Dushanbe
Dushanbe
Душанбe | |
---|---|
Clockwise from top: Palace of the Nation and Dushanbe Flagpole, Statue of Rudaki, Tajikistan National Museum, Grand Masjid Imam Tirmizi, Panoramic view of the city, Ayni Opera House, Ismoil Somoni Monument, National Library of Tajikistan | |
Coordinates: 38°32′12″N 68°46′48″E / 38.53667°N 68.78000°E | |
Country | Tajikistan |
Region | Dushanbe |
Named for | Monday |
Districts | List
|
Government | |
• Official languages | |
Website | www |
Dushanbe
In ancient times, what is now or is close to modern Dushanbe was settled by various empires and peoples, including
Much of Dushanbe's education system dates from Soviet times and has a legacy of state control; today the largest university in Dushanbe, the
Etymology
Dushanbe was the location of a large bazaar that operated on Mondays.[11] This gave rise to the name Dushanbe-Bazar (Tajik: Душанбе Бозор, Dushanbe Bozor)[13] from Dushanbe, which means Monday in the Persian language[10][14] – literally, the second day (du) following Saturday (shanbe).[11] Its previous name was Stalinabad (the city of Stalin), but renamed as a result of de-Stalinization.[15]
History
Ancient times
In the
Near Dushanbe International Airport, Bronze Age burials were discovered dating from the end of the second to the beginning of the first millennium BC.[21] Achaemenid dishes and ceramics were found 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) east of Dushanbe in Qiblai,[22] as the city was controlled by the Achaemenids from the sixth century BC.[20] Archaeological remnants of a small citadel dating to the fifth century BC have been discovered 40 kilometres (25 mi) south[23] and wedge-shaped copper axes have been discovered from the second century BC.[24]
The
The ruins of a Buddhist monastery of the
After the
Other smaller settlements were founded during the Late Middle Ages after the
Market town
The first time Dushanbe appeared in the historical record was in 1676, in a letter sent from the
By 1826, the town was called Dushanbe Qurghan (
In 1920, the
Capital of the Tajik ASSR
Dushanbe was proclaimed the capital of the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic as a part of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic in October 1924, and the government started to function formally on 15 March 1925.[61][62][63]
Dushanbe was chosen instead of larger-populated villages in
Before the Emir's relocation to the city, Dushanbe had the only
Capital of the Tajik SSR
The Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, previously the Tajik ASSR, separated from the Uzbek SSR in 1929, and its capital Dyushambe was renamed Stalinabad (Russian: Сталинабад; Tajik: Сталинобод Stalinobod) for Joseph Stalin on 19 October 1929, incorporating the nearby villages of Shohmansur, Mavlono, and Sari Osiyo.[45][68][63]
In the years that followed, the city developed at a rapid pace.
Many of these projects occurred under the 1925–1932 mayoralty of Abdukarim Rozykov, one of the first mayors of Dushanbe, who sought to transform it into a "model communist city" through modernization and urban planning. Mikhail Kalitin continued the industrial development of Dushanbe, building the Komsomolskoye Lake and promoting industry in the city.[70] Towards the end of this period, in the late 1930s, there were 4,295 buildings in Dushanbe.[71]
During World War 2, the population of Dushanbe and Tajikistan swelled with 100,000 evacuees from the Eastern Front that led to the deployment of 17 hospitals in the city.[64] The city's industry also greatly increased during the war, as the Soviets wanted to move critical infrastructure far behind enemy lines, and industries like textile manufacturing and food processing grew.[61] In 1954, there were 30 schools in the city; a medical institute named after Avicenna; the Stalinabad Academy of Sciences; the University of Stalinabad, which was founded in 1947 and had 1,500 students;[72] and the Stalinabad Pedagogical Institute for Woman, established on 1 September 1953.[73] In 1960, gas supply reached the capital through a gas pipeline opened from Kyzyl to Tumxuk to Dushanbe. On 10 November 1961, as part of de-Stalinization, Stalinabad was renamed back to Dushanbe, the name it retains to this day.[74] In 1960, under the leadership of Mahmudbek Narzibekov, the first zoo was built in the city. Later in the decade the mayor developed a plan to end the housing shortage and provide free apartments.[70]
The Nurek Dam, which was the tallest dam in the world at the time, was completed 90 kilometres (56 mi) south east of Dushanbe during the 1960s. The Rogun Dam, upstream from Nurek Dam, was started in that period as well. They were both megaprojects meant to showcase Soviet innovation and development in Tajikistan. However, while the Nurek Dam was completed, the Rogun Dam was cancelled in the 1970s because of stagnating Soviet economic growth.[75][76] On 2 August 1979, the population of Dushanbe reached 500,000,[63] and it had the highest population growth rate in the Soviet Union.[77]
Riots and unrest
In the 1980s, environmental problems and crime began to increase. Mass violence, hooliganism, binge drinking, and violent assaults became more common. There was an attack on foreign students at the Agricultural Institute in 1987 and a riot in the Pedagogical Institute two years later. Increasing regionalism also destabilized the SSR.[78]
On 10–11 February 1990, 300 demonstrators gathered at the Communist Party Central Committee building after it was rumored that
A few days after, and with looting still occurring throughout the city, demonstrators created the Provisional People's Committee, or the Temporary Committee for Crisis Resolution, which put forward demands such as "the expulsion of Armenian refugees, the resignation of the government and the removal of the Communist Party, the closure of an aluminum smelter in western Tajikistan for environmental reasons, equitable distribution of profits from cotton production, and the release of 25 protesters taken into custody."[79]
Many high-ranking officials resigned and the protector's goal of toppling the government was almost successful, but Soviet troops moved into the city, declared the demands illegal, and rejected the resignation of the high-ranking officials. 16-25 people were killed in the violence; many if not most were Russian.[79]
The riots were largely fueled by concerns about housing shortages for the Tajik population, but they coincided with a wave of nationalist unrest that swept
After the increase of organized opposition from the
Capital of Tajikistan
Dushanbe became the capital of an independent Tajikistan on 9 September 1991.[81] Iran, the United States, and Russia soon opened embassies in Dushanbe in early 1992.[63]
Dushanbe was controlled by the Popular Front-supported government during most of the 1992–1997 Tajikistani Civil War, although the Islamist and Democratic United Tajik Opposition managed to capture the capital in 1992 until 8000 Russian-backed and Uzbekistani-backed government troops regained control of Dushanbe.[82] Most of the Russian population fled the capital during the violence of this time period while large amounts of rural Tajiks moved in; by 1993, more than half of the Russian population had fled.[45][83] The factions during the civil war were organized primarily upon regional lines.[82] The war was ended by a 27 June 1997 armistice, administered by the UN, that guaranteed the opposition 30% of the positions in the government.[84]
In 2000, Dushanbe received internet access for the first time.
Geography
Dushanbe is situated at the confluence of two rivers, the
Dushanbe is located in an area with high seismicity. The magnitude of potential earthquakes is thought to reach a maximum of 7.5-8. Over the past 100 years, many earthquakes from a 5-6 magnitude have been felt in the city, such as the 1949 Khait earthquake.[90][93]
Climate
Dushanbe features a
Winter in Dushanbe begins on 7 December and ends on 22 February; spring starts on 22 February and ends on 17 May. During springtime, cyclones and rain are at their highest along with thunderstorms and hail, which causes significant damage and occurs for around 3 days per year.[90] Summer starts on 17 May and ends on 14 August, the best period for agriculture.[96] Dry weather sets in during this, as evidenced by a sharp drop in precipitation during the summer. A warm and dry autumn begins on 14 August and ends on 7 December.[91]
Climate data for Dushanbe (1991–2020, extremes 1926–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 21.8 (71.2) |
27.7 (81.9) |
32.2 (90.0) |
36.2 (97.2) |
38.8 (101.8) |
44.1 (111.4) |
43.7 (110.7) |
45.0 (113.0) |
38.9 (102.0) |
36.8 (98.2) |
31.9 (89.4) |
24.3 (75.7) |
45.0 (113.0) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.0 (48.2) |
11.0 (51.8) |
17.0 (62.6) |
22.8 (73.0) |
27.9 (82.2) |
33.6 (92.5) |
36.4 (97.5) |
35.5 (95.9) |
31.3 (88.3) |
24.4 (75.9) |
16.7 (62.1) |
11.1 (52.0) |
23.1 (73.6) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 3.1 (37.6) |
5.0 (41.0) |
10.5 (50.9) |
15.8 (60.4) |
20.1 (68.2) |
25.1 (77.2) |
27.4 (81.3) |
26.0 (78.8) |
21.2 (70.2) |
14.7 (58.5) |
9.0 (48.2) |
4.6 (40.3) |
15.2 (59.4) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −0.9 (30.4) |
0.5 (32.9) |
5.5 (41.9) |
10.1 (50.2) |
13.4 (56.1) |
17.2 (63.0) |
18.9 (66.0) |
17.2 (63.0) |
12.7 (54.9) |
7.8 (46.0) |
3.8 (38.8) |
0.4 (32.7) |
8.9 (48.0) |
Record low °C (°F) | −26.6 (−15.9) |
−17.6 (0.3) |
−12.9 (8.8) |
−6.1 (21.0) |
1.2 (34.2) |
8.4 (47.1) |
10.9 (51.6) |
8.2 (46.8) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
−13.5 (7.7) |
−19.5 (−3.1) |
−26.6 (−15.9) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 100 (3.9) |
95 (3.7) |
102 (4.0) |
112 (4.4) |
75 (3.0) |
17 (0.7) |
4 (0.2) |
1 (0.0) |
4 (0.2) |
29 (1.1) |
55 (2.2) |
60 (2.4) |
654 (25.7) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 8.5 | 9.1 | 13.4 | 9.8 | 7.8 | 1.5 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 3.7 | 5.3 | 8.1 | 68.8 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
69 | 67 | 65 | 63 | 57 | 42 | 41 | 44 | 44 | 56 | 63 | 69 | 57 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 120 | 121 | 156 | 198 | 281 | 337 | 352 | 338 | 289 | 224 | 164 | 119 | 2,699 |
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[97] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity 1951–1993 and precipitation days 1961–1990)[98] NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[99] |
Flora and fauna
Before the 20th century, the city had some vegetation such as bushes of Bukhara almonds, but the creation of the city mostly removed natural vegetation. The green belt, however, and the botanical garden introduced new vegetation to the city. The city has over 150 species of trees and shrubs, with only about 15 native to the city[90] and 22% of the city being occupied by green space.[100]
There are 14 identified species of mammals in urban Dushanbe, including a fox, a weasel, the
Districts
Dushanbe is divided into the following districts:
District name | Former name | Area, | Population,
persons (as of previous 2019 borders)[101] |
District Chairman[102] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ismail Samani (Tajik: Исмоили Сомонӣ, Ismoili Somoni; Persian: اسماعیل سامانی) | October (Октябрьский) | 37.6 | 148,700 | Sami Sharif Hamid |
Avicenna (Sino) (Tajik: Абӯалӣ Ибни Сино, Abūali Ibni Sino; Persian: ابوعلی ابن سینا) | Frunzensky (Фрунзенский) | 62.2 | 326,100 | Salimzoda Nusratullo Faizullo |
Ferdowsi (Tajik: Фирдавсӣ, Firdavsi; Persian: فردوسی) | Central (Центральный) | 54.5 | 209,000 | Yusufi Muhammadrahim |
Shah Mansur (Tajik: Шоҳмансур, Shohmansur; Persian: شاه منصور)[3] | Railway (Железнодорожный) | 48.9 | 162,600 | Bilol Ibrohim |
In 2020, the city's boundaries were expanded to take in land from Rudaki District in the southwest.[2]
Land | Area (ha)[2] |
---|---|
Irrigated land | 2,091.75 |
Orchards | 145.21 |
Silk gardens | 12.28 |
Citrus orchards | 2.10 |
Pastures | 25.79 |
Settlements | 6390.85 |
Private farms/gardens | 65.79 |
Swamp | 3.7 |
Bush thickets | 1372.0026 |
Reservoirs | 1436.66 |
Underground passages | 310.2 |
Construction | 7227.51 |
Land not used for agriculture | 1235.03 |
Main sights
Some of Dushanbe's major sights include the
-
Puppet Theater
-
Rudaki Avenue
Demographics
The population of Dushanbe grew at a rapid pace following the Soviet invasion of the 1920s, declined during the Tajik Civil War and rising unrest of the 1990s, and resumed its growth after that period.[5] During the mid 20th century, the city had a majority Russian/Eastern European population, but after the civil war, many Russians departed the city and the Tajik population became predominant.[105] From 2005 to 2014, 53,118 people migrated to the city in total. The average life expectancy of Dushanbe in 2014 was 74.1 years overall, with 71.9 years for men and 76.3 for women.[87]
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1676[48] | 7,500 | — |
1875[48] | 10,000 | +33.3% |
1911[106] | 20,000 | +100.0% |
1920[107] | 3,140 | −84.3% |
1924[61] | 283 | −91.0% |
1926[61] | 5,600 | +1878.8% |
1929[52] | 7,298 | +30.3% |
1933[52] | 35,818 | +390.8% |
1939[52][53] | 82,540 | +130.4% |
1949[73] | 150,000 | +81.7% |
1956[108] | 227,000 | +51.3% |
1959[5] | 233,500 | +2.9% |
1965[109] | 312,000 | +33.6% |
1970[5] | 376,200 | +20.6% |
1971[108] | 388,000 | +3.1% |
1976[110] | 448,000 | +15.5% |
1979[5] | 492,200 | +9.9% |
1983[111] | 530,000 | +7.7% |
1987[112] | 582,000 | +9.8% |
1989[113] | 601,501 | +3.4% |
1991[114] | 592,000 | −1.6% |
1993[115] | 528,600 | −10.7% |
1996[116] | 505,600 | −4.4% |
1998[117] | 538,600 | +6.5% |
2000[116] | 564,000 | +4.7% |
2002[116] | 591,600 | +4.9% |
2003[117] | 619,400 | +4.7% |
2008[118] | 661,000 | +6.7% |
2010[5] | 731,100 | +10.6% |
2013[5] | 764,300 | +4.5% |
2014[5] | 775,800 | +1.5% |
2015[5] | 788,700 | +1.7% |
2016[119] | 802,700 | +1.8% |
2018[5] | 835,000 | +4.0% |
2019[5] | 851,300 | +2.0% |
2020[120] | 863,400 | +1.4% |
2022[121] | 1,201,800 | +39.2% |
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Population pyramid 2020[116] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Year | Tajik | Russian | Uzbek | Tatar | Ukrainian | Jewish | Korean | German | Turkmen | Kirghiz | Kazakh | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1939[122] | 12.05 | 56.95 | 9.02 | 4.71 | 5.95 | 4.09 | .01 | .46 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.42 | 6.18 |
1959[105][123] | 18.7 | 47.83 | 10.31 | 5.5 | 4.4 | 3.88 | 0.14 | 3.55 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.17 | 5.36 |
1970[105][124] | 26.4 | 41.92 | 10.26 | 5.13 | 3.54 | 3.04 | 0.87 | 3.62 | 0.08 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 4.85 |
1979[105][125] | 31.61 | 38.51 | 10.03 | 4.73 | 3.59 | 2.26 | 1.01 | 3.09 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 4.77 |
1989[105][113] | 39.13 | 32.37 | 10.43 | 4.09 | 3.55 | 2 | 1.10 | 2.28 | 0.12 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 4.58 |
2000[105] | 84.4 | 5.1 | 9.1 | .7 | .3 | .02 | .06 | 1.32 | ||||
2003[126] | 83.4 | 5.1 | .7 | .3 | .1 | 1.1 | 9.3 | |||||
2010[127][128] | 89.5 | 2.63 | 6.71 | 0.26 | .1 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.7 |
The main languages spoken in Dushanbe are the two official languages, Tajik and Russian, along with the widely-spoken minority language Uzbek.[129]
Religion
Islam was introduced to Dushanbe in the eighth century
On September 9, 2009, Mayor
The Russian Orthodox Church is another religious group in the city. St. Nicholas Cathedral in Dushanbe is a center of worship for the Orthodox community.[139][140]
-
Mosque in Dushanbe
-
Cathedral in Dushanbe
-
Synagogue in Dushanbe
Education
Before the Soviet invasion, education was limited in Dushanbe, mainly consisting of madrasas that taught the Quran and Persian and Arabic along with geography, geometry, algebra, and other sciences. After the invasion, the Soviet Union closed the madrasas down.[141]
The Soviet education system was considered a success for its time, achieving close to 100% literacy through a large scale literacy program and compulsory education along with the inclusion of girls in education.[142][141]
The People's Commissariat of Education of the Tajik SSR was created on 11 February 1925 in Dushanbe.
The Soviet system was based on the needs of the economy; the agrarian, medical, and polytechnic institutes were all founded to aid the economy. Outside of that, most higher education in the system were in the form of pedagogical colleges. Restrictions on political subjects such as history hampered advancements in those fields.[141] After independence, universities less precisely tailored their courses to the economy and as a result other professions proliferated in schools such as the Tajik University of Law, Business and Politics.[144]
The civil war after independence devastated the education system of the city, with state budgets falling from 11% to 2% during the time period. While state spending declined, private institutions temporarily developed in the market economy, accounting for growth in the number of universities in Dushanbe after independence.[145]
The modern state university in Dushanbe, the Tajik State Pedagogical University, has an enrollment in the thousands. Institutions such as the Tajik Technical University, the Tajik Agrarian University, the Tajik State University of Commerce and the Technological University of Tajikistan, some of which existed during the Soviet era, grew and admitted anywhere from 5000 to 9000 students.[145] Specialized and technical schools also expanded significantly.[142]
Today, 60% of university students in Tajikistan are enrolled in Dushanbe, which has 23 universities with 103,600 students, 13 colleges with 16,100 students enrolled and 140 schools that have 180,800 students.[45] As of 2015, there is one national university in Dushanbe, the Tajik National University, 7 specialized universities, 4 international bilateral institutions, and 12 institutes in the capital.[146][147] In the 2018/2019 academic year, there were 23 higher education institutions with 103,600 students. There were also 124 preschools and 140 general education schools in the city.[5]
The Russian-language
The Tajik National University is the most prominent in the city and the country. With an enrollment of over 21,000 students and a large number of programs it is the flagship university of Tajikistan. Uniquely, the university is directly funded by the government while also being more independent of it compared to other state universities. While in principle this provides academic freedom, in reality the government is still heavily involved, censors content, and controls appointments at the university.[148] Dushanbe's education system is still heavily managed by the national government, a relic of Soviet times. Other schools include the Tajikistan Humanitarian International University, the Dushanbe International School, and the Tax Law Institute, now the Tajik State University of Finance and Economics.[142][144][148]
Transportation
Air transport
Rashid Beck Ahriev and Peter Komarov piloteed the first flight to the city from Bukhara on 3 September 1924 on a Junkers F-13; the service ran three times a week from small airfield on modern day Rudaki Avenue.[149] In 1927, the second air route in the Soviet Union opened from Tashkent to Samarkand to Termez to Dushanbe on the Junkers F-13, two years before the introduction of automobiles and five before the railway. A small Stalinabad airport was created, and in 1930 a first-class airport was constructed in the city. The first scheduled flight from the city began in 1945 on the Li-2.[63] The state airline, Tojikiston - now known as Tajik Air - was created in 1949. In the 50s and 60s, many new aircraft were introduced to the Tajik Civil Air Fleet. The Tajik Civil Aviation Administration won first place in the USSR for efficiency in the 1980s.[150]
-
View of Dushanbe International Airport
-
Terminal of Dushanbe International Airport
-
Air Astana plane at Dushanbe International Airport
The city is served by
Road system
The first road in the country, from the early 19th century, was to
Many highway and tunnel construction projects are underway or have recently been completed (as of 2014[update]). Major projects include rehabilitation of the Dushanbe – Chanak (Uzbek border), Dushanbe –
Rail transport
The first rail line in Dushanbe, which was 245 kilometres (152 mi) long, was built from 1926 to 1929 and opened on 10 September 1929 from
Today, Tajikistan's principal railways are in the southern region and connect Dushanbe with the industrial areas of the
Trolleybus system
The Dushanbe trolleybus system began on 6 April 1955 when a trolleybus administration was organized in the city. On 1 May 1955, the first Trolza trolleybus began operation on Lenin Avenue, the main avenue of Dushanbe. Routes continued to be added in 1957 and 1958 and in 1967, 9 routes were opened and the length of the network reached 49 kilometres (30 mi). The collapse of the Soviet Union led to a crisis in the system, as fuel increased in price and looting became a consistent problem, with one incident occurring at the central bus station leading to the temporary suspension of lines. During the period, the number of trolleybuses declined from a high of 250 during the late 1980s to only 45–50. 100 new trolleybuses were ordered in 2004 which were delivered a couple years after and aided in the resumption of service.[163][164]
In 2020, the
Dushanbe trolleybuses are based upon the ZiU-9 trolleybus design.
- TrolZa-5264.01 "Capital" (nos 1000–1003);
- ZiU-682H-016 (012) (nos 1004–1039, 2000–2027);
- ZiU-682H-016 (018) (nos 1042, 1053, 1054, 1058, 1059, 1072–1083, 2038, 2046, 2051–2079);
- ZiU-682V (nos 1177, 2095, 2099).[167]
Metro system
The construction of an above-ground metro system is due to begin in 2025.[15] The first aerial metro line is expected to be completed in 2040 and connect the Southern Gate and Gulliston (circus area).[168]
Infrastructure
Architecture
Before the Soviet invasion, Dushanbe consisted of narrow streets with adobe buildings.[169] None of the buildings from that time survived.[170] The development of the 1920s, soon after the Soviet invasion, laid the groundwork for future development and established the beginning of the city. In the 1930s, constructivist architecture gained prominence along with the building of larger structures, often made out of concrete.[117][171] Several architects played a major role in the city's construction in a group headed by Peter Vaulin. He drew up a piece of legislation called "On the construction of the city of Dushanbe" which the city adopted on 27 April 1927. He implemented a constructivist design in the city, possibly inspired by his meeting with Le Corbusier in Moscow in 1929.[172]
In 1934 and 1935, the Griprogor Institute, based in
1955 heralded in a new era of architecture with the publication of "On the elimination of excesses in the design," which eventually ended the neoclassical period and integrated the city architecture into modernist, minimalistic Soviet trends.
In the 1980s, more technically complex and creative designs were built by a new generation of architects along with more attention on ecological issues.[171] In the late 1990s, more 9-12 story concrete houses were built and private companies grew to 75% of the housing market.[169] Minimalist influences continued to be felt from the 60s up to the 90s.[117]
In the 21st century, new construction projects such as tall skyscrapers, a new parliament building, and the national museum were or are being built. However, the new architectural styles of the modern day resulted in the demolition of many historical, Soviet-era buildings in the center of the city, such as the Central Post Office and the Mayakovsky Theatre, with the exception of a small list of 15 historically significant buildings.[173][66][170] The central city mainly consists of wide boulevards and Russian-style buildings today,[174] while suburban areas are comparatively underdeveloped.[66]
Electricity
In the 1930s, the use of
In 2007, there was a major energy crisis because of the cold winter in Dushanbe that rendered Dushanbe's Soviet-era energy system ineffective and caused a severe crisis due to lack of heating.[178] Since 2007, there have been energy shortages during the winter in Dushanbe.[179] In 2009, Tajikistan's energy trade with other countries was suspended, and in 2012, natural gas imports from Uzbekistan were cut off, which further exacerbated the crisis, although the natural gas imports were restored in 2018.[180] The Nurek hydroelectric dam, as of 2016, provides around 3/4 of the country's power.[181] New hydroelectric plants are being planned[182] and in 2017, the government proclaimed an end to the rolling blackouts;[176] however, in 2020, rolling blackouts continued.[183] Barqi Tojik is the major energy producer for the city and produces 75% of the electricity in the country.[184] To alleviate the energy crisis, a second coal plant for the city is planned with extensive Chinese involvement, but has been criticized for pollution and negative environmental effects.[175]
Varzob's three power plants generated 150 million kWh per year in 2004, and Dushanbe's power supply, built on the idea of a double ring, has an outer ring of power transmission lines from Nurek Dam to Dushanbe to Yovon at a voltage of 220 kW and an inner ring which covers the perimeter of the city and consists of 110 kW power lines.[177]
Water and sanitation
Tajikistan has the highest average annual precipitation in its region, along with numerous rivers, natural lakes (such as
Parks
As of 2020, there are 15 parks in Dushanbe.
-
Rudaki Park with the Palace of the Nation in the background.
-
Folk architecture area of the botanical gardens
-
Dushanbe botanical gardens
-
A parade in Victory Park
-
World War 2 memorial in Victory Park
Cemeteries
There are 5 main and 14 unrecognized cemeteries in Dushanbe.
Sari Osiyo, founded in 1933, is another one of the five cemeteries. It is one of the oldest in the city and has graves from the late 19th century. For the 9-month period in 2019, 225 were buried here. The Christian cemetery is another one of the five, the least visited although frequented by the 201st Russian division. It uses 84.3 hectares of land and saw 197 new graves over the same nine-month period. Shokhmansur is the last of the five main cemeteries and saw 65 burials over the 9-month period.[195] The Jewish cemetery of the city, one of the fourteen unofficial ones, is looked after by the Congress of Bukharian Jews.[197]
Healthcare
In 1925, Dushanbe city hospital and the ambulance system was created, and numerous medical facilities sprung up during the decade. In 1939, an infectious disease hospital was created and in the same year the Stalinabad Medical Institute was founded. During World War 2 up to the Tajik Civil War, the healthcare system significantly expanded through hospitals and specialized clinics.[198]
Among the main medical institutions of Dushanbe are specialized republican hospitals and centers, city polyclinics No. 1-5, the city infectious diseases hospital, the children's infectious diseases hospital, and the departmental hospitals of the country's power ministries.[202] Citizens receive care through their assigned clinics in the city.[188] Some hospitals in Dushanbe include the Mansurov Clinic, the Tajik Railways Hospital, the Shifobakhsh National Medical Center, and the Istiqlol Medical Complex.[203] Khoja Obi Garm, a Soviet-era sanatorium, still is in operation today and uses radon treatments, among others.[204] Temporary hospitals were established during the COVID-19 pandemic.[205]
Economy
In 2018, the
Dushanbe has extensive international trade. Exports from Dushanbe consisted of $8,343,200 during the first half of 2019,[208] and overall foreign trade turnover was $398,080,900 in 2018. The primary countries Dushanbe exports to are Turkey (42.8% of the total), Iran (28.0%), Russia (10.8%), Afghanistan (7.3%), China (1.2%), Poland (1.2%), and others. For imports, Russia makes up 54.5% of the total, Kazakhstan 13.5%, China 6.8%, Italy 3.4%, Turkey 2.6%, Turkmenistan 2.5%, Ukraine 2.1%, Iran 1.4%, the United Arab Emirates 1.2%, and others make up the rest.[209]
During and during the decade after the Soviet invasion, most industries were focused on meeting local demand with local materials. Meat packing, soap production, bricks, lumber, silk thread, leather, clothing, and generation of electric power were all local industries during the time period.
The main industrial products exported from the city are
In 2014, the retail sector was involved in 2.6 billion somoni of transactions. In the service sector, hotels, restaurants, canteens and cafes sold services worth 296.6 million somoni. The paid services of the city in 2014 amounted to 5662.2 somoni per capita.[87]
Dushanbe is the capital of tourism of the Economic Cooperation Organization and is served by more than 40 hotels. The building of 9 modern hotels, with room for more than 1000 people, is being planned.[212]
In 2018 and 2019, numerous initiatives, such as Dushanbe becoming a member of the World Tourism Cities Federation, different festivals, legislation promoting the city, an art gallery, and the establishment of the Year of Tourism and Folk Crafts in 2018 all served to promote the tourism industry. The Dushanbe Summer Fest, another promoted festival, is notable for its internet connectivity.[213][214][215] Compared with the rest of the country, however, Dushanbe is a less popular tourist destination, partially due to its relatively recent founding and lack of historical significance.[216] Museums in the city include the Tajikistan National Museum, founded in 1934,[217] and the Gurminj Museum of Musical Instruments, which contains Pamiri and Badakshani musical instruments.[218]
Culture
Culture in Dushanbe, first developed during the period of Bukharan rule, grew under the Soviet Union, which established many of the first cultural institutions of the city. After independence, Dushanbe's culture went in a more nationalist direction.[219]
Performing arts
During the 19th century, shashmaqam was the most prevalent musical genre in Tajikistan. While Soviet authorities labeled it as "music composed for the Emir" and repressed it, in modern times it has gained greater popularity.[220]
During the
The Tajik Opera and Ballet Theater, whose building was named after Sadriddin Ayni and was the first opera house in Dushanbe, was founded in 1936.[225][226] The first opera performed, the first in history of Tajikistan, was The Vose Uprising and detailed a peasants' revolt in eastern Bukhara in the late 19th century.[227] One notable singer of the opera was Hanifa Mavlianova.[228]
Another musician to come to Dushanbe during the Soviet period was Aleksandr Lensky, a Moldovan who came to Tajikistan in 1937. He was the artistic director of the Lahuti Theatre, director of the Tajik Philharmonic, and first secretary of the Tajik Union of Composers. He also composed the first Tajik opera and many orchestral pieces.[220] Another orchestra in Dushanbe is the Opera Orchestra.[229] The State Symphony Orchestra of Tajikistan was founded in 2016, and its first concert took place on 9 September 2016.[230][231] The Tajik Opera and Ballet Theater continues operating to this day and has won the Order of Lenin.[225] At various times the opera house performed operas on modern, historical, national, revolutionary, and heroic themes.[226]
The Tajik Opera and Ballet Theater also had the first ballet performed in Dushanbe in 1941, entitled Two Roses, and the ballet troupe gradually grew over time. The 1920s saw the birth of drama in the city. The first, Lahouti theater, was built in 1929. In the 1930s, Soviet themes like class struggle, fighting against the past, and gender equality were prominent in plays. In 1935, the Tajik Musical Theater, now the Ayni theater, was built.[224][234] A comedy troupe was created in 1944 and after the war young artists influenced plays in Dushanbe, influencing the creation of the Tajik State Youth Theater.[224]
Continuing with a nationalist tradition, Tajik classics were made into plays. During World War 2, plays were focused on the war and historical themes from the 1950s onward. In the 70s and 80s foreign plays, like Oedipus Rex, were introduced to Dushanbe. After independence, plays focused primarily on the devastating civil war.[234][224] Today, some theaters are the Tajik Academic Opera and Ballet Theater, the State Russian Drama Theater, the youth theater, the State Experimental Theater, and the republican puppet theater.[224]
The Mayakovsky Theatre was Tajikistan's oldest theatre and last surviving Russian-language theatre company; it was demolished in 2016 as part of the government's wholesale destruction of numerous 20th-century buildings of historical and architectural interest.[235]
The first printing press in Tajikistan was created in August 1924, the Tajik State Publishing House, the Donish Publishing House was founded in 1944.[236] In 1925 4 books were printed, which grew to 13 in 1926. In 1930, Sadriddin Ayni wrote the first Tajik novel, Dokhunda.[237] Publishing houses established in 1934 and the Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan publishing house dramatically increased book production in the city.[238] The Maorif Publishing House was created in 1975.[236] In 2004, there were 30 publishing companies in the city.[238]
Dushanbe became the center of Tajik literature in the 1920s with figures such as Sadriddin Ayni, Abolqasem Lahouti, and Payrav Sulaymoni along with new Soviet literature calling for revolution and social equality and Tajik nationalist literature. Children's books and translated works also had their beginnings in this period. In the 1930s, young Russian writers influenced the literature of the city, part of the "Komsomol generation." The themes often touched on the rapid development of Dushanbe during the 30s.[234]
During World War 2, literature shifted towards patriotic and militaristic themes of protecting the motherland in shorter formats than novels. Messages from the frontlines and satires became popular. Russian literature also became known, partially due to the movement of factories and people from the frontlines of the war to the east. After the war, prose works and poetry, with poets like Mirzo Tursunzoda, became more popular along with the continuation of genres from previous decades. Literary criticism developed along with analysis of individual writers.[234]
From the 1950s, the historical revolutionary genre developed, prompting authors to use history for inspiration. In the 60s the new genre of science fiction began in the city with writers like Mirsaid Mirshakar. In the 70s and 80s the themes of disorder gained more prominence, not coincidentally soon before the Soviet Union's collapse. In poetry, civic and philosophical lyrical themes were most popular.[234] After independence, previously forbidden subjects like religion started to appear in literature, along with reflections on the civil war and a more international scene has developed in the city.[234]
Sculpture was first introduced to Dushanbe in the 1920s and throughout the Soviet period was focused on combining modern culture and a classical heritage. Modern sculpture mainly has historical subjects like Firdavsi, Shah Anushirvan, or Ismail Samani, often to commemorate Tajik nationhood and ethnicity by looking to past Achaemenid and Samanid figures.[130][66] Painting in Dushanbe took off when Russian painters moved to this city in the 20s and 30s. By the 50s, Tajik artists started to paint. In the 1960s, the severe style [ru] grew and in the 70s and 80s a focus on Tajik heritage and nationalism was predominant. In the late 80s, however, painting shifted from a focus on historical figures to emotional depth and personality. During the civil war, a theme of conflict in painting developed.[130] Sabzali Sharipov's black and white series, for example, was devoted to the civil war.[239]
Cinema in Dushanbe started in the 1930s with the creation of film studios and cinemas by the Soviet government, although the first cinema was created in 1927 where residents watched Nibelung by Literature
Visual arts
Film
Sports
Gymnastics, equestrian sports and athletics were practiced in 1923 at the Dushanbe sports club and in 1929 tennis was introduced. The All-Tajik Spartakiad was first held in 1934, and in 1939 Dynamo Dushanbe won the quarterfinals of the Cup of the USSR. In 1950 the country's soccer team took first place in the Central Asian Games.[241]
In 2003, Dushanbe hosted the
Media
Newspapers and magazines
The first newspaper published in Tajik was
Oina and Mullo Nasreddin were two of the earliest Tajik language magazines. The Zvezda Vostok magazine was published in Tajik in the early 1920s in support of the October Revolution. The first Soviet newspaper distributed in Tajikistan was Shulai Inkilob (Flame of the Revolution) as propaganda for the Soviet government in 1919. It was distributed throughout Tajikistan and was the main Tajik language newspaper that opposed the previous Emirate and was clearly in support of communism, the October Revolution, and the Bukharan Communist Party.[236]
The first Soviet newspaper published in Tajikistan was Po basmachi which detailed the conditions of the Red Army in Tajikistan in 1923 during the Basmachi movement. In 1924, the newspaper Voice of the East (Russian: Овози шарк, or Голос Востока), the first Soviet government newspaper was published in Dushanbe and was a forum for much of the poetry and literature of the young republic. In 1925, the official newspaper of Soviet Tajikistan was "Bedorii tochik" (Awakening of the Tajiks). An Uzbek-language paper, Red Tajikistan, was published in Tajikistan as well. Sadriddin Ayni also published many newspapers such as Bukhara News, Horpustak, and Flame of the Revolution.[236]
In 1929, the newspaper Red Tajikistan came into print with a large daily circulation of 5000. In the 1930s Komsomolets Tadzhikistana was published as a communist paper intended for the youth of Tajikistan. Many other newspapers were published during this time as well. The press often emphasized the collective farming system and the newspaper Dehkoni Kambagal was popular among farmers.[236]
During World War 2 newspaper production was strained as raw materials became increasingly scarce and their numbers were reduced. After the war, the many newspapers from the 30s began to be produced once again. In the 60s and 70s the newspaper Communist of Tajikistan gained prominence, winning the Order of the Red Banner of Labor. International cooperation was to be emphasized during the time period.[236]
During perestroika, newspapers embraced more liberal and democratic ideas. One of the first to do this was the Komsomol of Tajikistan. Farkhang, a new literary magazine, published national Tajik and Islamic literature banned before such as the Masnavi. The Sukhan newspaper, published by the Union of Journalists of Tajikistan, was a leading voice for liberalism and perestroika in the republic, writing about topics such as freedom of speech, democratization, and the opposition. The first publication not released by the state was from Rastokhez, printed in Lithuania and delivered to Dushanbe. The Democratic Party of Tajikistan published a paper, Justice, in Dushanbe as well which had a circulation of 25000. Charogi Ruz, or Light of Day, was the first private publication in Dushanbe, and advertised itself as the free tribune for youth. Free publications such as Oinai zindagi (by trade unions), Somon, Haftgandzh, and others formed.[236] Today, Charogi Ruz is known for its criticism of the ruling government.[248]
In August 1999 there were officially 199 newspapers, although only 17 of those appeared regularly. Some of the most widely circulated national government publications are Dzhumhuriet and Narodna Gazeta. In addition to the state news agency Khovar (News), there are several private newspapers, including Asia-Plus, which regularly publishes in Russian and English and reports on political, social and economic issues, Jumhuriyat, and Khalk ovozi.[249][250] In 2019 there were 37 regular newspapers and 37 magazines published in the city.[5]
Radio
In 1924 a radio station was built in Dushanbe for military communication. On 10 April 1930 the first radio broadcast was heard by civilians in Tajikistan, from Moscow. It functioned as a news source and a source of Soviet propaganda. The first station, in Dushanbe, mainly focused on retransmitted broadcasts from Moscow and radios gradually became more prevalent in the country. While development slowed during World War 2, afterwards Tajikistan received higher broadband and quality radio stations and broadcasts.[236]
In 1977, locally created radio broadcasts were able to be transmitted from Dushanbe thanks to the construction of the Radio House in the city. In 2000, the Sadoi Dushanbe Radio was created, and today that is one of the four programs broadcast in Dushanbe.[236]
As of August 1999 government radio is broadcast throughout the nation along with independent outlets such as Asia Plus radio.
Television
On 7 November 1959 the first television center was created in the republic, the Tajik Television Studio. In 1967 programs from Moscow and Tashkent were broadcast in the country and on 15 November 1975 color television was introduced.[236] As of August 1999 12 to 15 stations broadcast consistently. Many Russian language channels like ORT, RTR, and TV-6 broadcast as well.[250] Today, a greater number of private television stations operate in the city,[238] with 15 in the whole country, although there are still 7 state owned channels.[251]
Notable people
- Zebo Aminzoda(born 1948), Tajikistani ballet dancer and choreographer
- Viktor Bout (born 1967), Russian convicted arms dealer
- Farruh Negmat-Zadeh (born 1959), Tajikistani artist
International relations
Twin towns – sister cities
Dushanbe is twinned with:[252]
- Ankara, Turkey
- Ashgabat, Turkmenistan
- Boulder, United States
- Hainan, China
- Klagenfurt, Austria
- Lahore, Pakistan
- Lusaka, Zambia
- Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan
- Minsk, Belarus
- Monastir, Tunisia
- Qingdao, China
- Reutlingen, Germany
- Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Sanaa, Yemen
- Shiraz, Iran
- Tehran, Iran
- Ürümqi, China
- Xiamen, China
In 1982, Mary Hey and Sophia Stoller started an initiative to make Dushanbe a sister city of Boulder even though during that time they were on opposite sides of the Cold War. In 1987, the mayor of Dushanbe, Maksud Ikramov, officially made Boulder a sister city of Dushanbe. Exchange students, tourism, and art exchanges began between the two cities. The Tajik Teahouse was sent from Dushanbe to Boulder in 1990. During the civil war, Boulder sent humanitarian aid to Dushanbe.[253]
International conferences
Many international conferences have been held in Dushanbe, such as the International Conference on Integrated TB Control in Central Asia[254] and the hosting of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization conference in 2000, 2008, and 2014.[255][256][257]
In 2003, Dushanbe hosted the International Forum on Fresh Water which was attended by 50 states and organizations.[258][259]
From 20 to 23 June 2018 the High-Level International Conference on the International Decade for Action 'Water for Sustainable Development' was held in Dushanbe, which discussed the upcoming decade for action with regards to water.[260] A second conference on the same subject was planned to be held in June 2020.[261]
On 16–17 May 2019 a high-level conference entitled "Countering Terrorism and its Financing Through
On 15 June 2019 the fifth summit of the Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia was held in Dushanbe. The Asian members of the organization discussed common interests on topics such as peace and security, terrorism, arms control, the Iran nuclear deal, poverty, economic development, and globalization.[263]
See also
Notes
- ^ Tajik: Душанбе, IPA: [duʃæmˈbe]; Russian: Душанбе [dʊʂɐnˈbɛ]
- ^ Literally "Monday".[9][10][11][12]
- ^ Russian: Дюшамбе [dʲʊʂɐmˈbɛ]
References
- ^ a b "ШУМОРАИ АЊОЛИИ ЉУМЊУРИИ ТОЉИКИСТОН ТО 1 ЯНВАРИ СОЛИ 2022" (PDF). 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
- ^ a b c d Вечёрка (27 July 2020). "География Душанбе в цифрах". Вечёрка (in Russian). Retrieved 18 September 2020.[unreliable source?]
- ^ a b c "About Dushanbe". U.S. Embassy in Tajikistan. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
- OCLC 11399951.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Шиносномаи шаҳр / Сомонаи расмии Мақомоти иҷроияи ҳокимияти давлатии шаҳри Душанбе". dushanbe.tj. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
- ^ "License Plates of Tajikistan". worldlicenseplates.com. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
- ^ "Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
- ^ "КОНСТИТУЦИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАДЖИКИСТАН". prokuratura.tj. Parliament of Tajikistan. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
- ^ a b c "General information about Dushanbe | Conference on Interaction and Confidence Building Measures in Asia". Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia. 30 July 2020. Archived from the original on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
The village Dushanbe arose at the crossroads. On Mondays big Bazaar's would be organized, which is where the village inherited its name "Dushanbe", meaning "Monday".
- ^ OCLC 76271036.
- ^ CIA. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
etymology: today's city was originally at the crossroads where a large bazaar occurred on Mondays, hence the name Dushanbe, which in Persian means Monday, i.e., the second day (du) after Saturday (shambe)
- ^ Tajik National Encyclopedia (PDF). p. 272. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
- ^ "Душанбе" [Dushanbe]. DicLib (in Russian).
- ^ "دوشنبه | پارسی ویکی" (in Persian). 31 January 2016. Archived from the original on 31 January 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- ^ a b c "Demolishing Dushanbe: how the former city of Stalinabad is erasing its Soviet past". The Guardian. 19 October 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
- OCLC 32311792.
- OCLC 32311792.
- ^ "Hissar Culture". TheFreeDictionary.com. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
- OCLC 32311792.
- ^ a b c d e f "Краткая историческая справка" (in Russian). 1 December 2008. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
- OCLC 32311792.
- OCLC 32311792.
- )
- ^ a b c d e f g "Regions: Dushanbe & Surroundings". Official Website of the Tourism Authority of Tajikistan. Committee of Youth Affairs, Sports and Tourism. Archived from the original on 22 November 2012. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
- ^ OCLC 11399951.
- OCLC 32311792.
- ^ a b "Southern Tajikistan in Kushana period". National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
- ^ )
- OCLC 32311792.
- ^ Hiebert, F. T.; Kohl, P. L. (20 October 2012). "Garav kala: a Pleiades place resource". Pleiades: a gazetteer of past places. R. Talbert, T. Elliott, S. Gillies. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
- OCLC 32311792.
- ^ Gariboldi, Andrea; Saripov, Abduvali (2012). "A Sasanian Hoard from Dushanbe" (PDF). Studia Iranica. 41: 169–186. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
- ^ Довуди, Давлатходжа (January 2004). "Древние и средневековые монеты, найденные на территории города Душанбе". Древние и средневековые монеты, найденные на территории города Душанбе.
- ^ Litvinskiĭ, B. A. "Ajina Tepe". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
- OCLC 32311792.
- ^ "Illustrations" (PDF). p. 3.
- OCLC 32311792.
- OCLC 32311792.
- OCLC 32311792.
- ISSN 2365-5615.
- OCLC 32311792.
- OCLC 32311792.
- OCLC 32311792.
- ^ "АҶАБ ШАҲРИ ДИЛОРОЙӢ" [The Wonderful City of Dushanbe]. Садои мардум (in Tajik (Cyrillic script)). 19 April 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
- ^ OCLC 1049912411.
- ^ "Душанбе (столица Таджикистана)". Планета Земля (in Russian). Retrieved 18 September 2020.
- ^ ISBN 978-99947-892-7-6.
- ^ a b c d "Аҷаб шаҳри дилороӣ, Душанбе…". tiroz.org (in Russian). 19 July 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
- )
- ^ Becker, Seymour. (1968). Russia's protectorates in Central Asia: Bukhara and Khiva, 1865-1924. Russian Research Center studies. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 48–50.
- OCLC 1224354503.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ^ a b c d ""Русский дом", "Заразка" и "Детский садик" - истории инфекционных больниц Душанбе | Новости Таджикистана ASIA-Plus". asiaplustj.info (in Russian). Retrieved 2 August 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Вечёрка (9 July 2019). "Душанбе - столица края". Вечёрка (in Russian). Retrieved 1 August 2020.
- ^ a b c "A Tomb in Kabul: The Fate of the Last Amir of Bukhara and his country's relations with Afghanistan". Afghanistan Analysts Network - English. 27 December 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
- OCLC 1076650077.
- ^ OCLC 11399951.
- OCLC 435381348.
- ^ "History". www.dushanbehotels.ru. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
- ^ a b "Dushanbe: History". Lonely Planet. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
- ^ "Бухарская Народная Советская Республика - это... Что такое Бухарская Народная Советская Республика?". Словари и энциклопедии на Академике (in Russian). Retrieved 3 August 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Atkin, Muriel. "Dushanbe". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Encyclopedia Iranica Foundation, Inc. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
- OCLC 940754059.
- ^ OCLC 1049912411.
- ^ a b c "Чтобы помнили. Русский Душанбе". Фергана.Ру (in Russian). Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
- ^ Редакция. "Душанбе". Электронная еврейская энциклопедия ОРТ (in Russian). Retrieved 1 August 2020.
- ^ S2CID 149039948.
- )
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
- OCLC 11399951.
- ^ a b c Shermatov, Gafur. "Столица и ее градоначальники: кто был до Рустама Эмомали". Asia-Plus. Archived from the original on 13 February 2017.
- ^ "История Душанбе". Tajik Development Gateway на русском языке (in Russian). Retrieved 25 September 2020.
- ISBN 978-3-319-52980-6
- ^ a b "CIA Information Report" (PDF). CIA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2017.
- ^ "Дюшамбе - Сталинабад - Душанбе". Радио Озоди (in Russian). 11 November 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
- ^ "H-Diplo Roundtable XX-46 on Laboratory of Socialist Development: Cold War Politics and Decolonization in Soviet Tajikistan | H-Diplo | H-Net". networks.h-net.org. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
- ^ "Perspectives | Light and nostalgia in Tajikistan | Eurasianet". eurasianet.org. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
- ^ OCLC 11399951.
- OCLC 984803513.
- ^ OCLC 984803513.
- ^ Ethnic rioting in Dushanbe, New York Times, 13 February 1990. Retrieved 18 October 2008
- ^ OCLC 984803513.
- ^ OCLC 1076650077.
- ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Chronology for Russians in Tajikistan". Refworld. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
- ^ "The long echo of Tajikistan's civil war". openDemocracy. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
- ^ "Tajikistan and UNESCO Cooperation". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Tajikistan. 11 May 2019.
- ^ Pannier, Bruce (23 January 2017). "Analysis: Dushanbe's Ex-Mayor One Of The Last Of Civil War Era". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
- ^ a b c d "/ Исполнительный орган государственной власти города Душанбе". www.dushanbe.tj (in Russian). Retrieved 26 September 2020.
- ^ "Пандемия нанесла огромный урон таджикской экономике. ВИДЕО". Радио Озоди (in Russian). 5 July 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
- ^ "Tajikistan: regime eternalization completed?". The Politicon. 26 January 2017. Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
- ^ )
- ^ a b ХУРСАНД МИРЗОШОЕВИЧ, ТАЛБОНОВ. БИОТОПИЧЕСКОЕ РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ И ЭКОЛОГИЯ ПТИЦ ГОРОДА ДУШАНБЕ (PDF). pp. 17–22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
- ^ ИСТОРИЯ СТАНОВЛЕНИЯ И РАЗВИТИЯ АРХИТЕКТУРЫ ОБЩЕСТВЕННЫХ ЗДАНИЙ ДУШАНБЕ (1924 началдх2000 гг.) (PDF). p. 13.
- ISSN 2076-3263.
- ^ PMID 30375988.
- ^ "Tajikistan: Citizens Ponder Bleak Future Amid Harsh Winter - Eurasianet.Org". Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
- ^ OCLC 11399951.
- ^ "Weather and Climate-The Climate of Dushanbe" (in Russian). Weather and Climate. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
- ^ "Klimatafel von Duschanbe / Tadschikistan" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
- ^ "Dushanbe Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
- OCLC 65068362. Archived from the originalon 28 October 2010.
- ^ a b "/ Исполнительный орган государственной власти города Душанбе". www.dushanbe.tj. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
- ^ "Тақсимоти маъмурӣ / Сомонаи расмии Мақомоти иҷроияи ҳокимияти давлатии шаҳри Душанбе". www.dushanbe.tj. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
- ^ "Tallest unsupported flagpole". Guinness World Records. 24 May 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
- ^ "Dushanbe travel guide". Caravanistan. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
- ^ )
- ^ Logofet, Dmitry Nikolaevich (1911). Бухарское ханство под русским протекторатом [Bukhara under Russian rule]. Saint Petersburg.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Бозоре, ки пойтахт шуд | جدید آنلاین". www.jadidonline.com. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
- ^ a b "Dushanbe, Tajikistan". Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
- ^ Demographic Yearbook 1965 (PDF). United Nations. p. 171.
- ^ Demographic Yearbook 1976 (PDF). United Nations. p. 278.
- ^ Demographic Yearbook 1984 (PDF). United Nations. p. 278.
- ^ Demographic Yearbook 1988 (PDF). United Nations.
- ^ a b "1989 All-Union Population Census". Demoscope. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
- OCLC 436344566.
- ^ Demographic Yearbook 1997 (PDF). United Nations. p. 254.
- ^ a b c d "Population of the Republic of Tajikistan as of January 1, 2020" (PDF). Agency on Statistics of the Republic of Tajikistan. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f Mehrotra, Mansi (2008). "3 Regional divide: land and people". Ethnicity, religion and politics in Tajikistan (1989-2004) (PDF). Jawaharlal Nehru University. p. 92. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
- ^ Population of the Republic of Tajikistan as of 1 January, State Statistical Committee, Dushanbe, 2008 (Russian)
- ^ "Шумораи аҳолии Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон то 1 январи соли 2016 Ахбороти Агентии омори назди Президенти Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
- ^ Женщины и мужчины Республики Таджикистан [Women and Men of the Republic of Tajikistan] (PDF) (in Tajik and Russian). Dushanbe: Agency on Statistics Under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan. 2020. p. 63. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
- ^ "ШУМОРАИ АЊОЛИИ ЉУМЊУРИИ ТОЉИКИСТОН ТО 1 ЯНВАРИ СОЛИ 2022" (PDF). 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2023.This includes the population from the 2020 area increase.
- ^ "All-Union Population Census of 1939". Demoscope. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
- ^ "All-Union Population Census of 1959". Demoscope. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
- ^ "1970 All-Union Population Census". Demoscope. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
- ^ "1979 All-Union Population Census". Demoscope. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
- ^ Mehrotra, Mansi (2008). "3 Regional divide: land and people". Ethnicity, religion and politics in Tajikistan (1989-2004) (PDF). Jawaharlal Nehru University. p. 116. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
- ^ a b "/ Исполнительный орган государственной власти города Душанбе". www.dushanbe.tj. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
- ^ "Национальный состав, владение языками и гражданство населения Республики Таджикистан" (PDF). Tajikistan Agency of Statistics (in Russian and Tajik). 14 October 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
- ^ Aminov, K.; Jensen, V.; Juraev, S.; Overland, I.; Tyan, D.; Uulu, Y. (Spring 2010). "Language Use and Language Policy in Central Asia" (PDF). Central Asia Regional Data Review. 2: 1–29.
- ^ )
- S2CID 143808874.
- ^ AsiaNews.it. "In Dushanbe, the 'little' Catholic community in a 'great' Easter celebration". www.asianews.it. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
- ^ "History of the Tajikistan Jewish Community". jewseurasia.org. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
- ^ AsiaNews.it. "New synagogue of Dushanbe to open soon". asianews.it. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
- ^ "Dushanbe proclaimed Capital of Islamic Culture for Asian Region in 2010 | Tajikistan News ASIA-Plus". www.asiaplustj.info. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
- ^ "Central Asia's Largest Mosque To Be Built in Dushanbe". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 10 October 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
- ^ "Official opening of Dushanbe's Cental [sic] Cathedral Mosque suspended due to coronavirus pandemic, says Tajik official | Tajikistan News ASIA-Plus". asiaplustj.info. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
- ^ "Tajikistan: The Life of the smallest Orthodox community in Central Asia". CABAR.asia. 1 March 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
- ^ "Душанбинская епархия / Организации / Патриархия.ru". Патриархия.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 28 July 2021.
- ^ OCLC 1035812764.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (link - ^ )
- ^ "Вазорати илм ва маорифи Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон". Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Tajikistan (in Tajik). Вазорати маориф ва илми Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- ^ OCLC 1035812764.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (link - ^ OCLC 1035812764.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (link - ^ a b "Бемайлии донишҷӯёни аз хориҷ бозгашта ба идомаи таҳсил дар Донишкадаи исломии Тоҷикистон". Parstoday (in Tajik). 22 July 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
- ^ a b "РТСУ – 15 лет | Новости Таджикистана ASIA-Plus". 1 January 2018. Archived from the original on 1 January 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
- ^ OCLC 1035812764.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (link - ^ )
- ^ a b "Транспорт - Страница 3 из 3". Tajik Development Gateway на русском языке (in Russian). 2 December 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
- ^ "Directory: World Airlines." Flight International. 30 March-5 April 2004. 78. "Titov Street 31/2, Dushanbe Airport, Dushanbe, 734006, Tajikistan."
- ^ "Contacts Archived 29 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine." Somon Air. Retrieved on 4 December 2010. "Contacts: 40, Titova Str. Dushanbe, Tajikistan, 734012." Address in Tajik Archived 29 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine : "734012, Таджикистан, Душанбе, ул. Титова, 40"
- ^ "Маркази боркашонии фурудгоҳи Душанбе бо сармояи Ҷопон сохта шуд". Радиои Озодӣ (in Tajik). 25 June 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
- ^ "Envoy: Iran to complete Tajikistan's independence tunnel by next year". The Iran Project. 8 May 2014. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
- ^ "2.3 Tajikistan Road Network - Logistics Capacity Assessment - Digital Logistics Capacity Assessments". dlca.logcluster.org. Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
- ^ The 2.3 km (1 mi) Shar-Shar auto tunnel links Tajikistan to China, The 2.3km Shar-Shar car tunnel linking Tajikistan and China opened to traffic on Aug. 30, 2009 Siyavush Mekhtan
- ^ Chormaghzak Tunnel renamed Khatlon Tunnel and Shar-Shar Tunnel renamed Ozodi Tunnel, 12/02/2014 15:49, Payrav Chorshanbiyev Archived 31 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Rustamov, Aziz (22 March 2017). "Наследие Российской империи в Таджикистане: железная дорога, вокзалы, водонапорные башни" [The legacy of the Russian Empire in Tajikistan: railway, railway stations, water towers]. Фергана.Ру. Ferghana International News Agency. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
- ^ OCLC 1049912411.
- ^ "Дорога через века" [Road through the Centuries]. eav.ru. Евразия Вести. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
- Radio Liberty. 1 September 2009. Archivedfrom the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
- ^ "Dushanbe-Astana Train Makes First Journey". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 19 June 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
- ^ "КАвЗ: в будущее - с оптимизмом". 16 April 2012. Archived from the original on 16 April 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
- ^ Kluczewska, Karolina. "Dushanbe buses and what it means to live in a capital city". www.academia.edu.
- ^ "EBRD finances Dushanbe trolleybus infrastructure modernisation". Railway Gazette International. 27 January 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
- ^ "Toward safer, cleaner, and more convenient public transport in Central Asian cities". blogs.worldbank.org. 31 July 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
- ^ "Dushanbe, trolleybus — Roster". transphoto.org. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
- ^ "Subway system expected to be built in Tajik capital by 2040". Asia plus.
- ^ )
- ^ a b Robert, Judith (December 2023). "Redeveloping Dushanbe". The Beet.
- ^ a b c d ИСТОРИЯ СТАНОВЛЕНИЯ И РАЗВИТИЯ АРХИТЕКТУРЫ ОБЩЕСТВЕННЫХ ЗДАНИЙ ДУШАНБЕ (1924 началдх2000 гг.) (PDF). pp. 14–16.
- ^ "Первый архитектор Душанбе. Кто спроектировал главную улицу таджикской столицы | Новости Таджикистана ASIA-Plus". asiaplustj.info. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
- ^ Dushanbe, Esfandiar Adineh in (19 October 2017). "Demolishing Dushanbe: how the former city of Stalinabad is erasing its Soviet past". the Guardian. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
- OCLC 815668567.
- ^ a b "A second coal fired power plant for the Tajik capital". Bankwatch. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
- ^ a b "ИМРӮЗ — РӮЗИ ЭНЕРГЕТИКҲО. Дар давраи Истиқлолият иқтидори истеҳсолии соҳа бе назардошти НБО "Роғун" 1520 МВт зиёд шуд | АМИТ "Ховар"" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
- ^ )
- ^ "Crisis Looms as Bitter Cold, Blackouts Hit Tajikistan". NPR.org. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
- ISBN 978-0-8213-9967-5.
- ^ "Uzbekistan resumes gas deliveries to Tajikistan | Eurasianet". eurasianet.org. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
- ^ "Tajikistan Hit By Three-Hour Nationwide Blackout". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 28 October 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
- ^ "Tajikistan Experiences Rolling Blackouts Amid Freezing Winter Temperatures". Jamestown. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
- ^ "Two streets and two neighborhood units of Tajik capital will be left without electricity for several hours today – Tajikistan News Gazette". Archived from the original on 12 December 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
- ^ "Alstom Wins 500 kV Substation Project Using GIS Tech in Tajikistan - The Gazette of Central Asia". gca.satrapia.com. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
- ^ "Water in Tajikistan, abundant yet challenging". ACTED. 5 December 2017.
- ^ "Tajik and Uzbek specialists clear 'Big Gissar Canal'". Daily Mail Pakistan. 13 March 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2020. [permanent dead link]
- )
- ^ PMID 9756457.
- ^ "Антимонопольная служба объяснила, почему вода в Душанбе подорожала | Новости Таджикистана ASIA-Plus". 28 April 2019. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
- ^ "Ҳамаи боғҳои Душанбе дар як харита | Хабарҳои Тоҷикистон ASIA-Plus". asiaplustj.info. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
- ^ "Парк "Рудаки"". Diyor.tj (in Russian). 9 December 2018. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
- ^ "ПРЕЗИДЕНТ ТАДЖИКИСТАНА ОТКРОЕТ ПАРК ИМ. РУДАКИ » "Ховар" - Национальное Информационное Агентство Таджикистана". 3 December 2013. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
- )
- ^ "Ботанический сад Академии наук Таджикистана". mvd.tj. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
- ^ a b c "Сколько захоронено в Душанбе людей и как содержатся столичные кладбища? | Новости Таджикистана ASIA-Plus". asiaplustj.info. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
- ^ "'A Park Isn't A Graveyard': Tajikistan Secretly Reburies Remains Of The Elite". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 21 October 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
- ^ "The history of the last synagogue in Tajikistan". CABAR.asia. 13 November 2018. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
- )
- ^ "Tajikistan Health system review" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
- ^ "Чархи Гардун". Charkhi Gardun. 9 June 2010. Archived from the original on 9 June 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- ^ "Здравоохранение > Социальная сфера > Официальный сайт Исполнительного органа государственной власти города Душанбе". 9 October 2019. Archived from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- ^ Медицина: лікарні, госпіталі, клініки Archived 2010-08-17 at the Wayback Machine на www.yellow-pages.kz/tj/ (Таджикистан: індустріально-комерційний довідник) Archived 2014-05-18 at the Wayback Machine («Жовті сторінки» Таджикистану)
- ^ "Бозгашти беморхонаҳо ба ҳолати муқаррарӣ дар Душанбе". Pressa.tj (in Tajik). 5 June 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
- ^ "In the Soviet Sanatorium | Khoja Obi Garm Spa - Koryo Tours". koryogroup.com. 7 November 2018. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
- ^ "Temporary Hospital for COVID-19 Patients Opened in Dushanbe Today – Tajikistan News Gazette". Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
- ^ "Рушди иқтисодиёт / Сомонаи расмии Мақомоти иҷроияи ҳокимияти давлатии шаҳри Душанбе". 28 January 2020. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
- ^ "Рушди иқтисодиёт / Сомонаи расмии Мақомоти иҷроияи ҳокимияти давлатии шаҳри Душанбе". www.dushanbe.tj. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
- ^ a b c d "Саноат / Сомонаи расмии Мақомоти иҷроияи ҳокимияти давлатии шаҳри Душанбе". www.dushanbe.tj. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
- ^ "Шарҳи мухтасари рушди иҷтимоию иқтисодии шаҳри Душанбе > Маълумот > Сомонаи расмии Мақомоти иҷроияи маҳаллии ҳокимияти давлатӣ дар шаҳри Душанбе". old.dushanbe.tj. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
- ^ a b c d e "/ Исполнительный орган государственной власти города Душанбе". www.dushanbe.tj. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
- )
- ^ "Душанбе - столица туризма". Народная газета (in Russian). Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
- ^ "Сайёҳӣ / Сомонаи расмии Мақомоти иҷроияи ҳокимияти давлатии шаҳри Душанбе". www.dushanbe.tj. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
- ^ "/ Исполнительный орган государственной власти города Душанбе". www.dushanbe.tj. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
- ^ "Dushanbe's Millennials Are Reconnecting a Broken City — With the Internet". OZY. 14 September 2018. Archived from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
- ^ "Туризм в Таджикистане: достижения и барьеры". project75783.tilda.ws. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
- ^ "Tajikistan National Museum". mvd.tj. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
- ^ "Gurminj Museum of Musical Instruments | Aga Khan Development Network". www.akdn.org. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
- )
- ^ a b c "Opera as the highest stage of Socialism | IIAS". www.iias.asia. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ^ )
- ^ "Festive event dedicated to the Day of Tajik Militia (video)". mvd.tj. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- OCLC 859079567.
- ^ )
- ^ a b "Таджикский Театр Оперы И Балета в музыкальной энциклопедии". www.music-dic.ru. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ^ a b "История театра". Театр Оперы И Балета (in Russian). Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ^ "istoriya-teatra". 11 December 2016. Archived from the original on 11 December 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ^ a b c "Таджикский театр оперы и балета им. С.Айни". Кино-Театр.РУ. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ^ "Tajikistan honors Iranian conductor Arash Amini". Tehran Times. 20 November 2011. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ^ "State Symphony orchestra will be created in Tajikistan | Tajikistan News ASIA-Plus". www.asiaplustj.info. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ^ "The first performance of the State Symphony orchestra of Tajikistan will be held on the 9th of September | Tajikistan News ASIA-Plus". asiaplustj.info. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ^ "Ayni Academic Opera and Ballet Theater". www.dushanbehotels.ru. Archived from the original on 21 June 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ^ "Ayni Opera & Ballet Theatre | Dushanbe, Tajikistan Entertainment". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ^ )
- ^ "Actors Mourn as Tajikistan's Oldest Theater Is Torn Down | Eurasianet". eurasianet.org. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Mulloev, Sharif (2009). Usmonov; Chigrin (eds.). История таджикской журналистики: учебно-методическое пособие для студентов отделения журналистики [History of Tajik journalism: a textbook for students of journalism.]. Dushanbe: Russian-Tajik (Slavic) University - Department of History and Theory of Journalism and Electronic Media.
- ISSN 2312-8690.
- ^ )
- ^ Ulugova, Lola (January 2020). "Tajik Artists Lead Social Change: The Role of Art in Questioning Tajik Traditional Values" (PDF).
- OCLC 11399951.
- ^ )
- ^ "ЦСКА "Памир" расстался с главным тренером Рахматулло Фузайловым – Федерация Футбола Таджикистана" (in Russian). Retrieved 27 September 2020.
- ^ "Matchday ends, Tajikistan league shuts down". BeSoccer. 26 April 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
- ^ "О нас". 17 February 2011. Archived from the original on 17 February 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
- ^ "Заявка ЦСКА (Душанбе) для участия в сезоне-2.. | Федерация футбола Таджикистана | VK". m.vk.com. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
- ^ "Официальный сайт ФК Истиклол". 25 April 2018. Archived from the original on 25 April 2018. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
- ^ turkmenportal. "В Душанбе возводят современный 30-тысячный стадион | Спорт". Туркменистан, интернет портал о культурной, деловой и развлекательной жизни в Туркменистане (in Russian). Retrieved 12 April 2021.
- ^ "In Russia, unknown attacker stabs exiled Tajik journalist". Committee to Protect Journalists. 13 January 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
- ISBN 978-1-85743-255-8. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
- ^ a b c "An Overview of the Media in Tajikistan". Human Rights Watch. 11 (November 1999).
- ^ "Media Sustainability Index: Tajikistan" (PDF). International Research & Exchanges Board. 2019.
- ^ "Бародаршаҳрҳо". dushanbe.tj (in Tajik). Dushanbe. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
- ^ "Boulder Dushanbe Sister Cities". Boulder-Dushanbe Sis. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
- ^ "USAID and Ministry of Health Hold Third International Conference on Integrated TB Control in Central Asia". U.S. Embassy in Tajikistan. 13 September 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
- )
- ^ "Joint Statement of the Meeting of the Council of Heads of State of The Shanghai Cooperation Organization". www.fmprc.gov.cn. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
- ^ "13th annual summit of SCO starts today in Dushanbe". Dispatch News Desk. 10 September 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
- ^ "Столица > Душанбе - столица > Официальный сайт Исполнительного органа местной государственной власти в городе Душанбе". 21 November 2010. Archived from the original on 21 November 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
- ^ "MOFA: Statement by Mr. Keizo Takemi Representative of the Japanese Delegation at the Dushanbe International Fresh Water Forum". www.mofa.go.jp. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
- ^ ""Water for Sustainable Development" Conference in Dushanbe". UNRCCA. 23 June 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
- ^ ""Dushanbe water process ". Second High-Level Conference on the International Decade for action "Water for Sustainable Development", 2018-2028". Embassy of the Republic of Tajikistan in Germany.
- ^ "UNRCCA and UNOCT Participated in the High-Level Conference "Countering Terrorism and Its Financing Through Illicit Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime" in Dushanbe, 16-17 May 2019". UNRCCA. 20 May 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
- ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 5 March 2021.