Augsburg

Coordinates: 48°22′08″N 10°53′52″E / 48.36889°N 10.89778°E / 48.36889; 10.89778
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Augsburg (disambiguation).

Augsburg
Ougschburg (
Swabian)
City
Flag of Augsburg
Flag
Coat of arms of Augsburg
Coat of arms
Location of Augsburg
Map
Urban district
Government
 • Lord mayor (2020–26) Eva Weber[1] (CSU)
Area
 • City146.84 km2 (56.70 sq mi)
Elevation
494 m (1,621 ft)
Population
 (2022-12-31)[2]
 • City301,033
 • Density2,100/km2 (5,300/sq mi)
 • Metro
885,000
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
Postal codes
86150–86199
Dialling codes0821
Vehicle registrationA
Websitewww.augsburg.de

Augsburg (

urban district and home to the institutions of the Landkreis Augsburg. It is the third-largest city in Bavaria (after Munich and Nuremberg), with a population of 304,000[5] and 885,000 in its metropolitan area.[6]

After

Welser families that dominated European banking in the 16th century. According to Behringer, in the sixteenth century it became "the dominant centre of early capitalism", having benefited from being part of the Kaiserliche Reichspost system as "the location of the most important post office within the Holy Roman Empire" and the city's close connection to Maximilian I.[7] The city played a leading role in the Reformation as the site of the 1530 Augsburg Confession and the 1555 Peace of Augsburg. The Fuggerei, the oldest social housing complex in the world, was founded in 1513 by Jakob Fugger.[8][9]

In 2019 UNESCO recognised the Water Management System of Augsburg as a World Heritage Site because of its unique medieval canals and water towers and its testimony to the development of hydraulic engineering.[10]

Geography

Augsburg lies at the convergence of the

Friedberg in the east and the high hills of the west. In the south extends the Lechfeld, an outwash plain of the post ice age between the rivers Lech and Wertach, where rare primeval landscapes were preserved. The Augsburg city forest and the Lech valley heaths today rank among the most species-rich middle European habitats.[11]

Augsburg borders the

Entente Florale
for Europe's greenest and most livable city.

View of Augsburg, from the west

Suburbs and neighbouring municipalities

Augsburg is surrounded by the counties Landkreis Augsburg in the west and Aichach-Friedberg in the east.

The suburbs of Augsburg are

Diedorf
.

Neighbouring municipalities: Rehling, Affing, Kissing, Mering, Merching, Bobingen, Gessertshausen.

History

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Augsburg.
Silver coin: 1 conventionsthaler Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, 1765

Early history

Panorama of Augsburg, 1493
Perlach market place in 1550

The city of Augsburg was founded in 15 BC on the orders of

Huns in the fifth century AD, by Charlemagne in the eighth century and by Welf I, Duke of Bavaria in the 11th century.[citation needed
]

Augsburg Confession

Augsburg was granted the status of a

Catholics. With its strategic location at an intersection of trade routes to Italy, the Free Imperial City of Augsburg became a major trading centre.[citation needed
]

Augsburg produced large quantities of woven goods, cloth and textiles. Augsburg became the base of two banking families that rose to great prominence, the

Welsers. The Fugger family donated the Fuggerei part of the city devoted to housing for needy citizens in 1516, which remains in use today.[15]

In 1530, the Augsburg Confession was presented to the Holy Roman Emperor at the Diet of Augsburg. Following the Peace of Augsburg in 1555, after which the rights of religious minorities in imperial cities were to be legally protected, a mixed Catholic–Protestant city council presided over a majority Protestant population; see Paritätische Reichsstadt.[16]

Leading European centre of capitalism of the sixteenth century

A "bird’s-eye view" plan of western Augsburg, 1521

Augsburg's economic boom years occurred during the 15th and 16th centuries thanks to the

free imperial cities, Augsburg was an independent entity, and had authority over its tax policies.[19]

Augsburg's wealth attracted artists seeking

sculptors and musicians. Augsburg became the base of the Holbein family, starting with Hans Holbein the Elder. The composer Leopold Mozart was born and educated in Augsburg.[20] Rococo became so prevalent that it became known as "Augsburg style" throughout Germany.[citation needed
]

Augsburg benefitted majorly from the establishment and expansion of the

Philip the Handsome and grandson Charles V.[21][22] Even when the Habsburg empire began to extend to other parts of Europe, Maximilian's loyalty to Augsburg, where he conducted a lot of his endeavours, meant that the imperial city became "the dominant centre of early capitalism" of the sixteenth century, and "the location of the most important post office within the Holy Roman Empire". From Maximilian's time, as the "terminuses of the first transcontinental post lines" began to shift from Innsbruck to Venice and from Brussels to Antwerp, in these cities, the communication system and the news market started to converge. As the Fuggers as well as other trading companies based their most important branches in these cities, these traders gained access to these systems as well (despite a widely circulated theory which holds that the Fuggers themselves operated their own communication system, in reality they relied upon the imperial posts, presumably from the 1490s onwards, as official members of the court of Maximilian I).[23]

Witch hunts

Several

witch hunts occurred in Augsburg in the late 16th century. Following the 1585–1588 plague epidemic, southeast Germany was shattered by the 1589–1591 witch hunts. Following the 1592–1593 plague epidemic, cities in southeast Germany entered a period of inflation, marked by brutal witch hunts in urban areas.[24]

Thirty Years' War

Religious peace in the city was largely maintained despite increasing tensions up to the

Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden occupied Augsburg.[citation needed
]

In 1634, the Swedish army was defeated at the nearby Battle of Nördlingen. By October 1634, Catholic troops had surrounded Augsburg. The Swedish army refused to surrender and a siege ensued through the winter of 1634/35 and thousands died from hunger and disease. During the Swedish occupation and the siege by Catholic troops, the population of the city was reduced from about 70,000 to about 16,000. Diseases such as typhus and the plague ravaged the city.[25]

Guilds

In the first half of the 17th century Augsburg was pivotal in the European network of goldsmiths. Augsburg attracted goldsmith journeymen from all over Europe and in the 18th century a large number of silversmiths and goldsmiths became master craftsman in Augsburg.[26]

Nine Years' War

In 1686 the

Electorate of the Palatinate, Portugal, Savoy, Saxony, Spain, Sweden, and the Dutch Republic. The coalition was formed to defend the Electorate of the Palatinate and fought against France in the Nine Years' War.[citation needed
]

End of Free Imperial City status

Early 18th century map of Augsburg and surrounding area
A map of Augsburg in 1800

The

Swabia and Neuburg.[citation needed
]

Industrial revolution

During the end of the 19th century, Augsburg's textile industry again rose to prominence followed by the machine manufacturing industry.[citation needed]

Second World War and Cold War

Augsburg was historically a militarily important city due to its strategic location. During the German re-armament before the Second World War, the Wehrmacht enlarged Augsburg's one original Kaserne (barracks) to three: Somme Kaserne (housing Wehrmacht Artillerie-Regiment 27); Arras Kaserne (housing Wehrmacht Infanterie Regiment 27) and Panzerjäger Kaserne (housing Panzerabwehr-Abteilung 27 (later Panzerjäger-Abteilung 27)). Wehrmacht Panzerjäger-Abteilung 27 was later moved to Füssen.

A Polish woman weeps as she tells American soldiers of her life as a slave labourer for the Nazis. She was liberated in Augsburg when the third-largest Bavarian city fell to the Americans (23 April 1945).

The

RAF sent 12 at low level to bomb the factory in daylight, on 17 April 1942. The bombers were intercepted en route and only five returned, all damaged. The factory was damaged but production continued; the factory was repeatedly bombed later. A subcamp of the Dachau concentration camp outside Augsburg supplied approximately 1,300 forced labourers to local military-related industry, especially the Messerschmitt AG military aircraft firm, headquartered in Augsburg.[27][28]

In 1941 Rudolf Hess, without Adolf Hitler's permission, secretly took off from a local Augsburg airport and flew to Scotland, crashing in Eaglesham, to the south of Glasgow. His objective was to meet the Duke of Hamilton in an attempt to mediate the end of the European front of World War II and join sides for the upcoming Russian Campaign.

The Reichswehr Infanterie Regiment 19 was stationed in Augsburg and became the base unit for the Wehrmacht Infanterie Regiment 40, a subsection of the Wehrmacht Infanterie Division 27 (which later became the Wehrmacht Panzerdivision 17). Elements of Wehrmacht II Battalion of Gebirgs-Jäger-Regiment 99 (especially Wehrmacht Panzerjäger Kompanie 14) was composed of parts of the Wehrmacht Infanterie Division 27. The Infanterie Regiment 40 remained in Augsburg until the end of the war, finally surrendering to the United States on 28 April 1945 when the

U.S. Army occupied the city. The city and its Messerschmitt works were bombed on three occasions during the war. Collateral damage included the destruction of just under 25% of all homes in the city and the deaths of several hundred people.[29]

Following the war the three Kasernen changed hands confusingly between the American and Germans, finally ending up in US hands for the duration of the Cold War. They became the three main US barracks in Augsburg: Reese, Sheridan and FLAK. US Base FLAK had been an anti-aircraft barracks since 1936 and US Base Sheridan 'united' the former infantry barracks with a smaller Kaserne for former Luftwaffe communications units.

The American military presence in the city started with the U.S. 5th Infantry Division stationed at FLAK Kaserne from 1945 to 1955, then by

USASA Field Station Augsburg and finally the 66th Military Intelligence Brigade
, which returned the former Kaserne to German hands in 1998. Originally the Heeresverpflegungshauptamt Südbayern and an Officers' caisson existed on or near the location of Reese-Kaserne but was demolished by the occupying Americans.

Politics

Municipality

Main article: List of mayors of Augsburg

From 1266 until 1548, the terms Stadtpfleger (head of town council) and Mayor were used interchangeably, or occasionally, simultaneously. In 1548 the title was finally fixed to Stadtpfleger, who officiated for several years and was then awarded the title for life (though no longer governing), thus resulting confusingly, in records of two or more simultaneous Stadtpfleger.

After the transfer to Bavaria in 1806, Augsburg was ruled by a Magistrate with two mayors, supported by an additional council of "Community Commissioners": the Gemeindebevollmächtige.

As of 1907, the Mayor was entitled

Oberbürgermeister, as Augsburg had reached a population of 100,000, as per the Bavarian Gemeindeordnung
.

Mayor

The mayor of Augsburg has been Eva Weber of the Christian Social Union (CSU) since 2020. The most recent mayoral election was held on 15 March 2020, with a runoff held on 29 March, and the results were as follows:

Candidate Party First round Second round
Votes % Votes %
Eva Weber Christian Social Union 41,534 43.1 63,762 62.3
Dirk Wurm Social Democratic Party 18,116 18.8 38,532 37.7
Martina Wild Alliance 90/The Greens 17,851 18.5
Andreas Jurca Alternative for Germany 4,673 4.8
Peter Hummel Free Voters of Bavaria 3,053 3.2
Frederik Hintermayr The Left 2,564 2.7
Lisa McQueen Die PARTEI 1,896 2.0
Bruno Marcon Augsburg in the Citizens' Hands 1,478 1.5
Anna Tabak We are Augsburg 1,261 1.3
Lars Vollmar Free Democratic Party 1,249 1.3
Christian Pettinger Ecological Democratic Party 1,183 1.2
Claudia Eberle Pro Augsburg 941 1.0
Florian Betz
V-Partei³
 678 0.7
Valid votes 96,477 99.4 102,294 99.4
Invalid votes 578 0.6 661 0.6
Total 97,055 100.0 102,955 100.0
Electorate/voter turnout 214,110 45.3 213,982 48.1
Source: City of Augsburg (first round, second round)

City council

Results of the 2020 city council election

The Augsburg city council governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 15 March 2020, and the results were as follows:

Party Votes % +/- Seats +/-
Christian Social Union (CSU) 1,653,781 32.3 Decrease 5.4 20 Decrease 3
Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne) 1,198,090 23.4 Increase 11.0 14 Increase 7
Social Democratic Party (SPD) 734,066 14.3 Decrease 8.1 9 Decrease 4
Alternative for Germany (AfD) 337,834 6.6 Increase 0.7 4 ±0
Free Voters of Bavaria (FW) 230,952 4.5 Increase 0.9 3 Increase 1
The Left (Die Linke) 189,034 3.7 Increase 0.5 2 ±0
Free Democratic Party (FDP) 117,201 2.3 Increase 0.7 1 ±0
Ecological Democratic Party (ÖDP) 114,119 2.2 Increase 0.3 1 ±0
Generation AUX (GenAUX) 108,956 2.1 New 1 New
Augsburg in the Citizens' Hands (AiB) 96,690 1.9 New 1 New
Pro Augsburg (PRO A) 94,346 1.8 Decrease 3.3 1 Decrease 2
We are Augsburg (WSA) 77,189 1.5 New 1 New
Die PARTEI 76,557 1.5 New 1 New
V-Partei³
 69,643 1.4 New 1 New
Political Voters' Association/Democracy in Motion (Polit-WG/DiB) 29,149 0.6 Decrease 2.5 0 Decrease 1
Total 5,127,607 100.0
Invalid votes 2,079 2.1
Total 97,013 100.0 60 ±0
Electorate/voter turnout 214,110 45.3 Increase 4.1
Source: City of Augsburg

Members of the Bundestag

Augsburg is located in the Wahlkreis 253 Augsburg-Stadt constituency, which includes Königsbrunn and parts of the District of Augsburg (Landkreis Augsburg).

18th German Bundestag
.

Indirectly elected to the Bundestag to adhere to the

Bündnis 90/Die Grünen.[30]

Climate

Augsburg has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb) or, following the 0 °C isotherm, a humid continental climate (Dfb).

Climate data for Augsburg (1991–2020 normals)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.0
(37.4) 		4.8
(40.6) 		9.5
(49.1) 		14.5
(58.1) 		18.8
(65.8) 		22.2
(72.0) 		24.2
(75.6) 		24.1
(75.4) 		19.1
(66.4) 		13.6
(56.5) 		7.1
(44.8) 		3.7
(38.7) 		13.7
(56.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) −0.1
(31.8) 		0.7
(33.3) 		4.4
(39.9) 		8.8
(47.8) 		13.2
(55.8) 		16.6
(61.9) 		18.3
(64.9) 		18.0
(64.4) 		13.4
(56.1) 		8.9
(48.0) 		3.9
(39.0) 		0.8
(33.4) 		8.9
(48.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −3.2
(26.2) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		2.8
(37.0) 		7.2
(45.0) 		10.7
(51.3) 		12.2
(54.0) 		11.9
(53.4) 		8.0
(46.4) 		4.6
(40.3) 		0.7
(33.3) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		4.1
(39.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 45.1
(1.78) 		34.1
(1.34) 		47.3
(1.86) 		45.8
(1.80) 		84.8
(3.34) 		92.0
(3.62) 		94.3
(3.71) 		91.8
(3.61) 		61.9
(2.44) 		52.9
(2.08) 		50.2
(1.98) 		49.7
(1.96) 		749.4
(29.50)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 14.9 14.2 14.8 12.4 14.7 16.0 15.4 14.2 13.2 14.3 14.4 16.8 175.3
Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm) 10.8 10.1 3.7 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 2.7 7.4 38.1
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		86.2 82.5 78.0 72.5 72.9 73.8 73.4 74.9 81.1 85.5 89.2 88.2 79.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 61.8 88.1 138.3 186.4 211.9 228.0 243.8 230.2 162.8 106.6 55.9 54.1 1,768.5
Source:
NOAA[31]

Main sights

Augsburg Town Hall and Perlachturm (left)
The Fuggerei
Fugger's City Palace

Water Management System

Water Management System in Meitingen

The water systems of Augsburg have been the site of innovations in hydraulic engineering for centuries.[33] Augsburg was built on top of an aquifer fed by the Lech and Wertach rivers, which provided purified groundwater that ran through the city through springs and streams.[34] The canals channelling this water through the city were first mentioned in 1276, and by 1416 waterworks, pumps and water towers were added to distribute this water effectively.[34] In 1545 Augsburg was one of the first European towns to separate drinking water from water used for industry, effectively preventing water-borne diseases.[10] The pumps and waterwheels also generated power for fountains and food processing, such as a 17th-century butcher's hall that still stands today.[34] In the 19th and 20th centuries hydroelectic power plants were also installed. These power plants were some of the first in the world to generate electricity from water and they are still in use today.[34] On 6 July 2019 the Water Management System of Augsburg was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[35]

Incorporations

Year Municipality Area
1 July 1910 Meringerau 9.5 km2
1 January 1911 Pfersee 3.5 km2
1 January 1911 Oberhausen 8.6 km2
1 January 1913 Lechhausen 27.9 km2
1 January 1913
Hochzoll
 4.4 km2
1 April 1916 Kriegshaber 59 km2
1 July 1972 Göggingen
1 July 1972
Haunstetten
1 July 1972
Inningen

Population

Historical population
YearPop.±%
163516,432—    
164519,960+21.5%
180626,200+31.3%
183029,019+10.8%
187151,220+76.5%
189075,629+47.7%
190089,109+17.8%
1910102,487+15.0%
1916146,226+42.7%
1925165,522+13.2%
1933176,575+6.7%
1939185,369+5.0%
1945146,416−21.0%
1950185,183+26.5%
1961208,659+12.7%
1970211,566+1.4%
1975252,000+19.1%
1980246,600−2.1%
1985244,200−1.0%
1990256,877+5.2%
1995259,699+1.1%
2000254,982−1.8%
2005262,676+3.0%
2010264,708+0.8%
2015281,111+6.2%
2019296,582+5.5%
Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.

Augsburg has a population of about 300,000. It is the third largest city in Bavaria and the largest city in the Swabia region. In the 16th century, Augsburg was one of the largest cities in Holy Roman Empire, with a population of about 30,000. This put it on a level with cities like Cologne and Prague. Augsburg passed 100,000 residents in 1909 and the population has grown steadily since then.

Largest groups of foreign residents[36]
Nationality Population (31 December 2022)
 Turkey 11,701
 Romania 7,242
 Ukraine 5,382
 Italy 4,280
 Croatia 4,123
 Poland 2,581
 Syria 2,332
 Greece 2,249
 Iraq 2,169
 Hungary 2,107
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1,823
 Kosovo 1,650

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany

Augsburg is twinned with:[37]

Transport

Roads

The main road link is autobahn A 8 between Munich and Stuttgart.

Public transport

Public transport is very well catered for. It is controlled by the Augsburger Verkehrs- und Tarifverbund (Augsburg transport and tariff association, AVV) extended over central Swabia. There are seven rail Regionalbahn lines, five tram lines, 27 city bus lines and six night bus lines, as well as several taxi companies.

The Augsburg tramway network is now 35.5 km-long after the opening of new lines to the university in 1996, the northern city boundary in 2001 and to the Klinikum Augsburg (Augsburg hospital) in 2002. Tram line 6, which runs 5.2 km from Friedberg West to Hauptbahnhof (Central Station), opened in December 2010.[38]

Intercity bus

There is one station for intercity bus services in Augsburg: Augsburg Nord, located in the north of the city.[39]

Railway

The front of the station

Augsburg has seven stations, the

Magistrale for Europe
.

The AVV operates seven Regionalbahn lines from the main station to:

Starting in 2008, the regional services are planned to be altered to S-Bahn frequencies and developed long term as integrated into the Augsburg S-Bahn.

Air transport

Until 2005 Augsburg was served by nearby Augsburg Airport (AGB). In that year all air passenger transport was relocated to Munich Airport. Since then, the airport is used almost entirely by business airplanes.[40]

Economy

Archangel Michael
in Augsburg
KUKA's industrial robots

Augsburg is a vibrant industrial city. Many global market leaders namely

industrial robots or components for the Airbus A380 and the Ariane carrier rocket. After Munich, Augsburg is considered the high-tech centre for Information and Communication in Bavaria and takes advantage of its lower operating costs, yet close proximity to Munich and potential customers. In 2018 the Bavarian State Government recognised this fact and promoted Augsburg to Metropole.[41]

Major companies

Education

Augsburg is home to the following universities and colleges:

Media

The local newspaper is the Augsburger Allgemeine first published in 1807.[citation needed]

Notable people

Saint Afra
Holbein's house
Guilehelmus Xylander, 1669
Rudolf Diesel, c. 1900
Bertolt Brecht, 1954

Sport

Helmut Haller, 1969

Sports

FC Augsburg against Borussia Dortmund in the Bundesliga at the SGL arena in November 2012

FC Augsburg is a football team based in Augsburg and plays in the WWK ARENA to the south of the city centre. FC Augsburg secured promotion to Bundesliga in 2011 and have remained there ever since, qualifying for the Europa League for the first time in 2015 and securing mid-table finishes across the last few seasons. The club, nicknamed the Fuggerstädter or simply as FCA, reached the last 32 in the 2015–16 Europa League with a 1–0 aggregate defeat to Liverpool. The WWK ARENA, nicknamed the "Anfield of the B17 Highway" following the Liverpool UEL match, opened in July 2009 and also hosted games of the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup. The 30,660 capacity arena is easily accessible from the city centre or the adjacent B17 dual carriageway.

The city is home to a DEL (first-division) ice hockey team, the Augsburger Panther. The original club, AEV, was formed in 1878, the oldest German ice sport club and regularly draws around 4,000 spectators, quite reasonable for German ice hockey. Home games are played at the Curt Frenzel Stadion: a recently rebuilt (2012–2013) indoor rink and modern stadium and the club reached the 2018/19 DEL semi finals, eventually losing in the winner-takes-all game 7 to EHC Red Bull München (4–3 series defeat). Consequently, the Panthers qualified for the Champions Hockey League. Augsburg is also home to one of the most traditional German Baseball clubs, the Augsburg Gators and 2 American Football Clubs, the Raptors and Augsburg Storm, and in nearby Königsbrunn there is the Königsbrunn Ants.

For the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich, a protective diversion channel of the Lech dam for river ice was transformed into the world's first artificial whitewater slalom course: the Eiskanal, which remains a world-class competition venue and has served as a prototype for two dozen similar courses abroad.

Local city nicknames

While commonly called Fuggerstadt (Fuggers' city) due to the Fuggers residing there, within Swabia it is also often referred to as Datschiburg: which originated sometime in the 19th century refers to Augsburg's favorite sweet: the Datschi made from fruit, preferably prunes, and thin cake dough.[56] The Datschiburger Kickers charity football team (founded in 1965) reflects this in its choice of team name.[57][58]

Among younger people, the city is commonly called "Aux" for short. [citation needed]

See also

Notes

  1. Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik
    , accessed 19 July 2021.
  2. ^ Genesis Online-Datenbank des Bayerischen Landesamtes für Statistik Tabelle 12411-003r Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes: Gemeinden, Stichtag (Einwohnerzahlen auf Grundlage des Zensus 2011) (Hilfe dazu).
  3. ^ "Augsburg". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 11 March 2020.
  4. ^ "Augsburg". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  5. ^ Koristka, Thomas (22 February 2023). "Neuer Einwohnerrekord: Augsburg reißt (wieder) die 300.000er-Marke". Hallo Augsburg (in German). Archived from the original on 15 March 2024. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  6. ^ "Und-wieder-5000-Menschen-mehr-Augsburg-waechst-und-waechst". www.augsburger-allgemeine.de. 17 February 2015. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
  7. ^ Behringer 2011, p. 350.
  8. ^ Rollenhagen, L., Germany's Fuggerei is world's oldest social housing project, 2024, Deutsche Welle
  9. ^ Billock, J., After Almost 500 Years, the World’s Oldest Social Housing Complex Is Still Going Strong, Smithsonian Magazine, 2024
  10. ^ a b "Water Management System of Augsburg". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Archived from the original on 6 October 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  11. ISBN 978-0-387-89684-7. Archived
    from the original on 15 March 2024. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
  12. ISBN 9781848221222
    .
  13. ISBN 9780191622656
    .
  14. ISBN 9781848221222
    .
  15. ^ "After Almost 500 Years, the World's Oldest Social Housing Complex is Still Going Strong". Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
  16. ^ Mark, Joshua J. (26 January 2022). "Augsburg Confession". World History Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 26 April 2023.
  17. ISBN 978-1-78308-387-9. Archived
    from the original on 15 March 2024. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  18. ISBN 978-88-00-72230-8. Archived
    from the original on 15 March 2024. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  19. ISBN 9781603849203
    .
  20. ^ "Leopold Mozart: Biography & History". allmusic.com. Archived from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
  21. ISBN 978-3-11-045673-8. Archived
    from the original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  22. ISBN 9783642543319. Archived
    from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  23. ISBN 9780199602971. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  24. ISBN 9780521525107
    .
  25. ISBN 1851096582
    .
  26. ISBN 9781139471077
    .
  27. ISBN 0-691-00685-7
    , page 183
  28. ^ Edward Victor. Alphabetical List of Camps, Subcamps and Other Camps. "List of Camps". Archived from the original on 16 December 2010. Retrieved 25 July 2008.
  29. ^ "Campaign Diary February 1944". Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary. UK Crown. Archived from the original on 6 July 2007. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
  30. ^ ePaper 14. January 2014: Results of the Bundestagswahl 2014 in Augsburg Archived 23 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine (PDF; 12,1 MB)
  31. ^ "Augsburg Climate Normals 1991–2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
  32. ^ "Römisches Museum". kunstsammlungen-museen.augsburg.de. 2023. Archived from the original on 1 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
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References

  • Die Chroniken der schwäbischen Städte, Augsburg, (Leipzig, 1865–1896).
  • Werner, Geschichte der Stadt Augsburg, (Augsburg, 1900).
  • Lewis, "The Roman Antiquities of Augsburg and Ratisbon", in volume xlviii, Archæological Journal, (London, 1891).
  • Michael Schulze, Augsburg in one day. A city tour Lehmstedt Verlag, Leipzig 2015,
    ISBN 978-3957970176
    .

Bibliography

See also: Bibliography of the history of Augsburg

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Augsburg.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Augsburg.
Wikisource has the text of the Encyclopædia Britannica (9th ed.) article Augsburg.
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