Modern art
History of art |
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Modern art includes artistic work produced during the period extending roughly from the 1860s to the 1970s, and denotes the styles and
Modern art begins with the heritage of painters like
At the start of
The notion of modern art is closely related to Modernism.[a]
History
Roots in the 19th century
Although modern
The strands of thought that eventually led to modern art can be traced back to the Enlightenment.[b] The modern art critic Clement Greenberg, for instance, called Immanuel Kant "the first real Modernist" but also drew a distinction: "The Enlightenment criticized from the outside ... . Modernism criticizes from the inside."[12] The French Revolution of 1789 uprooted assumptions and institutions that had for centuries been accepted with little question and accustomed the public to vigorous political and social debate. This gave rise to what art historian Ernst Gombrich called a "self-consciousness that made people select the style of their building as one selects the pattern of a wallpaper."[13]
The pioneers of modern art were
Influences upon these movements were varied: from exposure to Eastern decorative arts, particularly
The Impressionists argued that people do not see objects but only the light that they reflect, and therefore painters should paint in natural light (en plein air) rather than in studios and should capture the effects of light in their work.[16] Impressionist artists formed a group, Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs ("Association of Painters, Sculptors, and Engravers") which, despite internal tensions, mounted a series of independent exhibitions.[17] The style was adopted by artists in different nations, in preference to a "national" style. These factors established the view that it was a "movement." These traits—establishment of a working method integral to the art, the establishment of a movement or visible active core of support, and international adoption—would be repeated by artistic movements in the Modern period in art.
Early 20th century
Among the movements that flowered in the first decade of the 20th century were
Futurism took off in Italy a couple years before World War I with the publication of Filippo Tommaso Marinetti's Futurist Manifesto. Benedetta Cappa Marinetti, wife of Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, created the second wave of the artistic movement started by her husband. "Largely thanks to Benedetta, her husband F.T. Marinetti re orchestrated the shifting ideologies of Futurism to embrace feminine elements of intuition, spirituality, and the mystical forces of the earth."[18] She painted up until his death and spent the rest of her days tending to the spread and growth of this period in Italian art, which celebrated technology, speed and all things new.
During the years between 1910 and the end of World War I and after the heyday of
World War I brought an end to this phase but indicated the beginning of many anti-art movements, such as Dada, including the work of Marcel Duchamp, and of Surrealism. Artist groups like de Stijl and Bauhaus developed new ideas about the interrelation of the arts, architecture, design, and art education.
Modern art was introduced to the United States with the Armory Show in 1913 and through European artists who moved to the U.S. during World War I.
After World War II
It was only after
By the end of the 1970s, when cultural critics began speaking of "the end of painting" (the title of a provocative essay written in 1981 by Douglas Crimp), new media art had become a category in itself, with a growing number of artists experimenting with technological means such as video art.[21] Painting assumed renewed importance in the 1980s and 1990s, as evidenced by the rise of neo-expressionism and the revival of figurative painting.[22]
Towards the end of the 20th century, many artists and architects started questioning the idea of "the modern" and created typically Postmodern works.[23]
Art movements and artist groups
(Roughly chronological with representative artists listed.)
19th century
- Francisco de Goya, J. M. W. Turner, Eugène Delacroix
- Camille Corot, Jean-François Millet, Rosa Bonheur
- Pre-Raphaelites – William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais, Dante Gabriel Rossetti
- Macchiaioli – Giovanni Fattori, Silvestro Lega, Telemaco Signorini
- Impressionism – Frédéric Bazille, Gustave Caillebotte, Mary Cassatt, Edgar Degas, Armand Guillaumin, Édouard Manet, Claude Monet, Berthe Morisot, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Camille Pissarro, Alfred Sisley
- Pointillism – Georges Seurat, Paul Signac, Maximilien Luce, Henri-Edmond Cross
- Pellizza da Volpedo
- James Whistler, James Ensor
- ,
- Art Nouveau architecture and design – Antoni Gaudí, Otto Wagner, Wiener Werkstätte, Josef Hoffmann, Adolf Loos, Koloman Moser
- Early sculptors – Aristide Maillol, Auguste Rodin
Early 20th century (before World War I)
- Abstract art – Francis Picabia, Wassily Kandinsky, František Kupka, Robert Delaunay, Sonia Delaunay, Léopold Survage, Piet Mondrian, Kazimir Malevich, Hilma af Klint
- Fauvism – André Derain, Henri Matisse, Maurice de Vlaminck, Georges Braque, Kees van Dongen
- Expressionism and related – Die Brücke, Der Blaue Reiter – Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Wassily Kandinsky, Franz Marc, Egon Schiele, Oskar Kokoschka, Emil Nolde, Axel Törneman, Karl Schmidt-Rottluff, Max Pechstein
- Cubism – Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Fernand Léger, Robert Delaunay, Henri Le Fauconnier, Marcel Duchamp, Jacques Villon, Francis Picabia, Juan Gris
- Benedetta Cappa Marinetti, Giacomo Balla, Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carrà, Gino Severini, Natalia Goncharova, Mikhail Larionov
- Orphism – Robert Delaunay, Sonia Delaunay, František Kupka
- Suprematism – Kazimir Malevich, Alexander Rodchenko, El Lissitzky
- Synchromism – Stanton Macdonald-Wright, Morgan Russell
- Vorticism – Wyndham Lewis
- Sculpture – Constantin Brâncuși, Joseph Csaky, Alexander Archipenko, Raymond Duchamp-Villon, Jacques Lipchitz, Ossip Zadkine, Henri Laurens, Elie Nadelman, Chaim Gross, Chana Orloff, Jacob Epstein, Gustave Miklos, Antoine Bourdelle
- Photography – Pictorialism, Straight photography
World War I to World War II
- Dada – Jean Arp, Marcel Duchamp, Max Ernst, Francis Picabia, Kurt Schwitters
- Surrealism – Marc Chagall, René Magritte, Jean Arp, Salvador Dalí, Max Ernst, Giorgio de Chirico, André Masson, Joan Miró
- Expressionism and related: Chaim Soutine, Abraham Mintchine, Isaac Frenkel
- De Stijl – Theo van Doesburg, Piet Mondrian
- New Objectivity – Max Beckmann, Otto Dix, George Grosz
- Figurative painting – Henri Matisse, Pierre Bonnard
- Arthur G. Dove, Marsden Hartley, Georgia O'Keeffe
- Vadim Meller, Alexander Rodchenko, Vladimir Tatlin
- Bauhaus – Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Josef Albers
- Leslie Hunter, John Duncan Fergusson
- Social realism – Grant Wood, Walker Evans, Diego Rivera
- Precisionism – Charles Sheeler, Charles Demuth
- Boychukism - Mykhailo Boychuk, Sofiya Nalepinska-Boychuk, Ivan Padalka, Vasily Sedlyar
- Sculpture – Alexander Calder, Alberto Giacometti, Gaston Lachaise, Henry Moore, Pablo Picasso, Julio Gonzalez
After World War II
- Figuratifs – Bernard Buffet, Jean Carzou, Maurice Boitel, Daniel du Janerand, Claude-Max Lochu
- Sir Anthony Caro, Jean Dubuffet, Isaac Witkin, René Iché, Marino Marini, Louise Nevelson, Albert Vrana
- Abstract expressionism – Joan Mitchell, Willem de Kooning, Jackson Pollock, Arshile Gorky, Hans Hofmann, Franz Kline, Robert Motherwell, Clyfford Still, Lee Krasner,
- American Abstract Artists – Ilya Bolotowsky, Ibram Lassaw, Ad Reinhardt, Josef Albers, Burgoyne Diller
- Arte Povera – Jannis Kounellis, Luciano Fabro, Mario Merz, Piero Manzoni, Alighiero Boetti
- Color field painting – Barnett Newman, Mark Rothko, Adolph Gottlieb, Sam Francis, Morris Louis, Kenneth Noland, Jules Olitski, Helen Frankenthaler
- Tachisme – Jean Dubuffet, Pierre Soulages, Hans Hartung, Ludwig Merwart
- Conceptual art – Art & Language, Dan Graham, Lawrence Weiner, Bruce Nauman, Daniel Buren, Victor Burgin, Sol LeWitt
- De-collage – Wolf Vostell, Mimmo Rotella
- Neo-Dada – Robert Rauschenberg, Jasper Johns, John Chamberlain, Joseph Beuys, Lee Bontecou, Edward Kienholz
- Robert De Niro, Sr., Lester Johnson, George McNeil, Earle M. Pilgrim, Jan Müller, Robert Beauchamp, Bob Thompson
- Feminist Art — Eva Hesse, Judy Chicago, Barbara Kruger, Mary Beth Edelson, Ewa Partum, Valie Export, Yoko Ono, Louise Bourgeois, Cindy Sherman, Kiki Smith, Guerrilla Girls, Hannah Wilke
- Happening – Allan Kaprow, Joseph Beuys, Wolf Vostell, Claes Oldenburg, Jim Dine, Red Grooms, Nam June Paik, Charlotte Moorman, Robert Whitman, Yoko Ono
- Grupo El Paso – founded in Madrid by artists Antonio Saura, Pablo Serrano
- Geometric abstraction – Wassily Kandinsky, Kazimir Malevich, Nadir Afonso, Manlio Rho, Mario Radice, Mino Argento, Adam Szentpétery
- Hard-edge painting – John McLaughlin, Ellsworth Kelly, Frank Stella, Al Held, Ronald Davis
- Kinetic art – George Rickey, Getulio Alviani
- Land art – Ana Mendieta, Christo, Richard Long, Robert Smithson, Michael Heizer
- Les Automatistes – Claude Gauvreau, Jean-Paul Riopelle, Pierre Gauvreau, Fernand Leduc, Jean-Paul Mousseau, Marcelle Ferron
- Postminimalism – Eva Hesse, Bruce Nauman, Lynda Benglis
- Lyrical abstraction – Ronnie Landfield, Sam Gilliam, Larry Zox, Dan Christensen, Natvar Bhavsar, Larry Poons
- Neo-figurative art – Fernando Botero, Antonio Berni
- Neo-expressionism – Georg Baselitz, Anselm Kiefer, Jörg Immendorff, Jean-Michel Basquiat
- François Boisrond, Robert Combas
- Op art – Victor Vasarely, Bridget Riley, Richard Anuszkiewicz, Jeffrey Steele
- Outsider art – Howard Finster, Grandma Moses, Bob Justin
- Photorealism – Audrey Flack, Chuck Close, Duane Hanson, Richard Estes, Malcolm Morley
- Ed Ruscha, David Hockney
- Francis Bacon, Frank Auerbach, Gerhard Richter
- Bracha Ettinger, Michaël Borremans, Chris Ofili
- Shaped canvas – Frank Stella, Kenneth Noland, Ron Davis, Robert Mangold.
- Komar & Melamid, Alexandr Zhdanov, Leonid Sokov
- Spatialism – Lucio Fontana
- Video art – Nam June Paik, Wolf Vostell, Joseph Beuys, Bill Viola, Hans Breder
- Visionary art – Ernst Fuchs, Paul Laffoley, Michael Bowen
Notable modern art exhibitions and museums
Austria
Belgium
- SMAK, Ghent
Brazil
- SP
- SP
- RJ
- MAM/BA, Salvador, Bahia
Colombia
Croatia
Ecuador
Finland
France
- Château de Montsoreau-Museum of Contemporary Art, Montsoreau
- Villeneuve d'Ascq
- Musée d'Orsay, Paris
- Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, Paris
- Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris
- Musée Picasso, Paris
- Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, Strasbourg
- Musée d'art moderne de Troyes
Germany
- Degenerate Art exhibition, a touring exhibition of modern art held in Nazi Germany to condemn modern art
- documenta, Kassel, an exhibition of modern and contemporary art held every 5 years
- Museum Ludwig, Cologne
- Pinakothek der Moderne, Munich
India
- National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi
- National Gallery of Modern Art, Mumbai
- National Gallery of Modern Art, Bangalore
Iran
Ireland
Israel
Italy
- Palazzo delle Esposizioni
- Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna
- Venice Biennial, Venice
- Palazzo Pitti, Florence
- Museo del Novecento, Milan
Mexico
- México D.F.
Netherlands
- Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam
- Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam
Norway
- Astrup Fearnley Museum of Modern Art, Oslo
- Henie-Onstad Art Centre, Oslo
Poland
Qatar
- Arab Museum of Modern Art, Doha
Romania
Russia
Serbia
Spain
- Museu d'Art Contemporani de Barcelona, Barcelona
- Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Madrid
- Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, Madrid
- Valencia
- Atlantic Center of Modern Art, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
- Museu Picasso, Barcelona.
- Museo Picasso Málaga, Málaga.
Sweden
Taiwan
- Asia Museum of Modern Art, Taichung
United Kingdom
- Estorick Collection of Modern Italian Art, London
- Saatchi Gallery, London
- Tate Britain, London
- Tate Liverpool
- Tate Modern, London
- Tate St Ives
Ukraine
United States
- Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York
- Chicago, Illinois
- Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza Art Collection, Albany, New York
- Las Vegas, Nevada
- Atlanta, Georgia
- Los Angeles, California
- San Antonio, Texas
- Houston, Texas
- Boston, Massachusetts
- New York City, New York
- San Francisco, California
- The Baker Museum, Naples, Florida
- Minneapolis, Minnesota
- New York City, New York
See also
Notes
- ^ "One way of understanding the relation of the terms 'modern,' 'modernity,' and 'Modernism' is that aesthetic modernism is a form of art characteristic of high or actualized late modernity, that is, of that period in which social, economic, and cultural life in the widest sense [was] revolutionized by modernity ... [this means] that Modernist art is scarcely thinkable outside the context of the modernized society of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Social modernity is the home of Modernist art, even where that art rebels against it." — Lawrence E. Cahoone[6]
- ^ "In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries momentum began to gather behind a new view of the world, which would eventually create a new world, the modern world." — Lawrence E. Cahoone[11]
References
- ^ Atkins 1997, pp. 118–119.
- ^ Gombrich 1995, p. 557.
- ^ Clement 1996, p. 114.
- ^ Scobie 1988, pp. 103–107.
- ^ John-Steiner 2006, p. 69.
- ^ Cahoone 1996, p. 13.
- ^ a b c d Arnason & Prather 1998, p. 17.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-04-28.
- ^ Danto, Arthur C. (2004-03-01). "FRANCISCO DE GOYA". Artforum. Retrieved 2024-04-28.
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-04-28.
- ^ Cahoone 1996, p. 27.
- ^ Greenberg 1982, p. 5.
- ^ Gombrich 1995, p. 477.
- ^ Arnason & Prather 1998, p. 22.
- ^ Corinth et al. 1996, p. 25.
- ^ Cogniat 1975, p. 61.
- ^ Cogniat 1975, pp. 43–49.
- ^ Conaty, Siobhan M. (2009). "Benedetta Cappa Marinetti and the Second Phase of Futurism". Woman's Art Journal. 30 (1): 19–28 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Saunders 2013.
- ^ Mullins 2006, p. 14.
- ^ Mullins 2006, p. 9.
- ^ Mullins 2006, pp. 14–15.
- ^ Jencks 1987, p. [page needed].
- ^ Lander 2006.
Sources
- OCLC 1035593323– via Internet Archive.
- Atkins, Robert (1997). Artspeak: A Guide to Contemporary Ideas, Movements, and Buzzwords (2nd ed.). New York: Abbeville Press Publishers. OCLC 605278894– via Internet Archive.
- Cahoone, Lawrence (1996). From Modernism to Postmodernism: An Anthology. Cambridge, Mass: Blackwell Publishers. OCLC 1149327777– via Internet Archive.
- "CIMA Art Gallery". Times of India Travel. 2015-06-30. Retrieved 2021-06-12.
- Clement, Russell (1996). Four French Symbolists: A Sourcebook on Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, Gustave Moreau, Odilon Redon, and Maurice Denis. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. OCLC 34191505.
- OCLC 2082821.
- OCLC 35280519.
- OCLC 297414909– via Internet Archive.
- OCLC 1151352542– via Internet Archive.
- OCLC 1150952960– via Inernet Archive.
- John-Steiner, Vera (2006). "Patterns of Collaboration among Artists". Creative Collaboration. Oxford University Press. pp. 63–96. OCLC 5105130725, 252638637.
- Lander, David (November–December 2006). "Fifties Furniture THE SIDE TABLE AS SCULPTURE". Shopping. American Heritage. 57 (6). American Association for State and Local History. from the original on 2007-10-20.
- Mullins, Charlotte (2006). Painting people: figure painting today. New York: D.A.P./Distributed Art Pubs. OCLC 71679906.
- Saunders, Frances Stonor (2013-06-14) [1995-10-22]. "Modern art was CIA 'weapon'". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-05-15. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
- OCLC 7323640453– via Internet Archive.
Further reading
- Adams, Hugh (1979). Modern Painting. New York: Mayflower Books. OCLC 691113035– via Internet Archive.
- Childs, Peter (2000). Modernism. London New York: Routledge. OCLC 48138104– via Internet Archive.
- Crouch, Christopher (1999). Modernism in Art, Design and Architecture. New York: St. Martin's Press. OCLC 1036752206– via Internet Archive.
- Dempsey, Amy (2002). Art in the Modern Era: A Guide to Schools and Movements. New York: Harry N. Abrams. OCLC 47623954.
- .
- Frazier, Nancy (2000). The Penguin Concise Dictionary of Art History. New York: Penguin Reference. OCLC 70498418.
- OCLC 1114759321.
- Kolocotroni, Vassiliki; Goldman, Jane; Taxidou, Olga, eds. (1998). Modernism: An Anthology of Sources and Documents. Edinburgh; Chicago: Edinburgh University Press; The University of Chicago Press. OCLC 1150833644, 44964346– via Internet Archive.
- Lynton, Norbert (1980). The Story of Modern Art. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801413513.
- OCLC 1200478998. Retrieved 2021-04-19 – via Internet Archive.
- – via Internet Archive.