1954 and was given "key university" status in 2010. In 2017, it had 3 campuses in Kunming housing 24 schools and had an enrollment of 27000 undergraduates.
Yunnan Nationalities University
Yunnan Nationalities University was founded in 1951 as Yunnan Nationalities College. It is now one of six "key" universities in the province. It has established cooperative relations with 26 foreign universities including University of Bergen in Norway, La Trobe University in Australia, and University of Virginia in the United States. The university has a Nationalities Museum, which contains more than 20000 rare exhibits. There are more than 23000 undergraduates on campus.
Huayang Academy
Huayang Academy is a specialist Chinese language training centre considered unique for offering training Kunming dialect as well as standard Mandarin. Its locality is a popular centre of Western culture in Kunming, attracting numerous foreign-owned businesses.[54]
Management training
The Shanghai-based
Research institutes
- Solar Energy Research Institute of Yunnan Normal University
- Kunming Municipal Planning and Design Research Institute
Chinese Academy of Sciences
The Kunming Branch of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) was established in 1957. It was formerly known as Kunming Office of CAS and was promoted and renamed into a branch in 1958. In 1962, Yunnan Branch combined with Sichuan Branch and Guizhou Branch to establish Southwest China Branch of CAS in Chengdu. In October 1978, Kunming Branch was reestablished at the approval of the State Council.
As a working department of CAS, Kunming Branch now administers five research institutes:
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming Primate Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Gardens in Menglun, Mengla County, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, far southern Yunnan.
At present, it has a total staff of 1,160, of whom 808 are professional researchers, seven are academicians and 343 are senior researchers. There are also 447 PhD degree students and 530 master's degree students. The retired staff is 1,090. The Branch has set up three national key open labs, two CAS key open labs, five key labs set up by CAS and local province, three engineering centers, five doctoral sites, five post doctoral stations and national famous plant herbariums and halls of wildlife specimens and has a series of up-to-date research instruments and apparatus, computer networks and biodiversity information systems. The Branch has become an advanced comprehensive science research base in astronomy, geology and biology.
Libraries
Twin towns and sister cities
Kunming currently maintains sister city agreements with the following foreign cities.[56]
In April 2020, The City of Wagga Wagga council voted to cut ties with its sister city Kunming city, a week later they would vote again joining Kunming as a sister city.[59][60][61]
Health
Currently, there are 2,774 medical institutes of various kinds and 33,600 medical professionals in the city. The 170 medical service institutes based on communities cover a population of 1.86 million.[62] China Health Management Corp (CNHC) is the main private healthcare provider in the city. It has been predicted that private hospitals will provide 70 percent of total medical health care services by 2012 within Kunming City.[63]
Hospitals in Kunming include:
- Yunnan Provincial Red Cross Hospital and Emergency Center, is the main general hospital in Kunming.
- Yunnan Provincial First People's Hospital
- First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical College
- Kunming Mental Hospital, founded in 1955, houses over 400 patients.
- Kunming Physical Rehabilitation Center
HIV/AIDS
In late 2006, China's first provincial-level
Yunnan, with a population of more than 45 million, leads China in HIV/AIDS infections: primarily spread through intravenous drug use and unsafe sex, often involving the sex industry. According to official statistics, by the end of 2005, Yunnan was home to more than 48,000 HIV-infected patients, 3,900 patients with AIDS and a death toll of 1,768.[64]
Military
Kunming is headquarters of the 14th Group Army of the People's Liberation Army, one of the two group armies that comprise the Chengdu Military Region responsible for the defense of China's southwestern borders with India and Myanmar, as well as security in Tibet.
Public security and crime
The headquarters of the Kunming Municipal Public Security Bureau is on Beijing Lu. Its foreign affairs department, located on Jinxing Huayuan, Jinxing Xiao Lu in the northeast of the city, handles immigration and travel visas.[65]
Drug trafficking
Kunming has a pivotal role as a major conduit point in international
Police confiscated at least three tons of drugs in Yunnan in 2005. Yunnan province seized 10 tons of illegal drugs in 2006, accounting for 80 percent of the total drugs confiscated nationwide during the period, according to Sun Dahong, then deputy director of Yunnan's provincial Public Security Bureau. The total is more than double the amount seized in the province in 2005.[66]
Kunming Municipal Compulsory Rehabilitation Center in Kunming is the main rehabilitation center for drug addicts, mostly recovering from heroin addiction. International drug rings have used Yunnan and Kunming to channel new synthetic drugs (like methamphetamine) as well as traditional drugs like heroin.
International relations
The following countries have a
- Consulates:[67]
- Trade offices:
- Australia
- Netherlands
Notable residents
Notable people from Kunming include:
- Benedict Anderson, scholar (born in Kunming)
- Cai Xitao, botanist
- Chih-Kung Jen, physicist
- Wang Xiji, aerospace engineer and recipient of the "Two Bombs, One Satellite" Meritorious Award
- Pierre Jean Marie Delavay, 19th-century French missionary, lived and died in Kunming
- Lamu Gatusa, professor and writer
- He Yunchang, Chinese performance artist born in Kunming whose early, seminal works were also performed there[70]
- Li Weiwei, Olympics handball player
- Liu Fang, pipa player
- Maran Brang Seng, Burmese politician (died in Kunming)
- Ma Yashu, actress
- Nie Er, composer (born in Kunming)
- Frank Shu, Chinese-American astrophysicist, born in Kunming
- Xing Ruan, Chinese-Australian author and architect, born in Kunming
- Song Wencong, aerospace engineer and aircraft designer
- Tang Jiyao, general and warlord of Yunnan, died in Kunming
- Tong Yao, actress
- Tu Wei-ming, ethicist (born in Kunming)
- Wang Hongni, triathlete and Asian Games gold medallist
- Wen Yiduo, poet and scholar, (lived and assassinated in Kunming)
- Anthony Zee, physicist
- Zhang Xiaogang, artist, born in Kunming
- Zheng He, Ming dynasty explorer
- Zhu De, military leader (studied in Kunming)
- Zhu Youlang (Ming dynasty emperor), (fought and was executed in Kunming)
Diplomats:
- Auguste François, French consul in south China
- George Soulié de Morant, French diplomat
- John S. Service, American diplomat served in Kunming for two years
National Southwestern Associated University:
- Chen Ning Yang, physicist
- Chen Yinke, linguist
- Feng Youlan, philosopher
- Shiing-Shen Chern, mathematician
- Ta-You Wu, physicist
- Tsung-Dao Lee, physicist
- Wang Yuan, mathematician
- Wu Ningkun, professor emeritus
- Zhang Boling, founder of Nankai University
See also
- 2008 Kunming bus bombings
- 3650 Kunming, an asteroid
- Category:Films set in Kunming
- Zheng He
- List of cities in the People's Republic of China
- List of twin towns and sister cities in China
Notes
References
- ^ "China: Yúnnán (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map".
- ISBN 978-7-5037-9653-1.
- ^ "Kunming". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021.
- ^ "Illuminating China's Provinces, Municipalities and Autonomous Regions". PRC Central Government Official Website. Archived from the original on 18 June 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
- ^ "Leading 200 science cities 2023| | Supplements | Nature Index". www.nature.com. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
- ^ "2020 Airport Traffic Report" (PDF). Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. July 2021. p. 30. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
- ^ 2019 Annual Airport Traffic Report (PDF). United States: Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. 2020.
- ^ 《云南各民族历史大事概略》编写组古代史组 (1975). "云南历史上几个族名、地名的由来和演变" [The origin and the evolvement of some ethnic names and the place names in the history of Yunnan]. 思想战线 (Thinking) (in Chinese) (6): 83–86.
- ^ Tu, Liang-jun (2009). ""昆明"得名来源考" [The Original Meaning of the Word "昆明"]. Journal of Yunnan Normal University (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition) (in Chinese). 41 (6): 124–131.
- ^ The Peopling of East Asia, pp. 192
- ^ Theobald, Ulrich. "Dian 滇 (www.chinaknowledge.de)". www.chinaknowledge.de. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
- ^ )
- )
- OCLC 917840557.
- OCLC 941876321.
- ^ Hays, Jeffrey. "MARCO POLO'S DESCRIPTIONS OF CHINA | Facts and Details". factsanddetails.com. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
- ISBN 0521243343
- ISBN 9781626430099.
- ^ 杨亚伦(策划), 李晓明. "民航资源网". 民航资源网 机场新闻. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
从1922年巫家坝机场建成到1929年,云南又建成了23个机场,机场数翻了24倍,在中国机场建设史上绝无仅有,机场建设速度之快,创造了一个世界第一!抗战爆发后,出动150万民工再建28个机场,机场总数达到52个,密度之大,堪称亚洲第一,世界少有,云南由此成为中国最主要的抗日空军作战基地。与此同时,云南人民向抗日前线捐献的飞机数量,名列全国第一!修一个机场最快只用20多天...
- ^ 【原创】“昆明”的由来与释义. yunnan.cn (in Chinese). 26 April 2020.
- ^ Sun, Vlasova, Lianggang, Evgenia. "Shanghai 1937 – Where World War II Began". SHANGHAI 1937: WHERE WORLD WAR II BEGAN. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
When did World War II begin? Shanghai 1937: Where World War II Began answers that question in a way most audiences will find surprising. Americans might say December 7, 1941… The day the Japanese Imperial Navy attacked the American naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. For Europeans, it was September 1, 1939… When Nazi Germany invaded Poland. But in China, people will tell you a different date. August 13, 1937.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Gustavsson, Hakans. "Hakans Aviation page - Sino-Japanese Air War 1938". Biplane Fighter Aces - China. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
In June the 41st PS was organised in Kunming (Yunan Province), and with it served French advisors-volunteers. Their main assignment seemed to have been the securing the purchase of the Dewoitine D.510 from France. At this time the Japanese began continuous attacks on the city... French volunteers... fought the Japanese... repulsing one of the attacks by A5Ms... they lost four machines, from which two pilots baled out. After several days, the Japanese shot down three more and one pilot was killed. After this the group ceased to exist. Machin perceived the reason to be the significant superiority of the A5M over the Hawk.
- ^ "KUNMING BOMBED". Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 - 1957). 18 June 1940. p. 1. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
Tuesday, 18 June 1940, Japanese planes bombed Kunming, on the French Indo-China railway line... causing speculation of possible attack on Haiphong, which for two years an important entry point for imports to China.
- ^ Gustavsson, Hakans. "Håkans Aviation page – Sino-Japanese Air War 1939". Biplane Fighter Aces - China. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
In January 1939 the 18th PS relocated to Kunming for defence of the city from air attacks while continuing training on the Hawk 75Ms. Reportedly Claire Chennault led it (but the Squadron Commander was Major Yang Yibai)... 11 January 1939 Led by Squadron Commander Liu Yi-Jun (劉依鈞), the five remaining Hawk 75Ms of 25th PS were flown to Chongqing and transferred to the 18th PS. On returning aboard an air transport plane, all five pilots were killed when the transport plane crashed in an accident. In April, 18th PS took part in intercepting operations over Kunming as part of the Pursuit Group led by Group Commander Hu Zhengyu (胡莊如).
- ^ "Last Stand". Time magazine. 19 December 1949. Archived from the original on 2 January 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2007.
- ISBN 1-59652-156-2
- ^ Rossi, J.R. "History: The Flying Tigers — American Volunteer Group — Chinese Air Force". Archived from the original on 22 July 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
- ^ "AIM25 collection description". Aim25.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
- ^ "China hosts giant horticultural expo". BBC World Service. 1 May 1999. Retrieved 21 January 2008.
- ^ "(Xinhua)". English.people.com.cn. 31 July 2006. Archived from the original on 18 March 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
- ^ "Chinese security official vows harsh punishment for terrorists". Xinhua News Agency. 2 March 2014. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
- ^ "China's Kunming: An unexplored 'tourism paradise' in India's vicinity". Business Standard India. Press Trust of India. 8 December 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
- ^ "Climate of Kunming". Chinakunming.travel. Archived from the original on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
- ^ 1991-2020 normals "Climate averages from 1991 to 2020". China Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023.
- ^ 1981-2010 extremes 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
- ^ 中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集(1971-2000年). China Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
- ^ "ref". km.gov.cn.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Kunming Plans to Establish Environment Court Archived 4 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine (CRIENGLISH.com 22 September 2008)
- ISBN 978-7-5037-6548-3.
- PMID 10350584.
- ^ Ma, Guihua (29 June 2004). "A farewell to two zoos?". China Daily. Archived from the original on 5 November 2007. Retrieved 21 January 2008.
- ^ LaFraniere, Sharon (26 March 2010). "A Miniature World Magnifies Dwarf Life". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
- ^ a b c "China's high-altitude training centers". Gokunming.com. 24 March 2008. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
- ^ a b Spring City Blooming Archived 4 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Kunming - China.GOV". Archived from the original on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 17 November 2008.
- ^ Bradsher, Keith (25 September 2006). "Bouquet of Roses May Have Note: 'Made in China'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
- ^ "Kunming aims to build a city run by solar energy". emerging-china.com. Archived from the original on 8 August 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
- ^ "Direct flights between Kunming and Paris launched - CITS". Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
- ^ 滇越铁路徒步第一程(昆明——宜良). Mafengwo. Archived from the original on 30 December 2012. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
- ^ Qiao, Changhong (乔长红) (28 February 2017). 昆明南窑火车站年底有望通高铁. 昆明铁路枢纽扩能改造工程年底完工,滇池环线铁路将闭合. yunnan.cn (in Chinese (China)). Archived from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
- ^ "Kunming opens more metro lines". Railwaygazette. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
- ^ "China continues building the Pan Asian High speed railway network". Next Big Future. 28 April 2016. Archived from the original on 30 April 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
- ^ Myanmar in China's Push into the Indian Ocean Archived 20 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Joshy M Paul, 14 March 2016, retrieved 20 January 2017
- ^ "Chinese language school Kunming – Huayang Academy". learnchineseinyunnan.com. Archived from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
- ^ "CEIBS Launches Business Development Certificate Programme in Hefei". Ceibs.edu. 5 September 2008. Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
- ^ 全国各省、自治区、直辖市建立友好城市统计-云南 [Friendly city statics – Yunnan]. www.cifca.org.cn (in Chinese). 中国国际友好城市联合会. Retrieved 30 August 2018.[permanent dead link]
- ^ InKunming (20 April 2012). "Kunming and Kuching build sister city relations". en.kunming.cn. Archived from the original on 4 June 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
- ^ "Städtepartnerschaft | Dietzenbach – Kunming".
- ^ "City council severs China relations over 'death and destruction across the world with COVID-19'". ABC News. 15 April 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
- ^ "Wagga Wagga severs ties with Chinese sister city over 'death and destruction' from coronavirus". the Guardian. 15 April 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
- ^ "Wagga council reverses controversial decision to cut ties with Chinese sister city". ABC News. 22 April 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
- ^ "Economic Situation-Kunming Tour". Chinakunming.travel. Archived from the original on 14 July 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
- ^ China Health Management Corp.: Members of the Standing Committee of Yunnan Province and Government Officials Pay Visit to Richland International Hospital Archived 5 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine 16 June 2008
- S2CID 352971. Archived from the original(PDF) on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
- ^ 昆明市公安局西山分局涉外网络警务室. 8599999.net. Archived from the original on 24 June 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
- ^ "Yunnan Witnesses Record Drug-busting 2006". china.org.cn. 31 December 2006. Archived from the original on 20 July 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
- ^ "Kunming - China.GOV". en.km.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
- ^ "Welcoming to the Website of the Consulate-General of the Union of Myanmar in Kunming,P.R.China". www.mcg-kunming.com. Archived from the original on 4 October 2003. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
- ^ "Redirecting". Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
- ISBN 978-988-99265-9-5.
Further reading
- Kunming Statistical Yearbook-2007 (in Chinese) China Statistics Press [1].
- Qi Duxia (1999). A Complete Guide Series of Travel and Tourism in China – Kunming. China Travel & Tourism Press. ISBN 978-7-5032-1491-2.
- Carl Fingerhuth, Ernst Joos (2002). The Kunming Project: Urban Development in China — A Dialogue. Birkhauser Verlag AG. ISBN 978-3-7643-6742-8.
- Sustainable Urban Development – the Case Study of Kunming, China Willy Schmid, Markus Eggenberger, 1997.
- NSL – Network City and Landscape – contains Kunming sustainable development papers
- Franklin, B. Evans (2005). 600 Days in Kunming China, 1944–45. AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1-4208-2117-8.
- Maochun Yu (1997). OSS in China: Prelude to Cold War. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-06698-2.
- Cai, Le; Chongsuvivatwong, Virasakdi (2006). "Rural-urban differentials of premature mortality burden in south-west China". International Journal for Equity in Health. 5: 13. PMID 17040573.
- Remick, Elizabeth J. (2007). "Police-Run Brothels in Republican Kunming". Modern China. 33 (4): 423–461. S2CID 145794588. Archived from the originalon 8 December 2008.
- Chin, K. and Zhang, S. "Street-Level Heroin Sales in Kunming, China". American Society of Criminology (ASC) 2008-06-26
- Kunming Communiqué on Cross-border Collaboration for Drug Demand Reduction and HIV/AIDS Prevention Social Development Division, United Nations ESCAP
- Kobusingye KA. "Voluntary counseling and testing among injecting drug users in Kunming city, Yunnan Province" Int Conf AIDS. 2004 Jul 11–16; 15: abstract no. WePeC5999.
- "China's Disabled Get Helping Hand in High Places" Kunming Journal. Nicholas D. Kristof. 30 May 1991
- Book about Kunming's regional cooperation with Southeast Asia: ASEAN-China Relations: Realities and Prospects (2005) Saw Swee Hock, Lijun Sheng, Sheng Lijun, Kin Wah Chin, Chin Kin Wah. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS) ISBN 981-230-342-1
- Wei Xing. "Prevalence of ethnic intermarriage in Kunming: Social exchange or insignificance of ethnicity?" Asian Ethnicity, Volume 8, Issue 2 June 2007, pages 165–179
- Jianli Li; Mary Francis Marx. "A Survey of Four Libraries in Kunming: Library Automation and Modernization in a Far Removed Province in China" Journal of Southern Academic and Special Librarianship (2000)
External links
- Official Kunming Municipal Government Website Archived 3 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- Official Kunming Website Archived 10 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine (in Chinese and English)