Open-mid front unrounded vowel
| Open-mid front unrounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɛ | |||
IPA Number | 303 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
|
help | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɛ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+025B | ||
| X-SAMPA | E | ||
| Braille |  | ||
| |||
| IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Legend: unrounded • rounded |
.png)
The open-mid front unrounded vowel, or low-mid front unrounded vowel,ɛ⟩.
Features
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Akan (Twi)
|
ɛyɛ | [ɛjɛ] | 'it is good/fine' | See Akan phonology
| |
| Arabic | See Imāla | ||||
| Armenian | Eastern[2] | էջ/ēj | [ɛd͡ʒ] | 'page' | |
| Bavarian | Amstetten dialect[3] | [ example needed ] |
Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨æ⟩. | ||
| Bengali[4] | এক/ek | [ɛk] | 'one' | Alternative transcription and phonetic realisation of [æ] and an allophone of [e]. See Bengali phonology | |
| Breton[5] | gwenn | [ˈɡwɛnː] | 'white' | ||
| Bulgarian[6] | пет/pet | [pɛt̪] | 'five' | See Bulgarian phonology | |
| Catalan[7] | set | [ˈsɛt] | 'seven' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Chinese | Mandarin[8] | tiān
|
'sky' | Height varies between mid and open depending on the speaker. See Standard Chinese phonology | |
| Chuvash | ҫепĕç | ['ɕɛp̬ɘɕ] | 'gentle, tender' | ||
| Czech[9][10] | led | [lɛt] | 'ice' | In Bohemian Czech, this vowel varies between open-mid front [ɛ], open-mid near-front [ɛ̠] and mid near-front [ɛ̝̈].[9] See Czech phonology | |
| Danish | Standard[11][12] | frisk |
[ˈfʁɛsk] | 'fresh' | Most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨æ⟩. See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Standard[13] | bed | 'bed' | See Dutch phonology | |
| The Hague[14] | jij | 'you' | Corresponds to [ɛi] in standard Dutch. | ||
| English | General American[15] |
bed | 'bed' | ||
Northern England[16] |
May be somewhat lowered.[16] | ||||
| Received Pronunciation[17][18] | Older RP speakers pronounce a closer vowel [e̞]. See English phonology | ||||
| Younger General Australian speakers
|
Realization of /e/ due to an ongoing short-front vowel chain shift. See Australian English phonology | ||||
| Scottish[19] | |||||
| Cockney[20] | fat | [fɛt] | 'fat' | ||
Singaporean[21] |
|||||
| New Zealand[22] | See New Zealand English phonology | ||||
Broad Australian
|
Realization of /æ/. General Australian speakers realize this vowel as [æ] or [a]. See Australian English phonology | ||||
| Some Broad South African speakers[23] |
Other speakers realize this vowel as [ South African English phonology
| ||||
Belfast[24] |
days | [dɛːz] | 'days' | Pronounced [iə] in closed syllables; corresponds to [eɪ] in RP. | |
| Zulu[25] | mate | [mɛt] | 'mate' | Speakers exhibit a met-mate merger .
| |
| Faroese[26] | frekt | [fɹɛʰkt] | 'greedy' | See Faroese phonology | |
| French[27][28] | bête | 'beast' | See French phonology | ||
| Galician | ferro | [ˈfɛro̝] | 'iron' | See Galician phonology | |
| Georgian[29] | გედი /gedi |
[ɡɛdi] | 'swan' | ||
| German | Standard[30][31] | Bett | 'bed' | Also described as mid [ɛ̝].[32] See Standard German phonology | |
| Franconian accent[33] | oder | [ˈoːdɛ] | 'or' | Used instead of [ɐ].[33] See Standard German phonology | |
| Coastal Northern accents[33] | |||||
| Swabian accent[34] | fett | [fɛt] | 'fat' | Contrasts with the close-mid [e].[34] See Standard German phonology | |
| Western Swiss accents[35] | See | [z̥ɛː] | 'lake' | Close-mid [eː] in other accents; contrasts with the near-open [æː].[36] See Standard German phonology | |
| Hindustani | Hindi | रहना | [ˈɾɛɦna] | 'to stay' | See Hindustani phonology |
| Urdu | رہنا | ||||
| Hungarian | lesz | [ˈlɛs] | 'will be' | Allophone of [æ]. | |
| Italian[37] | bene |
'good' | See Italian phonology | ||
| Kaingang[38] | mbre | [ˈᵐbɾɛ] | 'with' | ||
| Korean | 매미 / maemi | [mɛːmi] | 'cicada' | See Korean phonology | |
Kurdish
|
Kurmanji (Northern) | hevde
|
[hɛvdɛ] | 'seventeen' | See Kurdish phonology |
| Sorani (Central) | ههڤده /hevde
|
[hɛvdæ] | |||
Pehlewî (Southern)
|
[hɛvdæ] | ||||
| crème | [kʀ̝ɛːm] | 'cream' | The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect. | ||
| Lithuanian | mesti | [mɛs̪t̪ɪ] | 'throw' | See Lithuanian phonology | |
| Lower Sorbian[42] | serp | [s̪ɛrp] | 'sickle' | ||
Luxembourgish[43] |
Stär | [ʃtɛːɐ̯] | 'star' | Allophone of /eː/ before /ʀ/.[43] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Macedonian[44][45] | Standard | мед/med | [ˈmɛd̪] | 'honey' | See Macedonian language § Vowels |
| Malay | Standard | paling | [pälɛŋ] | 'to play' | Possible realisation of /i/ and /e/ in closed final syllables. See Malay phonology |
| Negeri Sembilan | cepat | [cɔpɛɁ] | 'quick' | See Negeri Sembilan Malay | |
| Kelatan-Pattani | ayam | [äjɛː] | 'chicken' | See Kelatan-Pattani | |
| Terengganu | biasa | [bɛsə] | 'normal' | See Terengganu Malay | |
| Perak | mata | [matɛ] | 'eye' | See Perak Malay | |
| Norman | Jersey | affaûrder | [afɔrˈdɛ] | 'to afford' | |
| Norwegian | Sognamål[46] | pest |
[pʰɛst] | 'plague' | See Norwegian phonology |
| Occitan | grèga | [ˈɣɾɛɣɔ] | 'Greek' | See Occitan phonology | |
| Polish[47] | ten | 'this one' (nom. m.) | See Polish phonology | ||
| Portuguese | Most dialects[48][49] | pé | [ˈpɛ] | 'foot' | Stressed vowel might be lower [æ]. The presence and use of other unstressed ⟨e⟩ allophones, such as [e̞ e ɪ i ɨ], varies according to dialect. |
| Some speakers[50] | tempo | [ˈt̪ɛ̃mpu] | 'time' | Timbre differences for nasalized vowels are mainly kept in European Portuguese. See Portuguese phonology | |
| Romanian | Transylvanian dialects[51] | vede | [ˈvɛɟe] | '(he) sees' | Corresponds to mid [e̞] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
| Russian[52] | это/eto | 'this' | See Russian phonology | ||
| Shiwiar[53] | [ example needed ] |
Allophone of /a/. | |||
| Slovene | met |
[mɛ́t] | 'throw' (n.) | See Slovene phonology | |
| Spanish | Eastern Andalusian[54] | las madres |
[læ̞ː ˈmæ̞ːð̞ɾɛː] | 'the mothers' | Corresponds to [e̞] in other dialects, but in these dialects they are distinct. See Spanish phonology |
| Murcian[54] | |||||
| Swahili | shule | [ʃulɛ] | 'school' | ||
| Swedish | Central Standard[55] | ät | [ɛ̠ːt̪] | 'eat' (imp.) | Somewhat retracted.[55] See Swedish phonology |
| Tagalog | peke | [ˈpɛxɛʔ] | 'fake' | See Tagalog phonology | |
| Telugu | చేప | [tʃɛːa] | 'Fish' | ||
| మేక | [mɛːka] | 'Goat' | |||
| Thai | แตร / trae | [trɛː˧] | 'horn (instrument)' | ||
| Turkish[56][57] | ülke | [y̠l̠ˈcɛ] | 'country' | Allophone of /e/ described variously as "word-final"[56] and "occurring in final open syllable of a phrase".[57] See Turkish phonology | |
| Ukrainian[58] | день/den' | [dɛnʲ] | 'day' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Upper Sorbian[42][59] | čelo | [ˈt͡ʃɛlɔ] | 'calf' | ||
| Welsh | nesaf | [nɛsav] | 'next' | See Welsh phonology | |
| West Frisian[60] | beppe | [ˈbɛpə] | 'grandma' | See West Frisian phonology | |
| Yoruba[61] | ẹsẹ̀ |
[ɛ̄sɛ] | 'leg' | ||
See also
Notes
- vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
- ^ Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
- ^ Khan (2010), p. 222.
- ^ Mikael Madeg, Traité de prononciation du breton du Nord-Ouest à l’usage des bretonnants, Emgleo Breiz, Brest, 2010
- ^ Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999), p. 56.
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 54.
- ^ Lin (2007), p. 65.
- ^ a b Dankovičová (1999), p. 72.
- ^ Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), p. 228.
- ^ Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
- ^ Basbøll (2005), p. 45.
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 47.
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003), p. 136.
- ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009a).
- ^ a b Lodge (2009), p. 163.
- ^ Schmitt (2007), pp. 322–323.
- ^ "Received Pronunciation". British Library. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
- ^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 7.
- ^ Hughes & Trudgill (1979), p. 35.
- ^ Bet Hashim & Brown (2000).
- ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009b).
- ^ Lanham (1967), p. 9.
- ^ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-05-26.
- ^ "Rodrik Wade, MA Thesis, Ch 4: Structural characteristics of Zulu English". Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-17.
- ^ Árnason (2011), pp. 68, 75.
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
- ^ Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), pp. 261–262.
- ^ Hall (2003), pp. 82, 107.
- ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 34.
- ^ Kohler (1999), p. 87.
- ^ a b c Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 40.
- ^ a b Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
- ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 65.
- ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 34, 65.
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 119.
- ^ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676–677, 682.
- ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
- ^ Peters (2006), p. 119.
- ^ Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
- ^ a b Stone (2002), p. 600.
- ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 70.
- ^ Friedman (2001:10)
- ^ Lunt (1952:10–11)
- ^ Haugen (2004), p. 30.
- ^ Jassem (2003), p. 105.
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
- ^ Variação inter- e intra-dialetal no português brasileiro: um problema para a teoria fonológica – Seung-Hwa LEE & Marco A. de Oliveira Archived 2014-12-15 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP
- ^ Pop (1938), p. 29.
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 41.
- ^ Fast Mowitz (1975), p. 2.
- ^ a b Zamora Vicente (1967), p. ?.
- ^ a b Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
- ^ a b Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 10.
- ^ a b Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155.
- ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
- ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 20.
- ^ Tiersma (1999), p. 10.
- ^ Bamgboṣe (1966), p. 166.
References
- Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4
- Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (1966), A Grammar of Yoruba, [West African Languages Survey / Institute of African Studies], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
- ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Bet Hashim, Suzanna; Brown, Adam (2000), "The [e] and [æ] vowels in Singapore English", in Brown, Adam; Deterding, David; Ling, Low Ee Ling (eds.), The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 84–92, ISBN 981-04-2598-8
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, S2CID 249411809
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013) [First published 2003], Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students (3rd ed.), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, S2CID 249414876
- Dankovičová, Jana (1999), "Czech", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 70–74, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783929075083
- Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Fast Mowitz, Gerhard (1975), Sistema fonológico del idioma achual, Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, S2CID 249404451
- Friedman, Victor (2001), "Macedonian", in Garry, Jane; Rubino, Carl (eds.), Facts about the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the Worlds Major Languages, Past and Present, New York: Holt, pp. 435–439
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74,
- Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005), Turkish: a comprehensive grammar, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415114943
- Grønnum, Nina (1998), "Illustrations of the IPA: Danish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28 (1 & 2): 99–105, S2CID 249412109
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, S2CID 243772965
- Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29 (2), University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155–166, S2CID 145782045
- Hall, Christopher (2003) [First published 1992], Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English (2nd ed.), Manchester: Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-6689-1
- Haugen, Ragnhild (2004), Språk og språkhaldningar hjå ungdomar i Sogndal (PDF), Bergen: Universitetet i Bergen
- Hughes, Arthur; Trudgill, Peter (1979), English Accents and Dialects: An Introduction to Social and Regional Varieties of British English, Baltimore: University Park Press
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107,
- Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble", Anais do SETA, 3, Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP: 675–685
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Khan, Sameer ud Dowla (2010), "Bengali (Bangladeshi Standard)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 221–225,
- Kohler, Klaus J. (1999), "German", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- Lanham, Len W. (1967), The pronunciation of South African English, Cape Town: Balkema
- Lin, Yen-Hwei (2007), The Sounds of Chinese, Cambridge University Press
- Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
- Lunt, Horace G. (1952), Grammar of the Macedonian Literary Language, Skopje
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009a), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University
- Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009b), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University
- Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124,
- Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121,
- Schmitt, Holger (2007), "The case for the epsilon symbol (ɛ) in RP DRESS", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (3): 321–328, S2CID 143444452
- Scobbie, James M; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006), Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview, Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers
- Šewc-Schuster, Hinc (1984), Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče, Budyšin: Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264,
- Šimáčková, Šárka; Podlipský, Václav Jonáš; Chládková, Kateřina (2012), "Czech spoken in Bohemia and Moravia" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 42 (2): 225–232,
- Stone, Gerald (2002), "Sorbian (Upper and Lower)", in Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville G. (eds.), The Slavonic Languages, London and New York: Routledge, pp. 593–685, ISBN 9780415280785
- Ternes, Elmer; Vladimirova-Buhtz, Tatjana (1999), "Bulgarian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 55–57, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Tiersma, Peter Meijes (1999) [First published 1985 in Dordrecht by Foris Publications], Frisian Reference Grammar (2nd ed.), Ljouwert: Fryske Akademy, ISBN 90-6171-886-4
- Traunmüller, Hartmut (1982), "Vokalismus in der westniederösterreichischen Mundart.", Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, 2: 289–333
- Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (2): 219–225,
- Watkins, Justin W. (2001), "Illustrations of the IPA: Burmese" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 31 (2): 291–295, S2CID 232344700
- Zamora Vicente, Alonso (1967), Dialectología española (2nd ed.), Biblioteca Romanica Hispanica, Editorial Gredos, ISBN 9788424911157
- Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), "Turkish" (PDF), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 0-521-65236-7, archived from the original(PDF) on 2018-07-25, retrieved 2015-11-21
External links
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||