Iraq
Republic of Iraq | |
---|---|
Motto: ٱللَّٰهُ أَكْبَرُ Jews and Mandaeans) | |
Demonym(s) | Iraqi |
Government | Federal parliamentary republic |
Abdul Latif Rashid | |
Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani | |
Legislature | Council of Representatives |
Independence from the United Kingdom | |
3 October 1932 | |
14 July 1958 | |
15 October 2005 | |
AST) | |
Driving side | right |
Calling code | +964 |
ISO 3166 code | IQ |
Internet TLD |
Iraq,
Starting as early as the
Modern Iraq dates to 1920, when a
Iraq is a federal parliamentary republic country. The president is the head of state, the prime minister is the head of government, and the constitution provides for two deliberative bodies, the Council of Representatives and the Council of Union. The judiciary is free and independent of the executive and the legislature.[22] Iraq is considered an emerging middle power[23] with a strategic location[24] It is a founding member of the United Nations, the OPEC as well as of the Arab League, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, Non-Aligned Movement, and the International Monetary Fund. The country has the third largest oil reserves in the world after Venezuela and Saudi Arabia and is a leading center of oil and gas industry. Since its independence, Iraq has experienced spells of significant economic and military growth and briefer instability including wars.
Name
There are several suggested origins for the name. One dates to the Sumerian city of Uruk and is thus ultimately of Sumerian origin.[25][26] Another possible etymology for the name is from the Middle Persian word erāq, meaning "lowlands."[27] An Arabic folk etymology for the name is "deeply rooted, well-watered; fertile".[28]
During the medieval period, there was a region called ʿIrāq ʿArabī ("Arabian Iraq") for Lower
The term Sawad was also used in early Islamic times for the region of the alluvial plain of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
As an Arabic word, عراق ʿirāq means "hem", "shore", "bank", or "edge", so that the name by folk etymology came to be interpreted as "the
The Arabic pronunciation is [ʕiˈrɑːq]. In English, it is either /ɪˈrɑːk/ (the only pronunciation listed in the Oxford English Dictionary and the first one in Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary[34]) or /ɪˈræk/ (listed first by MQD), the American Heritage Dictionary,[35] and the Random House Dictionary.[36]
When the British established the Hashemite king on 23 August 1921, Faisal I of Iraq, the official English name of the country changed from Mesopotamia to the endonymic Iraq.[37] Since January 1992, the official name of the state is "Republic of Iraq" (Jumhūriyyat al-ʿIrāq), reaffirmed in the 2005 Constitution.[38][39][40]
History
Prehistoric and ancient Mesopotamia
Between 65,000 BC and 35,000 BC, northern Iraq was home to a
At the time of the pre-pottery Neolithic, people used vessels made of stone, gypsum and burnt lime (Vaisselle blanche). Finds of obsidian tools from Anatolia are evidences of early trade relations. Further important sites of human advancement were Jarmo (circa 7100 BC),[44] a number of sites belonging to the Halaf culture, and Tell al-'Ubaid, the type site of the Ubaid period (between 6500 BC and 3800 BC).[45] The respective periods show ever-increasing levels of advancement in agriculture, tool-making and architecture.
The "
During the
However, the Sumerians remained generally dominant until the rise of the Akkadian Empire (2335–2124 BC), based in the city of Akkad in central Iraq. Sargon of Akkad founded the empire, conquered all of the city states of southern and central Iraq, and subjugated the kings of Assyria, thus uniting the Sumerians and Akkadians in one state. The Akkadian Empire was the first ancient empire of Mesopotamia after the long-lived civilization of Sumer.
He then set about expanding his empire, conquering
It is from the period of Hammurabi that southern Iraq came to be known as
After this, another foreign people, the
The
During the
Iron Age
After a period of comparative decline in
It was during this period that an Akkadian-influenced form of
The Neo-Assyrian Empire left a legacy of great cultural significance. The political structures established by the Neo-Assyrian Empire became the model for the later empires that succeeded it and the ideology of universal rule promulgated by the Neo-Assyrian kings inspired similar ideas of rights to world domination in later empires. The Neo-Assyrian Empire became an important part of later folklore and literary traditions in northern Mesopotamia. Judaism, and thus in turn also Christianity and Islam, was profoundly affected by the period of Neo-Assyrian rule; numerous Biblical stories appear to draw on earlier Assyrian mythology and history and the Assyrian impact on early Jewish theology was immense. Although the Neo-Assyrian Empire is prominently remembered today for the supposed excessive brutality of the Neo-Assyrian army, the Assyrians were not excessively brutal when compared to other civilizations.[60][61]
The short-lived
The Mongols destroyed the Abbasid Caliphate and Baghdad's
The mid-14th-century
Portuguese and Ottoman Iraq
During the late 14th and early 15th centuries, the
In 1523, the Portuguese commanded by António Tenreiro crossed from Aleppo to Basra trying to make alliances with local lords in the name of the Portuguese king.[76] In 1550, the local kingdom of Basra and tribal rulers relied on the Portuguese against the Ottomans, after which the Portuguese threatened several times to invoke an invasion and conquest of Basra. From 1595, the Portuguese acted as military protectors of Basra,[77] and in 1624 they helped the Ottoman pasha of Basra to repel a Persian invasion. The Portuguese were granted a share of customs revenue and exemption from tolls. From approximately 1625 to 1668, Basra and the Delta marshes were in the hands of local chiefs independent of the Ottoman administration in Baghdad.[78] In the 17th century, the frequent conflicts with the Safavids had sapped the strength of the Ottoman Empire and had weakened its control over its provinces. The nomadic population swelled with the influx of bedouins from Najd. Bedouin raids on settled areas became impossible to curb.[79]
During the years 1747–1831, Iraq was ruled by a
During
Mandate of Mesopotamia and independent kingdom
During the
Faced with spiralling costs and influenced by the public protestations of the war hero
The war started on 2 May, and the British, together with loyal
Iraqi Republic
In 1958, a coup d'état known as the
Qasim controlled Iraq through military rule and in 1958 he began a process of forcibly reducing surplus land owned by a few citizens and having the state redistribute the land.
In 1961, Kurdish nationalist movements, led by Mustafa Barzani's the Kurdistan Democratic Party, launch an armed rebellion against the Iraqi government, seeking autonomy for the Kurdish region.[100] The government faces challenges in quelling the Kurdish uprising, leading to intermittent clashes between Kurdish forces and the Iraqi military.[100] Iraq also sided with the Arab coalition in support for the Palestinian cause in the Six Day War of 1967 against Israel.[100] Qassim was killed and overthrown by Colonel Abdul Salam Arif in a February 1963 coup.[100]
The Ba'ath Party assumes power, but internal divisions within the party lead to political instability and a series of unsuccessful coups. Same year, a revolt began at Ar-Rashid army camp in Baghdad, which was again crushed by government just like the 1959 uprisings. After the Abdul Salam Arif's death in airplane accident in 1966, he was succeeded by his brother, Abdul Rahman Arif. He was overthrown in a coup by the Ba'ath Party on 17 July 1968.[101][102]
Ba'athist Iraq
Overthrew of Abdul Rahman Arif and paved a way for establishment of Ba'athist Iraq, headed by Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr as president. The new government of Iraq was based on Ba'athist ideology, founded by Michel Aflaq, advocating Arab nationalism and Arab socialism. Ba'athist period of Iraq began with a high-level of prosperity and reforms, which turned Iraq into a powerful and leading country in the Middle East.
Al-Bakr served as first Ba'ath president of Iraq. But then the movement gradually came under the control of
Following months of cross-border raids with Iran, Saddam declared war on Iran in September 1980, initiating the
Due to Iraq's inability to pay Kuwait more than
Shortly after it ended in 1991,
Iraq was ordered to destroy its chemical and biological weapons and the UN attempted to compel Saddam's government to disarm and agree to a ceasefire by imposing additional sanctions on the country in addition to the initial sanctions imposed following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. The Iraqi Government's failure to disarm and agree to a ceasefire resulted in
Iraq War
Following the
2004 saw Sunni and Shia militants fighting against each other and against the new
In late 2006, the US government's
Following the
Post-war conflict and insurgency
Sectarian violence continued in the first half of 2013 with at least 56 people killed in April when a Sunni protest in
By late June, the Iraqi government had lost control of its borders with both
In response to rapid territorial gains made by the
In September 2017, a
In November 2021, Iraqi Prime Minister
The country's electrical grid faces systemic pressures due to climate change, fuel shortages, and an increase in demand.[188][189] Corruption remains endemic throughout all levels of Iraqi governance while the US-endorsed sectarian political system has driven increased levels of violent terrorism and sectarian conflicts within the country.[190][191] Climate change is driving wide-scale droughts across the country while water reserves are rapidly depleting.[192] The country has been in a prolonged drought since 2020 and experienced its second-driest season in the past four decades in 2021. Water flows in the Tigris and Euphrates are down between 30 and 40%. Half of the country's farmland is at risk of desertification.[193] Nearly 40% of Iraq "has been overtaken by blowing desert sands that claim tens of thousands of acres of arable land every year".[194]
Geography
Iraq lies between latitudes 29° and 38° N, and longitudes 39° and 49° E (a small area lies west of 39°). Spanning 437,072 km2 (168,754 sq mi), it is the 58th-largest country in the world.
It has a coastline measuring 58 km (36 miles) on the northern
The central part of the south, which slightly tapers in favour of other countries, is natural vegetation marsh mixed with rice paddies and is humid, relative to the rest of the plains.[citation needed] Iraq has the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range and the eastern part of the Syrian Desert.[citation needed]
Rocky deserts cover about 40 percent of Iraq. Another 30 percent is mountainous with bitterly cold winters. The north of the country is mostly composed of mountains; the highest point being at 3,611 m (11,847 ft). Iraq is home to seven terrestrial ecoregions:
Climate
Much of Iraq has a hot
The northern mountainous regions have cold winters with occasional heavy snows, sometimes causing extensive flooding.[citation needed] Iraq is highly vulnerable to climate change.[197] The country is subject to rising temperatures and reduced rainfall, and suffers from increasing water scarcity for a human population that rose tenfold between 1890 and 2010 and continues to rise.[198][199]
Biodiversity
The wildlife of Iraq includes its
Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes, by Saddam's regime, caused there a significant drop in biological life. Since the overthrow, flow is restored and the ecosystem has begun to recover.[203] Iraqi corals are some of the most extreme heat-tolerant as the seawater in this area ranges between 14 and 34 °C.[204] Aquatic or semi-aquatic wildlife occurs in and around these, the major lakes are Lake Habbaniyah, Lake Milh, Lake Qadisiyah and Lake Tharthar.[205]
Government and politics
The
The
According to the 2023
Transparency International ranks Iraq's government as the 23rd most corrupt government in the world.[209] Under Saddam Hussein, the government employeed 1 million employees, but this increased to around 7 million in 2016. In combination with decreased oil prices, the government budget deficit is near 25% of GDP as of 2016[update].[210]
Law
In October 2005, the new
In 2004, the CPA chief executive L. Paul Bremer said he would veto any constitutional draft stating that sharia is the principal basis of law.[217] The declaration enraged many local Shia clerics,[218] and by 2005 the United States had relented, allowing a role for sharia in the constitution to help end a stalemate on the draft constitution.[219] The Iraqi Penal Code is the statutory law of Iraq.
Military
Iraqi security forces are composed of forces serving under the Ministry of Interior (MOI) and the Ministry of Defense (MOD), as well as the Iraqi Counter Terrorism Bureau, reporting directly to the
The current Iraqi armed forces was rebuilt on American foundations and with huge amounts of American military aid at all levels. The army consists of 13 infantry divisions and one
As of February 2011, the navy had approximately 5,000 sailors, including 800
Foreign relations
After the end of the Iraq War, Iraq sought and strengthened regional economic cooperation and improved relations with neighboring countries.
On 17 November 2008, the US and Iraq agreed to a
Human rights
Relations between Iraq and its
LGBT rights in Iraq remain limited. Although decriminalised, homosexuality remains stigmatised in Iraqi society.[243] Human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory have been recorded as highly violated. It included mass executions in Islamic State-occupied part of Mosul and genocide of the Yazidis in Yazidi populated Sinjar, which is in northern Iraq.[244]
Administrative divisions
Iraq is composed of eighteen governorates (or provinces) (Arabic: muhafadhat (singular muhafadhah)). The governorates are subdivided into districts (or qadhas), which are further divided into sub-districts (or nawāḥī). A nineteenth governorate, Halabja Governorate, is unrecognised by the Iraqi government.
Economy
Iraq's economy is dominated by the oil sector, which has traditionally provided about 95% of foreign exchange earnings. The lack of development in other sectors has resulted in 18%–30% unemployed and a per capita GDP of $4,812.[5] Public sector employment accounted for nearly 60% of full-time employment in 2011.[245] The oil export industry, which dominates the Iraqi economy, generates very little employment.[245] Currently only a modest percentage of women (the highest estimate for 2011 was 22%) participate in the labour force.[245]
Prior to US occupation, Iraq's
Five years after the invasion, an estimated 2.4 million people were
Tourism
Iraq was an important
Transport
Iraq has a modern network of highways.
Oil and energy
With its 143.1 billion barrels (2.275×1010 m3) of proved oil reserves, Iraq ranks third in the world behind Venezuela and Saudi Arabia in the amount of
During the 1970s Iraq produced up to 3.5 million
According to a US Study from May 2007, between 100,000 barrels per day (16,000 m3/d) and 300,000 barrels per day (48,000 m3/d) of Iraq's declared oil production over the past four years could have been siphoned off through corruption or smuggling.[267] In 2008, Al Jazeera reported $13 billion of Iraqi oil revenues in US care was improperly accounted for, of which $2.6 billion is totally unaccounted for.[268] Some reports that the government has reduced corruption in public procurement of oil; however, reliable reports of bribery and kickbacks to government officials persist.[269]
On 30 June and 11 December 2009, the
Water supply and sanitation
Three decades of war greatly cut the existing
Infrastructure
Although many infrastructure projects had already begun, at the end of 2013 Iraq had a housing crisis. The then very war-ravaged country was set to complete 5 percent of the 2.5 million homes it needs to build by 2016 to keep up with demand, confirmed the Minister for Construction and Housing.[278] In 2009, the Iraq Britain Business Council formed. Its key impetus was House of Lords member and trade expert Lady Nicholson. In mid 2013, South Korean firm Daewoo reached a deal to build Bismayah New City of about 600,000 residents in 100,000 homes.[279]
In December 2020, the Prime Minister launched the second phase of the Grand Faw Port via winning bid of project manager/head contractor Daewood at $2.7 billion.[280] In late 2023, the Iraqi government announced that it will build a total of 15 new cities across the country, in an attempt to tackle a persistent housing problem, according to officials.[281] In addition, This project falls under the Iraqi government's plan and strategy to establish new residential cities outside city centers, aiming to alleviate the urban housing crisis. The first 5 new cities cities will be located in Baghdad, Babylon, Nineveh, Anbar and Karbala, while another 10 new residential cities will be launched in other governorates. The initial phase of the [housing] plan began in late 2023, when Iraqi Prime Minister, Al-Sudani laid the foundaton stone of Al-Jawahiri city. Located in west of the capital, the new city will host 30,000 housing units which will cost $2 billion. It is expected to be completed in four to five years. According to officials, none of it financed by the government.[282][283][284]
In early 2024, the Iraqi government signed a contract for the new Ali El-Wardi residential city project with the director of Ora Real Estate Development Company, Naguib Sawiris, which is the largest project among the five new residential city projects in its first phase.[285] Located east of Baghdad, the city will offer over 100,000 residential units. First of its kind in the country, the city will specialize in providing advanced technological infrastructure for smart cities and will match up to the highest sustainability standards.[286] The goal for the Iraqi government is to build 250,000 to 300,000 housing units for poor and middle-class families and address a housing crisis, In addition, the cities will include universities, commercial centers, schools and health centers.[283] In 2024, and during a visit to Baghdad by Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan, quadrilateral memorandum of understanding regarding cooperation in Iraq Development Road project signed between Iraq, Türkiye, Qatar, UAE. The deal was inked by the transportation ministers from each country. The 1,200-kilometer project with railway and highways which will connect the Grand Faw Port, aimed to be the largest port in the Middle East. It is planned to be completed by 2025 to the Turkish border at an expected cost of $17 billion. According to Iraqi officials, the Development Road is a strategic national project for Iraq, and will become the largest sea port in the Middle East, as such strengthening Iraq's geopolitical position.[287][288][289]
Demographics
The 2021 estimate of the total Iraqi population is 43,533,592.[290][291] Iraq's population was estimated to be 2 million in 1878.[292] In 2013 Iraq's population reached 35 million amid a post-war population boom.[293] Those three vilayets of the Ottoman Empire — Mosul, Basra and Baghdad, where designated as concentration of different ethnic groups. Basra region borders Iran and is home to Shia Arabs. The Mosul region houses Kurdish peoples, who considered it as a part of Kurdistan region. The region around Baghdad is home to Sunni Arabs.
Ethnic groups
Iraq's native population is predominantly
A report by the
According to the
Around 20,000 Marsh Arabs live in southern Iraq.[296]
Iraq has a community of 2,500
Languages
The main languages spoken in Iraq are
Prior to the invasion in 2003,
According to the Constitution of Iraq (Article 4): The Arabic language and the Kurdish language are the two official languages of Iraq. The right of Iraqis to educate their children in their mother tongue, such as Turkmen, Syriac, and Armenian shall be guaranteed in government educational institutions in accordance with educational guidelines, or in any other language in private educational institutions.[38]
Religion
Religions in Iraq are dominantly Abrahamic religions. The CIA World Factbook estimated in 2015 that between 95 and 98% of Iraqis followed Islam, with 61–64% being Shia and 29–34% being Sunni. Christianity accounted for 1%, and the rest (1-4%) practiced Yazidism, Mandaeism, and other religions.[302] An older 2011 Pew Research Center estimated that 51% of Muslims in Iraq see themselves as Shia, 42% as Sunni, while 5% as "just a Muslim".[303]
Christianity in Iraq has its roots from the conception of the Church of the East in the 5th century AD, predating the existence of Islam in the region. Christians in Iraq are predominantly native Assyrians belonging to the Ancient Church of the East, Assyrian Church of the East, Chaldean Catholic Church, Syriac Catholic Church and Syriac Orthodox Church. There is also a significant population of Armenian Christians in Iraq who had fled Turkey during the Armenian genocide. Christians numbered over 1.4 million in 1987 or 8% of the estimated population of 16.3 million and 550,000 in 1947 or 12% of the population of 4.6 millions.[305]
After the 2003
There are also small
Diaspora and refugees
The dispersion of native Iraqis to other countries is known as the
In 2011, nearly 3 million Iraqis had been displaced, with 1.3 million within Iraq and 1.6 million in neighbouring countries, mainly Jordan and Syria.
Health
In 2010, spending on healthcare accounted for 6.84% of the country's GDP. In 2008, there were 6.96 physicians and 13.92 nurses per 10,000 inhabitants.[327] The life expectancy at birth was 68.49 years in 2010, or 65.13 years for males and 72.01 years for females.[328] This is down from a peak life expectancy of 71.31 years in 1996.[329]
Iraq had developed a centralised free health care system in the 1970s using a hospital based, capital-intensive model of curative care. The country depended on large-scale imports of medicines, medical equipment and even nurses, paid for with oil export income, according to a "Watching Brief" report issued jointly by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization (WHO) in July 2003. Unlike other poorer countries, which focused on mass health care using primary care practitioners, Iraq developed a Westernised system of sophisticated hospitals with advanced medical procedures, provided by specialist physicians. The UNICEF/WHO report noted that prior to 1990, 97% of the urban dwellers and 71% of the rural population had access to free primary health care; just 2% of hospital beds were privately managed.[330]
Education
Before Iraq faced economic sanctions from the UN and was invaded by the United States, it already had an advanced and successful education system.[331] However, it has now been "de-developing" in its educational success.[331] Saddam led government viewed as repressive by the western powers, implemented domestic policies which turned Iraq into a leading center of higher education in the Middle East.
Since the implementation of the MDGs, education in Iraq has shown improvement. Enrollment numbers nearly doubled from 2000 to 2012, reaching six million students.[332] By 2015–2016, around 9.2 million children were attending school, with a steady annual increase of 4.1% in enrollment rates.[333] However, the rapid increase in primary education students has strained the system.[334] Education receives only 5.7% of government spending, leading to a lack of investment in schools and poor educational rankings in the region.[335] UNICEF found that funding has been wasted, resulting in increasing dropout and repetition rates.[336] Dropout rates range from 1.5% to 2.5%, with girls being affected more due to economic or family reasons. Repetition rates have reached almost 17%, causing a loss of approximately 20% of education funding in 2014–2015.[337]
Regional disparities greatly impact enrollment rates for children in primary education in Iraq.[337] Conflict-ridden areas like Saladin have seen over 90% of school-age children out of school due to the conversion of schools into shelters or military bases.[337] Limited resources strain the education system, hindering access to education.[337] However, efforts have been made to reopen closed schools, with success seen in Mosul, where over 380,000 children are back in school.[337] Access to education varies depending on location, and there are disparities between boys and girls.[337] In 2013–2014, boys' enrollment was around five million, while girls' enrollment was around 4.2 million, with an 11% out-of-school rate for girls and less for boys.[337] However, girls' enrollment has been increasing at a higher rate, particularly in Iraq Centre, across all education levels, suggesting progress towards achieving universal education for all.[337]
Despite the increase in enrollment rates for primary education, a significant number of children, particularly internally displaced children due to conflicts, remain out of the education system. Around 355,000 internally displaced children in Iraq, with 330,000 in Iraq Centre, are not receiving education. The strain on education resources is evident, and UNICEF emphasizes the need for increased expenditures to improve the quality of education. Challenges include inadequate school buildings, teacher shortages, lack of standardized curricula, textbooks, and technology. The growing student population poses a strain on teachers, impacting the quality of education. Libraries play a crucial role in promoting literacy but require restructuring within the education system to be more effective.
Culture
Iraq's culture has a deep heritage that extends back in time to ancient Mesopotamian culture. Iraq has one of the longest written traditions in the world including architecture, literature, music, dance, painting, weaving, pottery, calligraphy, stonemasonry and metalworking. The culture of Iraq or Mesopotamia is one of the world's oldest cultural histories and is considered one of the most influential cultures in the world.
Mesopotamian legacy went on to influence and shape the civilizations of the
Art
There were several interconnected traditions of art in ancient Iraq. The
At the height of the Abbasid period, in the late 12th century, a stylistic movement of manuscript illustration and calligraphy emerged. Now known as the Baghdad School, this movement of Islamic art was characterised by representations of everyday life and the use of highly expressive faces rather than the stereotypical characters that had been used in the past.[340]
Architecture
The architecture of Iraq has a long history, encompassing several distinct cultures and spanning a period from the 10th millennium BC and features both Mesopotamian and Abbasid architecture. Modern prominent architects include Zaha Hadid, Basil Bayati, Rifat Chadirji and Hisham N. Ashkouri among others.[341]
Important cultural institutions in the capital include the
Institutions offering cultural education in Baghdad include the Academy of Music, Institute of Fine Arts and the
The capital, Ninus or
Literature
The literature in Iraq is often referred to as "Mesopotamian literature" due to the flourishing of various civilisations as a result of the mixture of these cultures and has been called Mesopotamian or Babylonian literature in allusion to the geographical territory that such cultures occupied in the Middle East between the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.[345] The Sumerian literature was unique because it does not belong to any known linguistic root. Its appearance began with symbols of the things denoting it, then it turned with time to the cuneiform line on tablets. The literature during this time were mainly about mythical and epic texts dealing with creation issues, the emergence of the world, the gods, descriptions of the heavens, and the lives of heroes in the wars that broke out between the nomads and the urbanites. They also deal with religious teachings, moral advice, astrology, legislation, and history. One of which was the Epic of Gilgamesh, which is regarded as the earliest surviving notable literature.[346]
During the Abbasid Caliphate, the
Music
Iraq is known primarily for its rich
Early in the 20th century, many of the most prominent musicians in Iraq were
The most famous singer of the 1930s–1940s was perhaps Salima Pasha (later Salima Murad).[350][351] The respect and adoration for Pasha were unusual at the time since public performance by women was considered shameful.[350] The most famous early composer from Iraq was Ezra Aharon, an oud player, while the most prominent instrumentalist was Yusuf Za'arur.[citation needed] Za'arus formed the official ensemble for the Iraqi radio station and were responsible for introducing the cello and ney into the traditional ensemble.[350]
Media
Iraq was home to the second television station in the Middle East, which began during the 1950s. As part of a plan to help Iraq modernise, English telecommunications company
After the end of the full state control in 2003, there were a period of significant growth in the broadcast media in Iraq.[353] By mid-2003, according to a BBC report, there were 20 radio stations from 0.15 to 17 television stations owned by Iraqis, and 200 Iraqi newspapers owned and operated.
Iraqi media expert and author of a number of reports on this subject, Ibrahim Al Marashi, identifies four stages of the US invasion of Iraq in 2003 where they had been taking the steps that have significant effects on the way for the later of the Iraqi media since then. Stages are: pre-invasion preparation, and the war and the actual choice of targets, the first post-war period, and a growing insurgency and hand over power to the Iraqi Interim Government (IIG) and Prime Minister
Cuisine
Iraqi cuisine can be traced back some 10,000 years – to the
Some characteristic ingredients of Iraqi cuisine include – vegetables such as
Similarly with other countries of
Sport
The Iraq Football Association is the governing body of football in Iraq, controlling the Iraq national football team and the Iraq Stars League. It was founded in 1948, and has been a member of FIFA since 1950 and the Asian Football Confederation since 1971. Iraq were champions of the 2007 AFC Asian Cup, and they participated in the 1986 FIFA World Cup and the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup.
See also
References
- Imperial Aramaic: ܥܝܪܐܩ
- : کۆماری عێراق, romanized: Komarî Êraq
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The name of the very ancient city of URUK- City of Gilgamesh is made up from the UR-city and UK- thought to mean existence (a-ku, a-Ki & a-ko. The Aramaic and Arabic root of IRQ and URQ denotes rivers or tributaries at the same times referring to condensation (of water).
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The term Iraq did not encompass the regions north of the region of Tikrit on the Tigris and near Hīt on the Euphrates.
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Bibliography
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Further reading
- "Iraqi Constitution" (PDF). Ministry of Interior – General Directorate For Nationality. 30 January 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
- ISBN 978-0-521-87823-4.
External links
- Iraq. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- Wikimedia Atlas of Iraq
- Iraq web resources provided by GovPubs at the University of Colorado Boulder Libraries
- Geographic data related to Iraq at OpenStreetMap
- Iraq at Curlie
- Iraq profile from the BBC News
- Life in Iraq – A short video presentation
Government
- Presidency of Iraq Archived 18 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine
- Cabinet of Iraq
- Government of Iraq Archived 2 May 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- Prime Minister's Office