Ulm
Ulm | |
---|---|
Ulm on the banks of the Danube | |
Stadtteile | |
Government | |
• Lord mayor (2024–32) | Martin Ansbacher[1] (SPD) |
Area | |
• Total | 118.69 km2 (45.83 sq mi) |
Elevation | 478 m (1,568 ft) |
Population (2022-12-31)[2] | |
• Total | 128,928 |
• Density | 1,100/km2 (2,800/sq mi) |
Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
Postal codes | 89073–89081 |
Dialling codes | 0731, 07304, 07305, 07346 |
Vehicle registration | UL |
Website | www.ulm.de |
Ulm (German pronunciation: [ʊlm] ) is the sixth-largest city of the southwestern German state of Baden-Württemberg, and with around 129,000 inhabitants, it is Germany's 60th-largest city.
Ulm is located on the eastern edges of the
Founded around 850, Ulm is rich in history and traditions as a former free imperial city. Ulm is an economic centre due to its varied industries, and is the seat of the University of Ulm (Universität Ulm), and of the Ulm University of Applied Sciences (Technische Hochschule Ulm (THU)). The city lies on the international railway corridor "Main Line for Europe", from Paris to Bratislava and Budapest, via Strasbourg, Karlsruhe, Stuttgart, Ulm, Augsburg, Munich, Salzburg, Linz and Vienna. The Ulm Minster (Ulmer Münster) is the tallest church in the world (161.53 m or 529.95 ft).
In 1927, the then tiny village of Wiblingen was incorporated into Ulm, which led to that Wiblingen Abbey with its monastic library and its True Cross reliquary (Heilig-Kreuz-Reliquie), that allegedly contains wood particles from the True Cross, is now part of Ulm.
Famous personalities born in Ulm include Johann Georg Niederegger (*1777), Karl Heinrich Kässbohrer (*1864), Albert Einstein (*1879), Otto Kässbohrer (*1904) and Hildegard Knef (*1925).
Geography
Ulm lies at the point where the rivers
Except for the Danube in the south, the city is surrounded by forests and hills which rise to altitudes of over 620 metres (2,034.12 feet), some of them part of the
The city of Ulm is situated in the northern part of the North Alpine
Neighboring communes
On the right (south-eastern) side of Danube and Iller there is the Bavarian district town
Town subdivisions
The city is divided into 18 districts (German: Stadtteile): Ulm-Mitte, Böfingen, Donaustetten, Donautal, Eggingen, Einsingen, Ermingen, Eselsberg, Gögglingen, Grimmelfingen, Jungingen, Lehr, Mähringen, Oststadt, Söflingen (with Harthausen), Unterweiler, Weststadt, and Wiblingen.
Nine districts were integrated during the latest municipality reform in the 1970s: Eggingen, Einsingen, Ermingen, Gögglingen-Donaustetten, Jungingen, Lehr, Mähringen und Unterweiler. They have their own local councils which acquire an important consulting position to the whole city council concerning issues that are related to the prevailing districts. But at the end, final decisions can only be made by the city council of the entire city of Ulm.
History
The oldest traceable settlement of the Ulm area began in the early
At first, Ulm's significance was due to the privilege of a
In the wars following the
In the mid-19th century, the city was designated a fortress of the German Confederation with huge military construction works directed primarily against the threat of a French invasion. The city became an important centre of industrialisation in southern Germany in the second half of the 19th century, its built-up area now being extended beyond the medieval walls. The construction of the huge minster, which had been interrupted in the 16th century for economic reasons, was resumed and eventually finished (1844–1891) in a wave of German national enthusiasm for the Middle Ages.
From 1933 to 1935, a
Some parts of the city were rebuilt in the plain and simple style of the 1950s and 1960s, but most parts of the historic old town have been restored.
Nationality | Population (2018) |
---|---|
Turkey | 4,782 |
Italy | 2,009 |
Croatia | 1,557 |
Bosnia & Herzegovina | 1,532 |
Romania | 1,319 |
Kosovo | 959 |
Syria | 823 |
Serbia | 783 |
Hungary | 740 |
Iraq | 678 |
Poland | 626 |
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1300 | 4,000 | — |
1400 | 9,000 | +125.0% |
1550 | 19,000 | +111.1% |
1750 | 15,000 | −21.1% |
1818 | 13,000 | −13.3% |
1871 | 26,290 | +102.2% |
1900 | 42,982 | +63.5% |
1910 | 56,109 | +30.5% |
1919 | 56,020 | −0.2% |
1925 | 57,278 | +2.2% |
1933 | 62,472 | +9.1% |
1939 | 75,503 | +20.9% |
1946 | 58,087 | −23.1% |
1950 | 71,132 | +22.5% |
1956 | 90,530 | +27.3% |
1961 | 92,705 | +2.4% |
1970 | 92,943 | +0.3% |
1987 | 103,494 | +11.4% |
2011 | 117,541 | +13.6% |
2017 | 125,596 | +6.9% |
2018 | 125,805 | +0.2% |
2019 | 126,329 | +0.4% |
Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions. source:[8] |
Climate
Ulm has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Köppen climate classification).
Climate data for Ulm (Mähringen , 1991–2020 normals, extremes 2014–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 15.4 (59.7) |
18.0 (64.4) |
22.0 (71.6) |
25.4 (77.7) |
29.6 (85.3) |
33.7 (92.7) |
35.4 (95.7) |
35.3 (95.5) |
29.4 (84.9) |
24.9 (76.8) |
19.6 (67.3) |
14.6 (58.3) |
35.4 (95.7) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 1.9 (35.4) |
3.8 (38.8) |
8.9 (48.0) |
13.7 (56.7) |
18.2 (64.8) |
21.4 (70.5) |
23.3 (73.9) |
23.2 (73.8) |
18.2 (64.8) |
12.5 (54.5) |
6.1 (43.0) |
2.3 (36.1) |
12.7 (54.9) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −0.6 (30.9) |
0.3 (32.5) |
4.5 (40.1) |
8.8 (47.8) |
13.2 (55.8) |
16.4 (61.5) |
18.2 (64.8) |
17.9 (64.2) |
13.5 (56.3) |
8.6 (47.5) |
3.4 (38.1) |
0.0 (32.0) |
8.6 (47.5) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −3.0 (26.6) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
0.6 (33.1) |
4.1 (39.4) |
8.2 (46.8) |
11.4 (52.5) |
13.2 (55.8) |
12.9 (55.2) |
9.2 (48.6) |
5.3 (41.5) |
1.0 (33.8) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
4.8 (40.6) |
Record low °C (°F) | −20.1 (−4.2) |
−16.7 (1.9) |
−12.5 (9.5) |
−8.2 (17.2) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
2.9 (37.2) |
4.6 (40.3) |
5.2 (41.4) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
−9.4 (15.1) |
−18.2 (−0.8) |
−20.1 (−4.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 42.9 (1.69) |
35.3 (1.39) |
47.5 (1.87) |
45.5 (1.79) |
81.2 (3.20) |
82.7 (3.26) |
88.6 (3.49) |
85.1 (3.35) |
58.2 (2.29) |
57.5 (2.26) |
50.9 (2.00) |
57.6 (2.27) |
731.5 (28.80) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 15.3 | 14.1 | 15.0 | 13.8 | 15.8 | 15.4 | 15.8 | 14.4 | 13.7 | 16.2 | 15.8 | 17.9 | 182.9 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
89.7 | 84.4 | 76.3 | 70.0 | 71.3 | 71.8 | 71.9 | 72.9 | 79.5 | 87.1 | 91.0 | 91.2 | 79.8 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 54.7 | 84.0 | 134.5 | 175.9 | 209.1 | 221.1 | 233.9 | 218.6 | 151.2 | 94.1 | 47.4 | 43.5 | 1,652.8 |
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[9] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: DWD (extremes)[10] |
Economy
The city has very old trading traditions dating from medieval times and a long history of industrialisation, beginning with the establishment of a railway station in 1850. The most important sector is still classical industry (machinery, especially motor vehicles;
Companies with headquarters in Ulm include:
- Britax (child safety products) European headquarters in nearby Leipheim
- Ebner & Spiegel (book printing)
- Gardena (gardening tools)
- Krieghoff (weapons for hunting and sports since 1886)
- Iveco Magirus
- J. G. Anschütz (firearms for sports and hunting)
- Liqui Moly (additives, oils, car care products)
- Müller(major German trade company)
- pharmaceuticals)
- Seeberger (dried fruits, coffee, tea)
- Uzin Utz (construction materials)
- Walther Arms(fire arms, especially pistols)
- Wieland Group (non-ferrous semi-finished products)
- Zwick Roell Group www.zwick.de (Materials Testing Machines)
Companies with important sites in Ulm include:
- AEG
- Atmel
- BMW Car IT[11]
- Continental
- Daimler: Daimler Forschungszentrum (research centre) and Daimler TSS (car IT specialist)
- Deutsche Telekom
- Elektrobit Automotive
- EADS, European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company
- Nokia Networks[12]
- Nuance Communications Speech Recognition (research departments)
- Siemens
- Harman International Industries
Ecology
In 2007 the City of Ulm was awarded the European Energy Award for its remarkable local energy management and its efforts to
Transportation
Ulm is situated at the crossroads of the A8 motorway (connecting the principal cities of southern Germany, Stuttgart and Munich), and the A7 motorway (one of the motorways running from northern to southern Europe).
The city's railway station is served, among other lines, by one of the European train routes (Paris – Strasbourg – Stuttgart – Ulm – Munich – Vienna – Budapest). Direct connections to Berlin are also available.
Ulm's public transport system is based on several bus lines and two tram lines. Several streets in the old town are for the use of pedestrians and cyclists only. Ulm was the first area to be served by the
Education and culture
The University of Ulm was founded in 1967 and focuses on the sciences, medicine, engineering, and mathematics / economics. With about 10,000 students, it is one of the smaller universities in Germany.[19]
Ulm is also the seat of the city's University of Applied Sciences (German: Fachhochschule), founded in 1960 as a public school of engineering. The school also houses numerous students from around the world as part of an international study abroad programme.[citation needed]
In 1953, Inge Aicher-Scholl, Otl Aicher and Max Bill founded the Ulm School of Design (German: Hochschule für Gestaltung – HfG Ulm), a design school in the tradition of the Bauhaus, which was, however, closed in 1968.[20]
Ulm's public library features over 480,000 print media. The city has a public theatre with drama, opera and ballet,[21] several small theatres,[22] and a professional philharmonic orchestra.[23]
Sport
- SSV Ulm 1846, multi-sports club, playing in the second Bundesliga for football clubs
- Ratiopharm Ulm, basketball club, Basketball Bundesliga
Club | Founded | League | Sport | Venue | Capacity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SSV Ulm 1846 | 1846 | 3. Liga | Football | Donaustadion | 19,500 |
Ratiopharm Ulm | 2001 | Basketball Bundesliga | Basketball | Ratiopharm arena | 6,000 |
Sights
Historic
- Schmerzensmann (Man of Sorrows) by Hans Multscher (1429).
- The old Fischerviertel (fishermen's quarter) on the half-timbered houses, cobblestone streets, and picturesque footbridges. Interesting sights here are the Schiefes Haus Ulm (crooked house), a 16th-century house today used as a hotel, and the Alte Münz (Old Mint), a mediaeval building extended in the 16th and 17th centuries in Renaissancestyle.
- The remaining section of the city walls, along the river, with the 14th-century Metzgerturm (butchers' tower) (36 m (118.11 ft) high).
- The Town Hall), built in 1370, featuring some brilliantly coloured murals dating from the mid-16th century. On the gable is an astronomical clock dating from 1520. Restored after serious damage in 1944.
- The Krone inn, a medieval complex of several houses (15th / 16th century, extensions from the 19th century), where German kings and emperors were accommodated during their travels.
- Several large buildings from the late Middle Ages / renaissance used for various purposes (especially storage of food and weapons), e.g. Schwörhaus, Kornhaus, Salzstadel, Büchsenstadel, Zeughaus, Neuer Bau.
- Ulm Federal Fortifications are the largest preserved fortifications and were built from 1842 to 1859 to protect from attacks by France.
- The historic district Auf dem Kreuz, a residential area with many buildings from before 1700.
- Benedictine abbey in the suburb of Wiblingen in the south of Ulm. The church shows characteristics of late baroque and early classicism. Its library is a masterpiece of rococo.[24]
Contemporary
- Building of the Ulm School of Design (German: Hochschule für Gestaltung – HfG Ulm), an important school of design (1953–1968) in the succession of the Bauhaus.
- Stadthaus, a house for public events built by Richard Meier, directly adjacent to the minster.
- Stadtbibliothek, the building of the public library of Ulm was erected by Gottfried Böhm in the form of a glass pyramid and is situated directly adjacent to the town hall.
- Kunsthalle Weishaupt is the highlight in Ulm's New Centre.
Museums
- The Kunsthalle Weishaupt, whose private collection shows modern art from 1945.
- Löwenmensch figurine– a 40,000-year-old lion-headed figurine which is the oldest known human/animal shaped sculpture in the world – and various European and American art from the years after 1945. The museum has alternating exhibitions.
- The Museum of Bread Culture offers a permanent exhibition about the history of grain, baking, milling and bread culture.[25]
- The exhibitions in the Danube Swabian Museum follow the varied history of the Danube Swabians (Donauschwaben) emigrants.[26]
Memorials
- Albert Einstein Memorial – A small memorial at the site of the house where Albert Einstein was born in Bahnhofstraße, between the present-day newspaper offices and the bank. The house itself and the whole district were destroyed in the firebombing of 1944.
- Memorial to Weiße Rose(White Rose, a resistance group opposed to the Nazi regime), who spent their youth in Ulm. Their family's house near the memorial was destroyed in the firebombing of 1944.
- The Memorial to Deserters – Located near the university's botanical garden, it commemorates those who deserted from the Wehrmacht during World War II. It was originally erected on 9 September 1989, and was moved to its current location in July 2005. The Monument represents the idea: "Desertion is not reprehensible, war is".
Other landmarks
- The Botanischer Garten der Universität Ulm, the university's botanical garden
- Silo tower of the mill company Schapfenmühle (Schapfen Mill Tower)
- Sender Ulm-Ermingen, television and radio tower
- Medium wave transmission mast Ulm-Jungingen
- FM and TV mast Ulm-Kuhberg
- The Tiergarten Ulm, the zoo. It was opened in 1935, closed in 1944 and reopened in 1966.
Notable people
Born in Ulm
- choir stalls of the Ulm Minster.
- Jerome Emser (1477–1527), a German theologian and antagonist of Luther.[27]
- Hans Maler zu Schwaz (1480/1488 – 1526/1529) painter, active as portraitist at Schwaz near Innsbruck.
- Nikolaus Federmann (1505–1542), conquistador in today's Venezuela and Colombia, co-founder of Bogotá.[28]
- Agatha Streicher (1520–1581), physician, referred to as the first female physician in Germany
- Johann Faulhaber (1580–1635), mathematician, inventor of Faulhaber's formula.
- Johann Freinsheim (1608–1660), a German classical scholar and critic.[29]
- Johann Christoph Heilbronner (1706–1745) mathematical historian and theologian.
- Albrecht Berblinger (1770–1829), flight pioneer.
- Mathilde Planck (1861-1955), teacher, the first female member of the Landtag of Württemberg.
- Eugen Haile (1873–1933), composer, singer and accompanist.
- Albert Einstein (1879–1955), physicist, philosopher, scientist, Nobel Prize in Physics, 1921
- Anna Essinger (1879–1960) educator; co-founder and headmistress of Bunce Court School.
- Karl Kimmich (1880–1945), banker, chairman of Deutsche Bank, 1942 to 1945
- Erwin Piscator (1893–1966), theatre director and innovator.
- Robert Lusser (1899–1969), German engineer, aircraft designer and developed ski bindings
- Hellmuth Laegeler, (DE Wiki) (1902–1972), major general in the Wehrmacht.
- Otto Kässbohrer (1904–1989), entrepreneur and vehicle constructor.
- Leo Hepp (1907–1987), officer of the Wehrmacht and General of the Bundeswehr.
- Wankel rotary engine.
- Helmut Ensslin, (DE Wiki) (1909–1984), Protestant parson and father of RAF-member Gudrun Ensslin.
- Wilhelm Schuler (1914–2010), chemist, inventor and entrepreneur in the second half of the 20th century.
- Ernst Bauer, (DE Wiki) (1916–1991), resistance fighter and publisher.
- Fritz Hartnagel (1917–2001), officer and jurist, fiancé of Sophie Scholl.
- Otl Aicher (1922–1991), graphic designer, co-founder of Ulm School of Design, and creator of Rotis font.
- Franz Josef Müller (1924–2015), member of the WWII-era White Rose resistance group
- Hildegard Knef (1925–2002), actress, singer and writer.
- Annemarie Huste (1943–2016), chef to Jackie Kennedy, executive chef Gourmet Magazine, author of 6 cookbooks.
- Wolfgang Schuster (born 1949), politician (CDU), former Lord Mayor of Stuttgart, 1997 to 2013.
- Hellmut Hattler (born 1952) jazz and rock bass player (Kraan.)
- German Green Party.
- Ursula Karven (born 1964), actress, writer, model and yoga instructor.
- Max Hattler (born 1976) artist and film-maker.
- Simone Schürle-Finke (born 1985), biomedical engineer, pioneer in magnetic servoing technologies.
- Katharina Sophia Volz (born 1987), a medical researcher, develops drugs for brain diseases and entrepreneur.
Sport
- Hermann Duckek (1936–2001), riding master and Olympic equestrian arena designer.
- Motorcycle Grand Prixracer.
- Bayern MunichFC, for whom he played 239 games
- Dieter Hoeneß (born 1953), former footballer & manager of Hertha BSC and VfL Wolfsburg; played 432 games.
- Raimund Hörmann (born 1957), a retired German rower and gold medallist at the 1984 Summer Olympics
- Dieter Wiedenmann (1957–1994), a German rower and gold medallist at the 1984 Summer Olympics
- Nico Frommer (born 1978), a German former footballer who played 336 games
- Matthias Lehmann (born 1983), a German former footballer who played 524 games
- Alper Bagceci (born 1984), a German footballer who has played over 420 games
- Maximilian Reinelt (1988–2019), a German rower and physician; gold medallist at the 2012 Summer Olympics and silver medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics
- Sandro Sirigu (born 1988), an Italian-German footballer who has played over 325 games
- Sebastian Griesbeck (born 1990), a German footballer who has played over 390 games
Otherwise associated with Ulm
- Ulrich Ensingen (1350/60 – 1419), master builder, helped construct Ulm Minster and Strasbourg Cathedral.[30]
- Hans Multscher (ca.1400 – 1467 in Ulm), a German sculptor and painter, became a free citizen of Ulm in 1427.
- Matthäus Böblinger, (DE Wiki) (1450-1505), stonemason and master builder, helped construct Ulm Minster
- Leonhard Hutter (1563 in Nellingen – 1616) a German Lutheran theologian.[31]
- Johannes Kepler (1571–1630), a German mathematician, astronomer and astrologer; lived in Ulm.[32]
- René Descartes (1596–1650), philosopher, experienced a powerful vision near Ulm in 1619.[33][34]
- Robert Bosch GmbH.
- Carl Teike (1864–1922), composed the military march Alte Kameraden in Ulm in 1889
- Herrlingen) a German field marshal in WWII.
- Gerhard Klopfer (1905–1987), senior Nazi official, SS General. attended the Wannsee Conference
- Herbert von Karajan, (1908–1989), conductor, Kapellmeister in Ulm, 1929–1934.
- Max Bill (1908–1994), architect and artist, co-founder and director of the Ulm School of Design
- Hans Scholl (1918–1943) & Sophie Scholl (1921–1943), founded the White Rose, spent their youth in Ulm
- Ivo Gönner (born 1952 in Laupheim), politician (SDP), Lord Mayor of Ulm, 1992 to 2016.
International relations
Ulm is a member city of the
Ulm is officially not
- Arad, Romania
- Baja, Hungary
- Bratislava, Slovakia [36]
- Budapest, Hungary
- Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Jinotega, Nicaragua
- Kladovo, Serbia
- New Ulm, Minnesota, United States [37]
- Novi Sad, Serbia
- Sibiu, Romania
- Silistra, Bulgaria
- Subotica, Serbia
- Timișoara in Romania
- Tulcea, Romania
- Vidin, Bulgaria
- Vukovar, Croatia [37]
References
Notes
- ^ [1]
- Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg. June 2023.
- ^ "ulm-by-michael-vogt". 500px.com. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
- ^ "Ulm". jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
- ^ "RAF History – Bomber Command 60th Anniversary". Raf.mod.uk. Archived from the original on 6 July 2007. Retrieved 6 May 2009.
- ISBN 978-0-253-35328-3.
- ^ https://www.ulm.uno/index.php/ulm-city/altstadt-nord-ulm
- ^ Link
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
- ^ "Extremwertanalyse der DWD-Stationen, Tagesmaxima, Dekadenrekorde, usw" (in German). DWD. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
- ^ "Homepage – BMW Car IT".
- ^ "Homepage – Nokia Networks in Germany".
- ^ Stadt Ulm. "Stadt Ulm – Ulm erhält 'European Energy Award'". Archived from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
- ^ Lars Schulz (27 March 2010). "Solarbundesliga". Solarbundesliga.de. Retrieved 8 April 2010.
- ^ SWU Fakten, Stadtwerke Ulm, visited 15. Mai 2008.
- ^ "Press release at Gruene-IT.de".
- ^ "Solarstiftung Ulm/Neu-Ulm – Home". Solarboot-ulm.de. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
- ^ Roland Fuchs. "Home – Bündnis 100% Erneuerbare Energien". 100ee.de. Retrieved 20 March 2010.
- ^ "The University of Ulm". Retrieved 9 March 2011.
- ^ "HfGArchiv Ulm – History". HfG-Archiv Ulm. 2003. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
- ^ "Theatre Ulm". Retrieved 9 March 2011.
- ^ "Theatres & Stages". Retrieved 9 March 2011.
- ^ "Theater Ulm – Konzerte" (in German). Archived from the original on 26 January 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
- ^ "Page with photos of Wiblingen Abbey's Baroque library". Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
- ^ "Museum der Brotkultur in Ulm - - english content". Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
- ^ "Donauschwäbisches Zentralmuseum Ulm – ENG". www.dzm-museum.de. Archived from the original on 17 October 2003. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
- ^ Pollard, Albert Frederick (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). p. 362.
- ^ Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. Vol. II. 1900. pp. 425–426. .
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 95. .
- ^ Sauer, Joseph (1909). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 5. .
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 15. .
- ^ Clerke, Agnes Mary (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). pp. 749–751.
- ^ Wallace, William (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). pp. 79–90.
- ^ Terence McKenna ~ Science Was Founded by an Angel. 2 January 2010. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021 – via YouTube.
- ^ "Eurotowns – The future's city network in Europe (2019)". Eurotowns.
- ^ "Partner (Twin) towns of Bratislava". Bratislava-City.sk. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
- ^ a b "Ulm – International Contacts (in German)". City of Ulm. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
Bibliography
- Johannes Baier: Über die Tertiärbildungen im Ulmer Raum. In: Documenta Naturae. 168; München, 2008. ISBN 978-3-86544-168-3.
External links
- Official website of the city
- Official Tourism Website of Ulm and Neu-Ulm
- Official website of the University of Ulm
- Ulm public library Archived 21 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine (in German)