Monarchism in Brazil
The movement for the re-adoption of monarchy in Brazil has taken place as a series of uprisings and political acts, usually in a fragmented way and peripherally to larger causes. It has been important historically and remains a fast-growing active movement to this day. It advocates restoration of the constitutional monarchy under the House of Orléans-Braganza, a cadet branch of the House of Braganza, which ruled Brazil for 72 years as the kingdom and later Empire of Brazil until the monarchy was abolished in 1889 by a military coup d'état that gave rise to the First Brazilian Republic.
History
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After the 1889 coup d'état that ended the imperial rule and established a republic in Brazil, the first monarchist nucleus began to form. Under the republican rule, they were a minority and initially even illegal. In 1890, the
Monarchist uprisings
The Navy revolt was a rebel movement promoted by units of the Brazilian Navy against the dictatorial government of Floriano Peixoto, supposedly supported by the monarchist opposition to the recent installation of the republic.[1] It was part of the Federalist Revolution, led by the monarchist Gaspar da Silveira Martins, one of the last ministers of the Empire of Brazil, who was disaffected by Deodoro da Fonseca.
The
Another little known event was the
Parties and organizations
Pátria-Nova
Founded in 1928, the Brazilian Imperial Patrianovist Action, or simply
Diretório Monárquico
Monarchist Institution founded in 1890 by the Viscount of Ouro Preto, the last President of the Council of Ministers in Brazil.
Famous monarchists
Many famous personalities in Brazil have declared themselves convicted monarchists.
Among the most famous names are
Some monarchists, however, were victims of the republican regime. Among them is José da Costa Azevedo, the Baron of Ladario, who was shot by an unknown marksman for resisting an arrest warrant during 15 November, surviving only because a student, Carlos Vieira Ferreira, rescued him.
Another little known case is the murder of Colonel
A list of some notable monarchists by date of birth:
Name | Political party | Occupation | Birth | Death |
---|---|---|---|---|
José Bonifácio de Andrada
|
None | Statesman | 1763 | 1838 |
Maria Quitéria | None | Lieutenant | 1792 | 1853 |
José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco | Conservative Party | Politician | 1819 | 1880 |
João Lustosa da Cunha Paranaguá, Marquis of Paranaguá | Liberal Party | Politician | 1821 | 1912 |
Deodoro da Fonseca | None | Politician; marshal | 1827 | 1892 |
José de Alencar | Conservative Party | Novelist; politician | 1829 | 1877 |
Antônio Conselheiro | None | Religious leader | 1830 | 1897 |
Antônio Carlos Gomes | None | Composer | 1836 | 1896 |
Afonso Celso, Viscount of Ouro Preto | Liberal Party | Politician | 1836 | 1912 |
André Rebouças | None | Engineer | 1838 | 1898 |
Machado de Assis | None | Novelist | 1839 | 1908 |
Joaquim Nabuco | None | Diplomat; politician | 1839 | 1910 |
José Paranhos, Baron of Rio Branco | Conservative Party | Diplomat; politician | 1845 | 1912 |
José do Patrocínio | None | Writer; politician | 1854 | 1905 |
Alberto Santos-Dumont | None | Aeronaut; inventor | 1873 | 1932 |
José Osvaldo de Meira Penna | None | Diplomat; writer | 1917 | 2017 |
Ariano Suassuna | None | Playwright; writer | 1927 | 2014 |
Prince Luiz Gastão of Orléans-Braganza
|
None | Activist | 1938 | 2022 |
Prince Bertrand of Orléans-Braganza
|
None | Activist | born 1941 | |
Olavo de Carvalho | None | Philosopher; Activist | 1947 | 2022 |
Ayrton Senna | None | Racing driver | 1960 | 1994 |
Prince Luiz Philippe of Orléans-Braganza | Liberal Party (PL) | Politician; businessman | born 1969 | |
Carla Zambelli | Liberal Party (PL) | Politician | born 1980 | |
Arlindo Veiga dos Santos | AIPB | Writer, politician, poet | 1902 | 1978 |
Present day
This section needs to be updated.(March 2022) |
According to the Los Angeles Times, the level of support for a return of monarchy has remained fairly steady with 10.3% in the 1993 referendum and 10.7% in a 2017 survey by pollster Paraná Pesquisas.[5]
Luiz Philippe of Orléans-Braganza, nephew of the current Head of the Vasourian pretenders to the Imperial House of Brazil, is known in the Brazilian academical environment.[citation needed] He is an active member of liberal movements in the country.[6] On 28 February, he announced his pre-candidacy to federal deputy for the state of São Paulo by the New Party.[7]
Politically, the movement is still small. In 2016, journalist
National "Bandeiraço" of the Independence
In 2015, some Brazilian monarchists started appearing with Brazil's imperial flag in military parades and similar events during Independence Day, an act known as the National "Bandeiraço" of Independence (bandeiraço may be translated as "great flag demonstration"). In 2016, the act was carried out nationally, in 16 cities. In 2017, 34 cities participated.[11]
Pretenders
The most recognised pretender to the Brazilian throne is Prince Bertrand of Orléans-Braganza. He is the head of the called Vassouras branch of the Imperial Family, since it was divided after the resignation of his great-uncle Pedro de Alcântara, Prince of Grão-Pará in 1908. The descendants of Prince Pedro de Alcântara did not accept his resignation and maintained an active claim to the throne until the death of his elder son, Prince Pedro Gastão of Orléans-Braganza in 2007, whose claim passed to his son, Prince Pedro Carlos of Orléans-Braganza, head of the Petrópolis branch.[12]
Public opinion
There is no official research on public opinion regarding which form of government is preferred in Brazil. However, the emergence and growth of monarchist activity and organisations throughout the country is visible, especially in anti-government protests.[13] Currently, according to an online poll conducted on the Brazilian Senate's website, 93% of the participants expressed support for a referendum on the restoration of the monarchy as a constitutional monarchy. This legislative suggestion has been terminally rejected by the legislative committee responsible for appraising it.[14]
Date | Polling organisation | Question | Yes | No | No answer | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4 June 2018 | "O Tempo" (Newspaper from Minas Gerais) |
"Do you support the restoration of the monarchy in Brazil?" | 78%
|
22%
|
—
|
|
23 June 2017 | Paraná Research Institute | "Would you be for or against the return of the Monarchy in Brazil, or rather, going back to having a King/Queen or an Emperor/Empress?" | 10.7%
|
84.5%
|
4.7%
|
|
22 June 2017 | "Senado Federal" (Official Brazilian senate website) |
"Do you support the legislative suggestion to restore constitutional monarchy?" | 92.8%
|
7.2%
|
—
|
|
21 April 2013 | "Portal Terra" (Newspaper) | "From the same ticket used in 1993, you can vote for this virtual plebiscite. Which system of government do you choose?" | 82%
|
18%
|
—
|
|
21 April 1993 | "Federal Government of Brazil" (Federal Law n° 8.624) | "Constitutional Referendum about the Government regime and system" | 10.2%
|
66%
|
23.7%
|
References
- ISBN 0807853593Page 20 2nd paragraph
- ^ Levine, R.M. Vale of Tears: Revisiting the Canudos Massacre in Northeastern Brazil, 1893–1897. University of California Press, 1995
- ^ "The Revolt of Ribeirãozinho and the return of the monarchy". Taquaritinga On-line. 21 June 2008. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
- ^ "The Murder of Colonel Gentil de Castro - A Martyr of the Monarchist Cause in Brazil". Instituto Histórico de Petrópolis. 5 August 2005. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
- ^ Schipani, Andres (6 January 2020). "Royalists pine for days of empire in Bolsonaro's Brazil". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ "Descendent of the Imperial Family is leader of anti-Dilma group". Folha de S. Paulo. 15 August 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
- ^ "Sobrinho do Imperador de jure do Brasil é pré-candidato pelo NOVO em SP". Boletim da Liberdade (in Brazilian Portuguese). 28 February 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
- ^ "The monarchist deputy". Câmara dos Deputados do Brasil. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
- ^ "Senado Federal - Programa e-Cidadania - Consulta Pública".
- ^ "Rondônia aprova moção de apoio a proposta de referendo pela restauração da monarquia". Diga Sim a Monaquia. 18 November 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
- ^ "Bandeiraço de 07 de setembro". Império News (in Brazilian Portuguese). 23 October 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
- ^ "Imperial Family divided in dispute to the right to the Brazilian throne". Folha de S. Paulo. 6 March 2008. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
- ^ In the midst of the political crisis, monarchists want emperor in Brazil
- ^ 92 percent of votes for a legislative suggestion that would restore the Brazilian monarchy
- ^ Amidst political chaos, monarchists want to reign in Brazil
- ^ Instituto Paraná Pesquisas
- ^ 92 percent of Brazilians shows support for the legislative suggestion for the restoration of monarchy
- ^ 20 years of the plebiscite TV3
- ^ (in Portuguese) Results at the Brazilian Institute for Monarchy Studies of Rio Grande do Sul Archived 10 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Source: Superior Electoral Court.