Anti-Black sentiment

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(Redirected from
Negrophobia
)
"Melanophobia" redirects here. For other uses of the word "Melano", see Melanoleuca (disambiguation).
This article is about negative sentiment towards people because of their darker skin. For negative sentiment towards African peoples and societies, and negative sentiment towards members of the African diaspora, see Anti-African sentiment.
For racism against African Americans specifically, see Racism against African Americans.
Not to be confused with Necrophobia, a fear of dead things.

A gathering of White supremacists who are members of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) in Baltimore in 1923. Designated as a far-right terrorist organization, the KKK first emerged in the American South in the 19th century and it is widely considered the most notorious anti-black hate group in the country, reaching its peak with approximately six million members in the 1920s.
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Anti-Black sentiment, also called anti-Black racism, anti-Blackness or Negrophobia. It is characterized by prejudice, collective hatred, and discrimination or extreme aversion towards people who are considered Black people, such as sub-Saharan Africans, as well as a loathing of Black culture worldwide. Caused, among other factors, by racism and traumatic events and circumstances, symptoms of this form of xenophobia include, but are not limited to: the attribution of negative characteristics to Black and Coloured people; the fear or strong dislike or dehumanization of Black and Coloured men; and the objectification (including sexual objectification) of Black and Coloured women.[1]

racial hierarchies.[4] The word persists as a neutral descriptor in the names of some older organizations, such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
(NAACP) in the United States.

The

Negroes
, and Cape Coloureds.

What is particularly noteworthy about the classification of "Coloured persons" is that it included individuals of Black African descent, who were commonly known as Negroes. As a result, Coloureds or Cape Coloureds, as a group of mixed-race descent individuals, also have Black African ancestry and can be considered part of the broader African diaspora.[5]

The racial category of Coloureds is a multifaceted and heterogeneous group that exhibits great diversity. Analogously, they can be compared to

genetic makeup, which is closely linked to the predominantly West African heritage of Black Americans.[6][7]

While Coloureds in South Africa do have Black African ancestry, it is important to recognize that they have a distinct identity and experiences that differ from those of Black South Africans.

Despite this, there are instances where Coloureds may face discrimination and prejudice based on their mixed-race descent and Black African ancestry.

Furthermore, some individuals who hold prejudiced attitudes towards Black people may also hold negative attitudes towards Coloureds, viewing them as inferior or less desirable due to their mixed-race heritage.

Definitions

Debates over definitions

There are differences in the senses that are applied to negrophobes or the noun Negrophobia. Some senses use the term to describe a

discriminatory sentiment towards people who may identify with the Black race.[8] Accordingly, the latter sense adopts the notion that a person with Negrophobia believes that his or her race is superior to the Black race through xenophobia.[9] However, an alternative definition stays true to the original clinical meaning of the suffix phobia. Thereby, Negrophobia would be associated not with racism, but rather with those who critically fear the Black race.[10] In July 2010, a segment on Negrophobia was featured on The Rachel Maddow Show on MSNBC.[11][12][page needed][13][14][15]

Overview

Historical context

In Europe, anti-black sentiment finds its roots in the 17th century due to its extensive historical

police violence.[16] The latter protest movements notably underwent severe police violence in the Jardin du Luxembourg in Paris during the 2011 and 2013 abolition of slavery commemorations.[16]

Anti-black sentiment and identity

More specifically on Fanon's analysis of anti-black sentiment, the psychiatrist was the first to introduce the concept of internalized anti-black sentiment, pointing to the hatred of Black people and Black culture

European languages, a marked preference for European cultures over Black cultures, and a tendency to surround themselves with lighter skinned people rather than darker skinned ones.[1] Similarly, the pattern further includes attributing negative characteristics to Black people, culture, and things. Toni Morrison's novel The Bluest Eye (1970) stands as an illustrative work on the destroying effects of anti-black sentiment among the Black community on themselves.[18] Indeed, the main character, Pecola Breedlove, through her non-reconciliation with her Black identity, her Black societal indifference and her craving for symbolic blue eyes, presents all the signs of an internalised anti-black sentiment.[18] She develops an anti-Black neurosis due to her feeling of non-existence both within the White and her own community.[18]

While the latter theoretical framework is academically debated, Fanon insists on the nature of anti-black sentiment as a socio-diagnosis, thus characterising not individuals but rather entire societies and their patterns.

psychological field.[1]

Anti-black sentiment and law

The notion of involuntary anti-black sentiment is highly debated in the academic and

criminal justice system, thereby indirectly destroying the legitimacy of such courts.[21]

Anti-blackness in education and organization studies

In response to Black Lives Matter organizing contemporary scholars of Education, Human Resource Development, and Critical Management Studies have begun focusing on anti-Blackness in schools and places of business.[22][23][24][25][26] These efforts build on established critical race discourses in their respective field and incorporate concepts from Afropessimism.[27][page needed]

In the US

Main article: Racism against African Americans

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Brooks, Adia A. (2012). "Black Negrophobia and Black Self-Empowerment: Afro-Descendant Responses to Societal Racism in São Paulo, Brazil" (PDF). UW-L Journal of Undergraduate Research. XV: 2. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  2. ^ Kline Jr. 1958, p. 8254.
  3. ^ Stevenson & Waite 2011, p. 283.
  4. ^ "Is the word 'coloured' offensive?". BBC News. 9 November 2006. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  5. doi:10.1080/01419870.2011.607502
    .
  6. ^ Khan, Razib (June 16, 2011). "The Cape Coloureds are a mix of everything". Discover. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
  7. JSTOR 20004271
    .
  8. ^ Wolfrum 1999, p. 492.
  9. ^ Hankela 2014, p. 88.
  10. ^ McCulloch 2002, p. 73.
  11. ^ Maddow, Rachel (July 21, 2010). "Scaring white people for fun and profit". MSNBC.
  12. ^ James 2019.
  13. ^ Armour 1997, p. 2.
  14. ^ Bauerlein 2001, p. 3.
  15. ^ HarperCollins Publishers (2022). "Negrophobia". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
  16. ^ a b c d e Une Autre Histoire (13 January 2015). "Négrophobie". une-autre-histoire.org. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  17. ISBN 978-1-134-65657-8
    .
  18. ^ a b c Maleki, Nasser and Haj'jari and Mohammad-Javad (2015). "Negrophobia and Anti-Negritude in Morrison's The Bluest Eye". Epiphany: Journal of Transdisciplinary Studies. 8: 69. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  19. ^ a b Armour 1997, p. 64.
  20. ^ a b Armour 1997, p. 65.
  21. ^ a b Armour 1997, p. 66.
  22. S2CID 224844343
    .
  23. S2CID 236294224
    .
  24. S2CID 147252566
    .
  25. S2CID 147319546
    .
  26. S2CID 240576110
    .
  27. ^ Wilderson 2021.


Works cited


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