Operation Together Forward
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Operation Together Forward | |||||||
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Part of the Iraq War | |||||||
| |||||||
Belligerents | |||||||
United States Army British Army New Iraqi Army |
al-Mahdi Army | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Muqtada al-Sadr | |||||||
Strength | |||||||
61,000[2]– 75,000[3] | unknown | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
101 killed, 1 captured 13 killed 197 killed | At least 411 individuals associated with death squads killed or captured. Heavy insurgent casualties (At least several hundred killed)[4] |
Operation Together Forward, also known as Forward Together (
The plan was announced on 14 June 2006 by the then-recently installed Prime Minister
The major provisions of the operation included a curfew from 9pm to 6am, increased checkpoints and patrols, and further restrictions on carrying weapons. Additionally, Iraqi and Coalition troops would raid terrorist cells and attempt to disrupt insurgent activities through active missions against suspected insurgent locations.
However, although highly touted at the time of its introduction, the plan failed to increase security in the capital as the high level of violence continued with a spate of major bombings (at least four such attacks with 40+ deaths each occurred in a one-week period) and sectarian killings throughout June and July.
Background
Soon after taking up his command, General Chiarelli began ordering operations in Iraq designed to increase security as the new Iraqi government was forming in the face of a civil war. In March 2006, Operation Scales of Justice took place in Baghdad which significantly increased the number of security forces in the city and captured some 800 suspected insurgents in its first two months, but it did not reduce the overall violence.[7]
For many months, senior British officers had been urging General
Timeline
Violence increased in July, tensions were high between
Operation Together Forward began on 9 July 2006,[12] the operation consisted of clearance: operations (that were wearily familiar to the city's inhabitance) buildings were searched and weapons were seized, local troops were then meant to hold the area. Within weeks of the operation getting underway, it was obvious that it was not working-US commanders accused the Iraqi security forces of failing to provide two promised brigades, where Iraqi units did appear (particularly those from the Ministry of the Interior) they were often blamed for making situations worse. Stories abounded of Iraqi police acting like the acting like the Mahdi Army by using their freedom of movement to enter Sunni areas on murder missions.[13] MND-B soldiers and Iraqi security forces executed continuous raids targeting known terrorist cells and cell leaders; they conducted some 32,000 combat patrols and killed or captured over 400 insurgents and seized numerous weapons and ammunition cashes.[14][15]
On 24 July 2006, it was announced that Prime Minister Maliki was heading to Washington, D.C. for talks about the security situation with President George W. Bush. The White House also publicly admitted for the first time that the Operation had been a failure, and that a new security strategy for Baghdad would be designed.
Coalition commanders in the
By late July, hundreds of thousands of Baghdadis had fled to Jordan or Syria; US senior officers, concluding that the operation had failed were putting into action plans to launch a new security drive for the capital using a higher proportion of US troops. But given the dire nature of the national security situation and the apparent desire by top commanders at the Pentagon not to deploy more troops to an increasingly unpopular war.[17]
On 1 August 2006, 70 Iraqis (including 20 soldiers) were killed in Baghdad violence and bombings.
On 7 August, MND-B soldiers and Iraqi security forces began phase II of the operation, which was designed to further increase security and reduce violence in and around Baghdad and give Iraqi forces the chance to operate with more autonomy than previous operations in the area. The Iraqis sent 6,000 more troops to the capital to support phase II as well as 3,700 troops mainly from the 172nd Infantry Brigade, however only two of the planned six Iraqi battalions showed up. This insufficiency in the Iraqi forces was seen as a reason for the operations lack of overall success. The Coalition was able to clear certain areas of insurgents, but they were not able to keep the insurgents and terrorists from infiltrating back into the cleared areas.[18] The violence increased in August, US and Iraqi forces cleared 4,000 houses in the Dora and Risala neighbourhoods, however there was still more than a million houses and dwellings in the search areas, which made the operation furtherly unsustainable. In addition, the insurgents were usually tipped off by complicit members Iraqi security forces and would flee the area, therefore there was no strategic result in the operation.[19]
A second major operation, Operation Together Forward II began in August, following the same tactics as its predecessor, however the operation focused too much on the pace of the clearing operations and not on the building up of essential infrastructure to better support the needs of the local population. As a result, the level of violence jumped to 43% between summer and October 2006.[20]
By 1 October 2006, Dora was completely cleared for the second time in less than two months, but with the same negligible results as in the previous operation-again the insurgents had been tipped off and fled the area.[21]
Also in October, Gen. William Caldwell said: "Operation Together Forward has made a difference in the focus areas but has not met our overall expectations of sustaining a reduction in the levels of violence."[22]
Baghdad attacks were said to have escalated by 22% over the beginning of the operation.
During the operation the number of sectarian killings throughout the capital were at an all-time high. Each month during the operation between 1,300 and 2,000 civilians were killed. Attacks on American units in the city were happening each day. Members of the al-Mahdi Army conducted sniper attacks on American foot patrols, while Sunni insurgents attacked American convoys with roadside bombs. Some 81 American soldiers were killed during the operation in fighting in the capital along with almost 200 members of the Iraqi Army and the Iraqi police. Also 20 American soldiers were killed in the fighting in the town of Taji, just 20 kilometers north of Baghdad. One American soldier was captured in Baghdad a day before the operation ended. An unknown number of Iraqi insurgents were killed or captured but it was probably several hundred. The U.N. reported that 14,000 civilians were killed in the whole of Iraq during the battle.
On 23 October the White House announced that it would be reviewing its overall Iraq security strategy as the unrelenting violence the country continued and the U.S. military death toll for October became the highest of 2006. The operation ended the next day.[23]
On 23 November a massive, coordinated car bomb and mortar attack in the Sadr City section of Baghdad killed 215 people and wounded a further 250.
On 12 December, a suicide car bomber targeting laborers killed 60 people in Baghdad and wounded 220 others. The truck driver signaled to the would-be workers that he had jobs—prompting people to crowd around the pickup before he detonated his bomb. This scenario has been used dozens of times in Iraq to inflict maximum casualties, yet Iraqis continue to look for work in this manner - despite the obvious risk - due to the poor economic situation in the country.
The Iraq Study Group, in its December 2006 report[24] cited Operation Together Forward II (i.e. the second phase of the Operation), writing:
In a major effort to quell the violence in Iraq, U.S. military forces joined with Iraqi forces to establish security in Baghdad with an operation called Operation Together Forward II, which began in August 2006. Under Operation Together Forward II, U.S. forces are working with members of the Iraqi Army and police to "clear, hold, and build" in Baghdad, moving neighborhood by neighborhood. There are roughly 15,000 U.S. troops in Baghdad. This operation—and the security of Baghdad—is crucial to security in Iraq more generally... The results of Operation Together Forward II are disheartening. Violence in Baghdad—already at high levels—jumped more than 43 percent between the summer and October 2006. U.S. forces continue to suffer high casualties.
On 22 January 2007, a suicide car bomber crashed into a market in the central neighborhood of Bab al-Sharqi, killing 88 people. This attack highlighted the complete inability of the United States or the Iraqi government to stop large-scale bombings in Baghdad more than six months after Operation Together Forward was announced.
Operation Fardh al-Qanoon
In February 2007, a new security operation was launched throughout Baghdad. The city was divided into 9 security zones which were cleared by US and Iraqi forces. Joint Security Stations were established following the securing of each sector to enable reconstruction work to begin in safety. As a result of this operation, made possible following a "surge" in US troop levels, large portions of the city came under Coalition control.
See also
- Iraq War
- Iraqi insurgency
- Operation Sinbad
- Operation Law and Order
References
- ISBN 978-1591140184
- ISBN 978-1250006967, p. 165,
- ISBN 978-1591140184
- ISBN 978-1591140184
- ISBN 978-1591140184
- ISBN 978-1250006967,
- ISBN 978-1591140184
- ISBN 978-1250006967, p.164-165,
- ISBN 978-1591140184
- ISBN 978-1849088121
- ISBN 978-1250006967, p.163-164,
- ISBN 978-1591140184
- ISBN 978-1250006967, p. 166,
- ISBN 978-1591140184
- ISBN 978-1849088121
- ISBN 978-1250006967, p.172-173, p. 180
- ISBN 978-1250006967, p. 174,
- ISBN 978-1591140184
- ISBN 978-1849088121
- ISBN 978-1591140184
- ISBN 978-1849088121
- ^ http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/10/19/baghdad.operation/index.html
- ^ "Bush consults with generals about Iraq strategy". NBC News. 20 October 2006.
- ^ "Iraq Study Group | United States Institute of Peace". Archived from the original on 15 June 2009.
External links
- Central Command press release
- Central Command press release announcing Operation Together Forward, phase II
- CNN: Baghdad violence forces U.S. to re-evaluate strategy