Public image of Mother Teresa
She has also been subject to criticism, including objections to the quality of the medical care which she provided, suggestions that some deathbed baptisms constituted forced conversions, and alleged links to colonialism and racism and alleged relationships with questionable public figures.
These criticisms have been rebutted by some commentators, with a notable theme being the claim that critics do not understand her motivations and that she is being unfairly held to Western standards.[2][3]
Recognition and reception
In India
From the Indian government, under the name of Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu, Mother Teresa was issued a diplomatic passport.
To commemorate the 100th anniversary of her birth, the government of India issued a special ₹5 coin (the amount of money Mother Teresa had when she arrived in India) on 28 August 2010. President Pratibha Patil said, "Clad in a white sari with a blue border, she and the sisters of Missionaries of Charity became a symbol of hope to many—namely, the aged, the destitute, the unemployed, the diseased, the terminally ill, and those abandoned by their families."[9]
Internationally
Mother Teresa received the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Peace and International Understanding, given for work in South or East Asia, in 1962. According to its citation, "The Board of Trustees recognises her merciful cognisance of the abject poor of a foreign land, in whose service she has led a new congregation".[10] By the early 1970s, Mother Teresa was an international celebrity. She had been catapulted to fame via Malcolm Muggeridge's 1969 BBC documentary, Something Beautiful for God, before he released a 1971 book of the same name.[11] Muggeridge was undergoing a spiritual journey of his own at the time.[12] During filming, footage shot in poor lighting (particularly at the Home for the Dying) was thought unlikely to be usable by the crew; the crew had been using new, untested photographic film. In England, the footage was found to be extremely well-lit and Muggeridge called it a miracle of "divine light" from Teresa.[13] Other crew members said that it was due to a new type of ultra-sensitive Kodak film.[14] Muggeridge later converted to Catholicism.[15]
Around this time, the Catholic world began to honour Mother Teresa publicly. Pope
She was honoured by governments and civilian organisations and appointed an honorary Companion of the Order of Australia in 1982 "for service to the community of Australia and humanity at large".[18] The United Kingdom and the United States bestowed a number of awards, culminating in the Order of Merit in 1983 and honorary citizenship of the United States on 16 November 1996.[19] Mother Teresa's Albanian homeland gave her the Golden Honour of the Nation in 1994,[20] but her acceptance of this and the Haitian Legion of Honour was controversial. Mother Teresa was criticised for implicitly supporting the Duvaliers and corrupt businessmen such as Charles Keating and Robert Maxwell; she wrote to the judge of Keating's trial requesting clemency.[20][21]
Universities in India and the West granted her honorary degrees.
During her lifetime, Mother Teresa was among the top 10 women in the annual Gallup's most admired man and woman poll 18 times, finishing first several times in the 1980s and 1990s.[29] In 1999 she headed Gallup's List of Most Widely Admired People of the 20th Century,[30] out-polling all other volunteered answers by a wide margin. She was first in all major demographic categories except the very young.[30][31]
Nobel Peace Prize
External videos | |
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Mother Teresa's 1979 Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech |
In 1979, Mother Teresa received the Nobel Peace Prize "for work undertaken in the struggle to overcome poverty and distress, which also constitutes a threat to peace".[32] She refused the conventional ceremonial banquet for laureates, asking that its $192,000 cost be given to the poor in India.[33]
Sainthood
Mother Teresa is a saint in the Catholic Church. Pope Francis canonised her at a ceremony on 4 September 2016 in St. Peter's Square in Vatican City. Tens of thousands of people witnessed the ceremony, including 15 government delegations and 1,500 homeless people from across Italy.[34][35] It was televised live on the Vatican channel and streamed online; Skopje, Mother Teresa's hometown, announced a week-long celebration of her canonisation.[34] In India, a special Mass was celebrated by the Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta.[35]
Chatterjee, Hitchens, and Ali
Three prominent authors, Aroup Chatterjee, Christopher Hitchens, and Tariq Ali, have criticized Mother Teresa.
Aroup Chatterjee, an Indian author and physician, who briefly worked in one of Mother Teresa's homes, investigated the practices of Teresa's order. In 1994, two British journalists, Christopher Hitchens and Tariq Ali, produced a highly critical British
In 1995, Hitchens published
In
Hitchens' allegations of forced baptisms
In The Missionary Position, Hitchens claims that Mother Teresa and her sisters performed forced baptisms; however, this has been disputed. According to Hitchens, Mother Teresa encouraged members of her order to secretly baptise dying patients, without regard to the individual's religion. In his book Susan Shields, a former member of the Missionaries of Charity, states that "Sisters were to ask each person in danger of death if he wanted a 'ticket to heaven'. An affirmative reply was to mean consent to baptism. The sister was then to pretend that she was just cooling the patient's head with a wet cloth, while in fact she was baptising him, saying quietly the necessary words. Secrecy was important so that it would not come to be known that Mother Teresa's sisters were baptising Hindus and Muslims."[44] These allegations, if true, would be a breach of the Missionaries of Charity's constitution which states "it is never lawful for anyone to force others to embrace the Catholic Faith against their conscience".[45]
In a review of Hitchens' book, Murray Kempton has argued that patients were not provided sufficient information to make an informed decision about whether they wanted to be baptised and the theological significance of a Christian baptism.
Quality of medical care
In 1994, Robin Fox, then editor of the British medical journal
Fox conceded that the regimen he observed included "cleanliness, the tending of wounds and sores, and loving kindness", but critiqued the sisters' "spiritual approach" to managing pain: "I was disturbed to learn that the formulary includes no strong analgesics. Along with the neglect of diagnosis, the lack of good analgesia marks Mother Theresa's [sic] approach as clearly separate from the hospice movement. I know which I prefer."[49]
An article by David Jeffrey, Joseph O'Neill, and Gilly Burn in The Lancet responded to Fox, and argued that it was disingenuous to single out Mother Teresa's hospices for healthcare limitations that were common to most care facilities in India. They noted Indian healthcare generally suffered from: "1) lack of education of doctors and nurses, 2) few drugs, and 3) very strict state government legislation, which prohibits the use of strong analgesics even to patients dying of cancer". They concluded Mother Teresa's homes were being unfairly held to the standards of "Western-style hospice care [...] not relevant to India".[2] Additionally, Mother Teresa never set out to set up hospitals or hospices, but rather places for those the hospitals would not accept.[50]
Other criticisms
Mother Teresa died in 1997. Despite her request that all of her writings and correspondences be destroyed, a collection of them was posthumously released to the public in book form.[51]: 13–18 Her writings revealed that she struggled with feelings of disconnectedness,[52] that were in contrast to the strong feelings which she had experienced as a young novice.[53] In her letters Mother Teresa describes a decades-long sense of feeling disconnected from God[54] and lacking the earlier zeal that had characterised her efforts to start the Missionaries of Charity. As a result of this, she was judged by some to have "ceased to believe" and was posthumously criticised for hypocrisy.[55][56][failed verification] Thomas C. Reeves suggests that this criticism displays a basic unfamiliarity with the concept of the "dark night of the soul".[57]
After the Jesuit priest Donald McGuire was convicted of sexually molesting multiple children, Mother Teresa was criticized for defending him and urging that he be reinstated to the ministry after he was initially removed.[58][59]
In 2013, in a comprehensive review[60] covering 96% of the literature on Mother Teresa, a group of Université de Montréal academics reinforced the foregoing criticism, detailing, among other issues, the missionary's practice of "caring for the sick by glorifying their suffering instead of relieving it, [...] her questionable political contacts, her suspicious management of the enormous sums of money she received, and her overly dogmatic views regarding, in particular, abortion, contraception, and divorce". Questioning the Vatican's motivations for ignoring the mass of criticism, the study concluded that Mother Teresa's "hallowed image – which does not stand up to analysis of the facts – was constructed, and that her beatification was orchestrated by an effective media relations campaign" engineered by Catholic BBC journalist Malcolm Muggeridge.[61]
In 2021, Michelle Goldberg, an opinion columnist for The New York Times published a column suggesting that some of Mother Teresa's actions were those of a cult leader.[62]
Mother Teresa was at various points accused of perpetuating colonialism through a white saviour mindset.[63][64][65]
Responses to criticism
In The Hindu, Navin B. Chawla states that Mother Teresa never intended to build hospitals, but to provide a place where those who had been refused admittance "could at least die being comforted and with some dignity." He also counters critics of Mother Teresa by stating that her periodic hospitalizations were instigated by staff members against her wishes, and disputes the claim that she conducted surreptitious baptisms. "Those who are quick to criticise Mother Teresa and her mission, are unable or unwilling to do anything to help with their own hands."[66]
Sister Mary Prema Pierick, the former Superior General of the Missionaries of Charity, also stated that Mother Teresa's homes were never intended to be a substitute for hospitals, but rather "homes for those not accepted in the hospital... But if they need hospital care, then we have to take them to the hospital, and we do that." Sister Pierick also contested the claims that Mother Teresa deliberately cultivated suffering, and affirmed her order's goal was to alleviate suffering.[50]
In The Spectator, Melanie McDonagh has noted that Mother Teresa is in large part "criticized for not being what she never set out to be, for not doing things which she never saw as her job. [...] What she wasn't was a head of government. She didn't address the fundamental causes of poverty because she was addressing the symptoms and she did that well," nor were her sisters social workers. McDonagh commented, "She wasn't trying to do anything except treat people at the margins of society as if they were Christ himself."[67]
In
Mark Woods in Christian Today felt that "perhaps just as significant, in terms of her public perception, is the sense among Christians that her critics don't really understand what she was doing. So to criticise her for opposing abortion and contraception, for instance, is to criticise her for not running a secular charity, which she never pretended to do."[3]
Legacy and depictions in popular culture
At the time of her death, the Missionaries of Charity had over 4,000 sisters and an associated brotherhood of 300 members operating 610 missions in 123 countries.[69] These included hospices and homes for people with HIV/AIDS, leprosy and tuberculosis, soup kitchens, children's and family counselling programmes, orphanages and schools. The Missionaries of Charity were aided by co-workers numbering over one million by the 1990s.[70]
Commemorations
Mother Teresa has been commemorated by museums and named the patroness of a number of churches. She has had buildings, roads and complexes named after her, including
In 2012, Mother Teresa was ranked number 5 in Outlook India's poll of the Greatest Indian.[83]
Ave Maria University in Ave Maria, Florida is home to the Mother Teresa Museum.
Film and literature
Documentaries and books
- Mother Teresa is the subject of the 1969 documentary film and 1972 book, Something Beautiful for God, by Malcolm Muggeridge.[84] The film has been credited with drawing the Western world's attention to Mother Teresa.
- Hell's Angel, argues that Mother Teresa urged the poor to accept their fate; the rich are portrayed as favoured by God.[85][86] It was the precursor of Hitchens' essay, The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice.
- Mother of The Century (2001) and Mother Teresa (2002) are short documentary films, about the life and work of Mother Teresa among the poor of India, directed by Amar Kumar Bhattacharya. They were produced by the Films Division of the Government of India.[87][88]
- Mother Teresa: No Greater Love (2022) is a documentary film featuring unusual access to institutional archives and how her vision to serve Christ among the poor is being implemented through the Missionaries of Charity.[89]
Dramatic films and television
- Mother Teresa appeared in Bible Ki Kahaniyan, an Indian Christian television series based on the Bible which aired on DD National during the early 1990s. She introduced some of the episodes, laying down the importance of the Bible's message.[90]
- Geraldine Chaplin played Mother Teresa in Mother Teresa: In the Name of God's Poor, which received a 1997 Art Film Festival award.[91]
- She was played by Olivia Hussey in a 2003 Italian television miniseries, Mother Teresa of Calcutta.[92] Re-released in 2007, it received a CAMIE award.[93]
- Mother Teresa was played by Juliet Stevenson in the 2014 film The Letters, which was based on her letters to Vatican priest Celeste van Exem.[94]
- Mother Teresa, played by Cara Francis the FantasyGrandma, rap battled Epic Lloyd. The rap was released on YouTube 22 September 2019.[95]
- In the 2020 animated film Soul, Mother Teresa briefly appears as one of 22's past mentors.
Theatre
- Teresa, la Obra en Musical is a 2004 Argentine musical based on the life of Mother Teresa
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Further reading
- Doino, William Jr. "Mother Teresa and Her Critics". First Things 2013.
- Taylor, Adam. "Why Mother Teresa is still no saint to many of her critics". The Washington Post. September 1, 2016