Nagpuri culture

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Nagpuri culture refers to the culture of the Nagpuria people, the native speakers of the Nagpuri language, which includes literature, festivals, folk song and dance.[1][2] It is also referred to as the culture related to the Nagpuri language.[3]

Language

Main articles: Nagpuri language and Nagpuri literature

Nagpuri is the native language of Sadan, the Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group of Chotanagpur. It is spoken in the western and central Chota Nagpur plateau region. It is spoken by around 12 million people, 5 million as a native language and 7 million as a second language.

Ghasiram Mahli and Das Mahli.[8] Some prominent writers in modern the period are Praful Kumar Rai, Lal Ranvijay Nath Shahdeo, Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari, Girdhari Ram Gonjhu and Sahani Upendra Pal Singh.[9]

Festivals

Several festivals are observed by Sadans including Ashadhi Puja, Karam, Jitiya, Nawakhani, Sohrai/Diwali, Surjahi Puja, Makar Sankranti, Fagun, Bad Pahari and Sarhul.[10][11][12]

Folk music and dance

Folk dance

Some Nagpuri folk dances are

Paiki is ceremonial martial folk dance performed in marriage and functions of Sadan community.[15][16] The musical instruments used are dhol, mandar, bansi, nagara, dhak, shehnai, khartal, and narsinga.[13][17][18] These musical instruments are traditionally made by Ghasi and Mahli community.[19] Akhra is important part of Nagpuri culture which where people dance in village.[10][20] Ghasi community have played important role in preservation of folk music. They have been playing musical instruments in marriage ceremony.[21]

Folk song

Folk songs are songs sung by people since time immemorial. These songs are composed by different people during different periods. Nagpuri folk songs can be divided into four categories, such as seasonal, festival, Sanskar and dance songs. Seasonal songs are sung according to season, such as Udasi, Pawas, Fagua. Pawas songs are sung during the rainy season, Fagua during spring till Holi festival and Udasi during summer season.[22] Festival songs are sung during festivals such as Karam, Jitiya, Teej, Sohrai etc. Sanskar songs are sung during major rites such as child birth and weddings. Dance songs are dance oriented such as Mardani Jhumar, Janani Jhumar, Domkach and Khemta.[16]

Theth Nagpuri is a genre of typical Nagpuri music which is based on traditional ragas of folk songs such as Jhumar, Pawas, Udasi and Fagua.[23] It is connected to Nagpuri tradition.[24] Notable exponent of Nagpuri folk music and dance are Govind Sharan Lohra, Mahavir Nayak and Mukund Nayak.

Clothes

The traditional clothes of Sadan are Dhoti, Sari, Kurta and Chadar. But in the modern age, shirts, pants, coats are also worn. Traditional jwellery worn by sadans are Bracelet, necklace, clavicle, sikari, Chhchi, bullak, basar, mathiya, kan fool. Tatoo is also practiced by Sadan.[12]

Traditional clothes, Laal Paad, made by Chik Baraik in Chotanagpur.[25] People wear them at traditional festivals and functions.[26]

Household goods and tools

Sadan people traditionally use the household items of earthenware, iron and bronze in the house include gagri, handi, chuka, dhakni for cooking. Hunting tools used are nets, kumni, bow arrow, sword, spear and tangi.[12]

Cuisine

Main article: Jharkhandi cuisine

The Staple food of the region is rice. People also eat forest products such as wild flowers and fruits. Some traditional dishes are

white mushroom, Putu (white puffball) and rugda (puffball), which grow during the rainy season in field and forest.[32][33][34] Mahua flower is edible and its seed used for preparation of oil.[35] The traditional alcoholic beverage are Handi, a rice bear and Mahua daru, a wine prepared by Mahua flowers. People drink it during festivals and marriage feasts.[36]

Chilka Roti, traditional bread of Chotanagpur

Religion

Sadan people observe festivals such as

deities and is the oldest, non-literate system. It is a pre-vedic tradition extending back to prehistoric times, or before the writing of the Vedas.[40] The influence of Vedic religion reached in the region during the reign of the Nagvanshi. The Nagvanshi kings constructed several temples during their reign and invited Brahmins from different parts of the country for priestly duties.[41] But rituals in the village are carried out by village priest Pahan.[39][42]

Megasthenes, the Greek Ambassador to Maurya, Emperor Chandragupta Maurya, mentioned India in his book Indica. According to him, Indians make wine from rice, drink rice bear in sacrifice and mainly eat rice pottage.[43] In 1989, the Jharkhand Co-ordination committee (JCC), who was instrumental in the demand for a separate Jharkhand state in front of the central government, also stated in their paper that Sadan may be the earliest Aryan population and could be the subcategoriable as Naga people as they differ from dominant Aryan group and did't strictly follow Brahmanical religion.[44]

Marriage tradition

Nagpuri weddings are held for several days. Prior to marriage, the groom's relatives go bride's home to see and negotiate for marriage and a token amount (bride price) is paid by the groom's family to the family of the bride. Some wedding rituals are madwa, baraat, parghani, sindoordan, bidai etc.[45][46] Domkach folk dance is performed during the wedding.[47] The musical instruments used in the nagpuri wedding are nagara, dhak and shehnai.[18]

The practice of bride price was mentioned in Ramayana and Mahabharata where during weddings of

Dharma Sutra.[48][49]

Traditional administrative System

In Chotoanagpur, there was a traditional administrative system to govern villages known as to the Parha system. In the Parha system, there were the posts of Mahto (village chief), Pahan (village priest), Pujar or Pani bharwa (assistant of Pahan), Bhandari (treasurer), Chowkidar (watchman), Diwan (minister) and Raja (king). During the reign of Nagvanshi, the landowners were known as Bhuinhar. Bhuinhar refers to the first people who cleared forest, built farmland and houses in a village. Sadans were in the post of Diwan, Thakur, Pandey, Karta (executive), Lal, Mahato, Pahan and Raja.[12]

The owner of lands known as Bhuinhars. Mahto made assessments and settlement of all land not held by hereditary cultivators. He collects rent. Pahan, the village priest, does all the rituals for village deities. Bhandari assists with the collection of rents and summoning ryots who work for farmers or Zamindars. There was Gorait, who was a messenger to Zamindar, and Kotwar, who was a police officer in each village. The village has a blacksmith and a Gowala who rear the cattle of the village.[50]

Cinema

Main article: Nagpuri cinema

Nagpuri language films have been produced since 1992. Sona Kar Nagpur (1992) was the first nagpuri film produced and directed by Dhananjay Nath Tiwari. The Nagpuri cinema faces several challenges, such as lack of funds and lack of infrastructure, as the majority of the audience reside in villages. Despite all these, several films are produced per year and few get released.[51]

See also

References

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  2. ^ Sharan, Arya (1 June 2017). "Colours of culture blossom at Nagpuri dance workshop". The Daily Pioneer. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
  3. ^ "Nagpuri call for culture". telegraphindia. 25 July 2008. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
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