Dhaka
Dhaka
ঢাকা Dacca | ||
---|---|---|
Market XR) $95 billion (per capita $4,018) | | |
Metro GDP 2023 (PPP) | $316 billion (per capita $13,614)[15] | |
UN/LOCODE | BD DAC | |
Website | dncc.bd (North Dhaka) dscc.bd (South Dhaka) |
Dhaka (
The area of Dhaka has been inhabited since the first millennium. An
Under
A
Etymology
The origins of the name Dhaka are uncertain. It may derive from the
Some references also say it was derived from a
History
Pre-Mughal
The history of urban settlements in the area of modern-day Dhaka dates to the first millennium.
Early period of Mughal Bengal
Dhaka became the capital of the Mughal province of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa in 1610 with a jurisdiction covering modern-day Bangladesh and
Bengal became the economic engine of the Mughal Empire. Dhaka played a key role in the
Islam Khan I was the first Mughal governor to reside in the city.[51] Khan named it "Jahangir Nagar" (The City of Jahangir) in honour of the Emperor Jahangir. The name was dropped soon after the English conquered. The main expansion of the city took place under Governor Shaista Khan. The city then measured 19 by 13 kilometres (11.8 by 8.1 mi), with a population of nearly one million.[52] Dhaka became home to one of the richest elites in Mughal India.[53] The construction of
Naib Nizamat
Under the Nawabs of Bengal, the Naib Nazim of Dhaka was in charge of the city. The Naib Nazim was the deputy governor of Bengal. He also dealt with the upkeep of the Mughal Navy. The Naib Nazim was in charge of the Dhaka Division, which included Dhaka, Comilla, and Chittagong. Dhaka Division was one of the four divisions under the Nawabs of Bengal. The Nawabs of Bengal allowed European trading companies to establish factories across Bengal. The region then became a hotbed for European rivalries. The British moved to oust the last independent Nawab of Bengal in 1757, who was allied with the French. Due to the defection of Nawab's army chief Mir Jafar to the British side, the last Nawab lost the Battle of Plassey.[citation needed]
After the Battle of Buxar in 1765, the Treaty of Allahabad allowed the British East India Company to become the tax collector in Bengal on behalf of the Mughal Emperor in Delhi. The Naib Nazim continued to function until 1793 when all his powers were transferred to the East India Company. The city formally passed to the control of the East India Company in 1793. British military raids damaged a lot of the city's infrastructure.[55] The military conflict caused a sharp decline in the urban population.[56] Dhaka's fortunes received a boost with connections to the mercantile networks of the British Empire.[57] With the dawn of the Industrial Revolution in Britain, Dhaka became a leading centre of the jute trade, as Bengal accounted for the largest share of the world's jute production.[58]
But the British neglected Dhaka's industrial and urban development until the late 19th century. Income from the pre-colonial, proto-industrialized textile industry dried up. Bengali weavers went out of business after the imposition of a 75% tax on the export of cotton from Bengal,
Trade and migration
Dhaka hosted factories of the English East India Company, the
According to those who lived in the historic city, "Dhaka was a courtly, genteel town – the very last flowering, in their telling, of Mughal etiquette and sensibility. It is this history that is today still reflected in the faded grandeur of the old city, now crumbling due to decades of neglect. The narrow, winding, high-walled lanes and alleyways, the old high-ceilinged houses with verandas and balconies, the old neighbourhoods, the graveyards and gardens, the mosques, the grand old mansions – these are all still there if one goes looking".
The city's hinterland supplied rice, jute,
British Raj
During the
A modern civic water system was introduced in 1874.[76] In 1885, the Dhaka State Railway was opened with a 144 km metre gauge (1000 mm) rail line connecting Mymensingh and the Port of Narayanganj through Dhaka.[77] The city later became a hub of the Eastern Bengal State Railway.[77] The first film shown in Dhaka was screened on the Riverfront Crown Theatre on 17 April 1898.[78] The film show was organized by the Bedford Bioscope Company.[78] The electricity supply began in 1901.[79]
This period is described as being "the colonial-era part of Dhaka, developed by the British during the early 20th century. Similar to colonial boroughs the length and breadth of the Subcontinent, this development was typified by stately government buildings, spacious tree-lined avenues, and sturdy white-washed bungalows set amidst always overgrown (the British never did manage to fully tame the landscape) gardens. Once upon a time, this was the new city; and even though it is today far from the ritziest part of town, the streets here are still wider and the trees more abundant and the greenery more evident than in any other part".[69]
Some of the early educational institutions established during the period of British rule include the
Dhaka's fortunes changed in the early 20th century. British neglect of Dhaka's urban development was overturned with the
Dhaka was the seat of government for 4 administrative divisions, including the Assam Valley Division, Chittagong Division, Dacca Division, Rajshahi Division, and the Surma Valley Division. There were a total of 30 districts in Eastern Bengal and Assam, including Dacca, Mymensingh, Faridpur and
On the political front, partition allowed Dhaka to project itself as the standard-bearer of Muslim communities in
As a "splendid compensation" for the annulment of partition,
The East Bengal Cinematograph Company produced the first full-length
At the time of the partition of India, many rich Hindu families relocated to West Bengal. Their properties were seized by the state under laws that eventually became known as the Vested Property Act.[89]
Metropolitan Dhaka
The development of the "real city" began after the
The
The early period of political turbulence was seen between 1947 and 1952, particularly the
On 25 March 1971, the
After independence, Dhaka's population grew from several hundred thousand to several million in five decades. Dhaka was declared the national capital by the
In the 1990s and 2000s, Dhaka experienced improved economic growth and the emergence of affluent business districts and satellite towns.[107] Between 1990 and 2005, the city's population doubled from 6 million to 12 million.[108] There has been increased foreign investment in the city, particularly in the financial and textile manufacturing sectors. Between 2008 and 2011, the government of Bangladesh organized three years of celebrations to mark 400 years since Dhaka's founding as an early modern city.[27][28][29] But frequent hartals by political parties have greatly hampered the city's economy.[109] The hartal rate has declined since 2014. In some years, the city experienced a widespread flash flood during the monsoon.
Dhaka is one of the fastest-growing megacities in the world.
Geography
Topography
Dhaka is located in central Bangladesh at 23°42′N 90°22′E / 23.700°N 90.367°E, on the eastern banks of the Buriganga River. The city lies on the lower reaches of the Ganges Delta and covers a total area of 270 square kilometres (100 sq mi). Tropical vegetation and moist soils characterize the land, which is flat and close to sea level. This leaves Dhaka susceptible to flooding during the monsoon seasons owing to heavy rainfall and cyclones.[118] Due to its location on the lowland plain of the Ganges Delta, the city is fringed by extensive mangroves and tidal flat ecosystems.[119] Dhaka District is bounded by the districts of Gazipur, Tangail, Munshiganj, Rajbari, Narayanganj, and Manikganj.
Cityscape
Except
Dhaka does not have a well-defined
Much activity is centred around a few large roads, where road laws are rarely obeyed and street vendors and beggars are frequently encountered.[120][123]
For much of recent history, Dhaka was characterized by roadside markets and small shops that sold a wide variety of goods.[124] Recent years have seen the widespread construction of shopping malls.[125] Two of the largest shopping malls in the city and the wider South Asian region are the Jamuna Future Park and Bashundhara City.
Climate
Under the Köppen climate classification, Dhaka has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw). The city has a distinct monsoonal season, with an annual average temperature of 26 °C (79 °F) and monthly means varying between 19 °C (66 °F) in January and 29 °C (84 °F) in May.[126] Approximately 87% of the average annual rainfall of 2,123 millimetres (83.6 inches) occurs between May and October.[126]
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Record high °C (°F) | 31.1 (88.0) |
35.9 (96.6) |
40.6 (105.1) |
42.3 (108.1) |
41.1 (106.0) |
38.7 (101.7) |
38.0 (100.4) |
37.5 (99.5) |
36.7 (98.1) |
37.4 (99.3) |
34.5 (94.1) |
33.0 (91.4) |
42.3 (108.1) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 25.1 (77.2) |
28.3 (82.9) |
32.5 (90.5) |
33.8 (92.8) |
33.4 (92.1) |
32.5 (90.5) |
31.8 (89.2) |
32.1 (89.8) |
32.0 (89.6) |
31.8 (89.2) |
29.7 (85.5) |
26.5 (79.7) |
30.8 (87.4) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 18.6 (65.5) |
22.0 (71.6) |
26.3 (79.3) |
28.4 (83.1) |
28.8 (83.8) |
29.0 (84.2) |
28.7 (83.7) |
28.9 (84.0) |
28.5 (83.3) |
27.4 (81.3) |
24.0 (75.2) |
20.0 (68.0) |
25.9 (78.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 13.1 (55.6) |
16.2 (61.2) |
20.8 (69.4) |
23.8 (74.8) |
24.8 (76.6) |
26.2 (79.2) |
26.3 (79.3) |
26.4 (79.5) |
25.9 (78.6) |
23.9 (75.0) |
19.4 (66.9) |
14.8 (58.6) |
21.8 (71.2) |
Record low °C (°F) | 5.6 (42.1) |
6.7 (44.1) |
10.6 (51.1) |
16.7 (62.1) |
19.0 (66.2) |
21.9 (71.4) |
21.1 (70.0) |
21.7 (71.1) |
21.1 (70.0) |
17.2 (63.0) |
10.6 (51.1) |
7.2 (45.0) |
5.6 (42.1) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 7.5 (0.30) |
23.7 (0.93) |
61.7 (2.43) |
140.6 (5.54) |
278.4 (10.96) |
346.5 (13.64) |
375.5 (14.78) |
292.9 (11.53) |
340.0 (13.39) |
174.5 (6.87) |
31.1 (1.22) |
12.1 (0.48) |
2,084.5 (82.07) |
Average rainy days | 2 | 3 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 14 | 17 | 16 | 13 | 7 | 2 | 1 | 105 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
71 | 64 | 62 | 71 | 76 | 82 | 83 | 82 | 83 | 78 | 73 | 73 | 75 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 220.3 | 225.3 | 256.3 | 237.8 | 220.9 | 142.2 | 131.5 | 140.6 | 152.7 | 228.6 | 236.3 | 242.6 | 2,435.1 |
Source 1: Bangladesh Meteorological Department[127][128][129] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Sistema de Clasificación Bioclimática Mundial (extremes 1934–1994),[130] Deutscher Wetterdienst (sun, 1961–1990)[131][132][133] |
Parks and greenery
There are many parks within Dhaka City, including
Rivers and lakes
Almost 10% of the city's area consists of water: There are 676 ponds and 43 canals.[121]
The Buriganga River flows past the southwest outskirts of Dhaka. Its average depth is 7.6 metres (25 ft) and its maximum depth is 18 metres (58 ft). It ranks among the most polluted rivers in the country.[116][117]
The city is surrounded by six interconnected river systems—the Buriganga and
There are several lakes within the city, such as Crescent Lake,
Environmental pollution
Increasing air and water pollution affects public health and the quality of life in the city.
Water pollution is caused by the discharge of municipal wastewater from households and industry without treatment. As of 2011 only 20% of the city is connected to a sewer system, whereas 80% is not connected.[121] As a result, the rivers in Dhaka have severe pathogen pollution, as indicated by the fecal coliform count that is several hundred times higher than the recommended national and international standards of less than 200 cfu per litre for bathing and swimming.[134]
In addition to the organic and pathogen pollution load from the 1.2 million m3 of untreated sewage, the rivers receive about 60,000 m3 of industrial effluent every day from nine major industrial clusters (as of 2021).
Four of the rivers surrounding Dhaka—Buriganaga, Sitalakhya, Balu and Turag—are so polluted that they have been declared as ecologically critical areas in 2009 by the Department of Environment. This makes them unsuitable for any human use.[134] Nevertheless, people living in low-income and slum areas still have a lot of direct contact with river water, exposing them to health risks. They use river water for dish washing, laundry, cleaning fish and vegetables, and personal washing, washing and dyeing denim, washing fish baskets or plastic sheets, collecting plastic waste and fishing.[134] As a result, many of the immediate environmental burdens of river pollution are borne by these low-income residents.[134]
Water bodies and wetlands around Dhaka are facing destruction as these are being filled up to construct multi-storied buildings and other real estate developments. Coupled with pollution, such erosion of natural habitats threatens to destroy much of the regional biodiversity.[136]
Government
Capital city
As the capital of the
Dhaka hosts 54 resident embassies and high commissions and numerous international organizations. Most diplomatic missions are located in the Gulshan and Baridhara areas of the city. The Agargaon area near Parliament is home to the country offices of the United Nations, the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, and the Islamic Development Bank.
Civic administration
History
The municipality of Dhaka was founded on 1 August 1864 and upgraded to "Metropolitan" status in 1978. In 1983, the Dhaka City Corporation was created as a self-governing entity to govern Dhaka.[141]
Under a new act in 1993, an election was held in 1994 for the first elected Mayor of Dhaka.[142] The Dhaka City Corporation ran the affairs of the city until November 2011.[143]
Municipal government
In 2011, Dhaka City Corporation was split into two separate corporations –
- RAJUK is responsible for coordinating urban development in the Greater Dhaka area.[145]
- DMP is responsible for maintaining law and order within the metro area. It was established in 1976. DMP has 56 police stations as administrative units.[146][147]
Administrative agencies
Unlike other megacities worldwide, Dhaka is serviced by over two dozen government organizations under different ministries. Lack of coordination among them and centralization of all powers by the Government of Bangladesh keeps the development and maintenance of the city in a chaotic situation.[148]
Agency | Service | Parent agency |
---|---|---|
Dhaka North City Corporation Dhaka South City Corporation |
Public service | Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Co-operatives ∟ Local Government Division |
Dhaka Metropolitan Police | Law enforcement | Ministry of Home Affairs ∟ Bangladesh Police |
RAJUK | Urban planning | Ministry of Housing and Public Works |
Dhaka Power Distribution Company Limited
|
Power distribution
|
Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources ∟ Power Division |
Dhaka WASA | Water supply | Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Co-operatives ∟ Local Government Division |
Dhaka Transport Coordination Authority | Transport | Ministry of Road Transport and Bridges ∟Road Transport and Highways Division |
Economy
As the most densely industrialized region of the country, the Greater Dhaka Area accounts for 35% of Bangladesh's economy.[31] The Globalization and World Cities Research Network ranks Dhaka as a beta− global city, in other words, one that is instrumental in linking their region into the world economy.[149] Major industrial areas are Tejgaon, Shyampur and Hazaribagh.[150] The city has a growing middle class, driving the market for modern consumer and luxury goods.[39][151] Shopping malls serve as vital elements in the city's economy. The city has historically attracted numerous migrant workers.[152] Hawkers, peddlers, small shops, rickshaw transport, roadside vendors and stalls employ a large segment of the population[152][153] – rickshaw drivers alone number as many as 400,000.[154] Half the workforce is employed in household and unorganised labour, while about 800,000 work in the textile industry. The unemployment rate in Dhaka was 23% in 2013.[155]
Almost all large local conglomerates have their corporate offices located in Dhaka.
Dhaka has rising traffic congestion and inadequate infrastructure; the national government has recently implemented a policy for rapid urbanization of surrounding areas and beyond by the introduction of a ten-year relief on income tax for new construction of facilities and buildings outside Dhaka.[158]
CBDs
The Dhaka metropolitan area boasts of several
The following is a list of the main CBDs in Dhaka.
- Motijheel
- Kawran Bazar
- Paltan
- Dhanmondi
- Gulshan
- Banani/DOHS
- Uttara
- Mirpur/DOHS
- Bashundhara Residential Area
- Panthapath
- Maghbazar
- Mohakhali/DOHS
- Gulistan
- Jatrabari
Industrial areas
Trade associations
Major trade associations based in the city include:
- Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce & Industries (FBCCI)
- Dhaka Chamber of Commerce & Industry (DCCI)
- Metropolitan Chamber of Commerce and Industry (MCCI)
- Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA)
- Bangladesh Knitwear Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BKMEA)
- Newspaper Owners' Association of Bangladesh (NOAB)
- Real Estate and Housing Association of Bangladesh (REHAB)
Stock market
The Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) had a market capitalization of BDT 5,136,979.000 million in 2021.[159] Some of the largest companies listed on the DSE include:[160]
- Grameenphone
- BEXIMCO
- BSRM
- Titas Gas
- Summit Group
- The City Bank
- BRAC Bank
- IDLC Finance Limited
- Square Pharmaceuticals
- Eastern Bank Limited
- Orion Group
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1951 | 335,760 | — |
1961 | 507,921 | +51.3% |
1971 | 1,373,718 | +170.5% |
1981 | 3,265,663 | +137.7% |
1991 | 6,620,697 | +102.7% |
2001 | 10,284,947 | +55.3% |
2011 | 14,730,537 | +43.2% |
2022 | 22,478,116 | +52.6% |
for Dhaka Agglomeration:[161] |
Population
The city, in combination with localities forming the wider metropolitan area, is home to over 22 million as of 2022[update].[162] The population is growing by an estimated 3.3% per year,[162] one of the highest rates among Asian cities.[152] The continuing growth reflects ongoing migration from rural areas to the Dhaka urban region, which accounted for 60% of the city's growth in the 1960s and 1970s. More recently, the city's population has also grown with the expansion of city boundaries, a process that added more than a million people to the city in the 1980s.[152] According to the Far Eastern Economic Review, Dhaka will be home to 25 million people by the end of 2025.[163]
This rapid population growth makes it difficult for the city government to provide the necessary infrastructure in a timely manner, e.g. for water supply, electricity and waste management.[121]
Slums
About 30% of Dhaka's population lives in
Slums may be found in the outskirts and in less-visible areas such as alleyways.[164] As of 2021, the largest slum is in Kamrangirchar, where about 600,000 people live in slum conditions.[134]
Ethnicity
The city population is composed of people from virtually every region of Bangladesh. The long-standing inhabitants of the old city are known as Dhakaite and have a distinctive Bengali dialect and culture. Dhaka is also home to a large number of Bihari refugees, who are descendants of migrant
Language
Most residents of Dhaka speak
Literacy
The literacy rate in Dhaka is also increasing quickly. It was estimated at 69.2% in 2001. The literacy rate had gone up to 74.6% by 2011[13] which is significantly higher than the national average of 72%.[170]
Religion
Culture
Literature
Dhaka is a major centre for
Textiles
For centuries, the region around Dhaka has been the center of production for fine cotton textiles. Muslin was abundantly produced in the region. The weavers of Dhaka were patronized by the rulers of Bengal and Delhi. They supplied textiles to the Mughal imperial court. The city of Dhaka became one of the most important centers of the cotton textile trade in the 17th century. It was literally the capital of the Muslin trade in Bengal. Merchants from around the world came to Dhaka to buy its much sought after cotton fabrics. UNESCO has recognized Jamdani muslin as an intangible cultural heritage.[174] According to UNESCO, "Jamdani is a vividly patterned, sheer cotton fabric, traditionally woven on a handloom by craftspeople and apprentices around Dhaka".[175] UNESCO believes "the Jamdani sari is a symbol of identity, dignity and self-recognition and provides wearers with a sense of cultural identity and social cohesion. The weavers develop an occupational identity and take great pride in their heritage; they enjoy social recognition and are highly respected for their skills".[176]
Festivals
Annual celebrations for
The Islamic festivals of
Despite the growing popularity of music groups and rock bands, traditional folk music remains widely popular.[180] The works of the national poet Kazi Nazrul Islam, national anthem writer Rabindranath Tagore and mystic saint songwriter Lalon have a widespread following across Dhaka.[181] Bailey Road is known as natak para (drama neighbourhood) for its two theatre halls.[182]
Cultural institutions
- Bengal Foundation
- Chhayanaut
- Institute of Fine Arts
- Nazrul Institute
- Samdani Art Foundation
- Shilpakala Academy
Annual and biennial cultural events
- Bengal Classical Music Festival
- Chobi Mela International Photography Festival
- Dhaka Art Summit
- Dhaka Lit Fest
- Dhaka World Music Festival
- Dhaka International Book Fair
- Dhaka International Trade Fair
- Ekushey Book Fair
Rickshaws
Dhaka has been called the Rickshaw Capital of the World.[183][184] Once home to over a million cycle rickshaws, the number of cycle rickshaws has reduced in recent years. Cycle rickshaws also cause enormous traffic congestion for local residents. Locals have debated a potential ban on rickshaws to clear Dhaka's streets for smooth traffic.[185][186] Cycle rickshaws are a source of income for low income people who migrate to Dhaka in search of work. The cycle rickshaw is three wheeled and driven by a single person.
Rickshaws have become a symbol of the city. Rickshaws are colorfully painted with floral patterns and depictions of birds, animals, movie stars, religious text, historical events and national heroes. According to UNESCO, "Rickshaws and rickshaw painting are viewed as a key part of the city's cultural tradition and a dynamic form of urban folk art".[187]
Cuisine
Historically, Dhaka has been the culinary capital of Bengal for Muslim cuisine, particularly
Since 1939, Haji biryani has been a leading biryani restaurant in the city. Dhaka also has a style of Murg Pulao (chicken biryani) which uses turmeric and malai (cream of milk) together.[193] Local kebabs are widely eaten when dining out. The seekh kebab and chicken tikka are the most popular dishes in kebab restaurants, which are eaten with either naan or paratha. Liver is often eaten with breads, as a stuffing, or as a curry. Star Kabab is the most popular kebab chain in the city, alongside other chains and gourmet restaurants.[194] Different kinds of bhurta, which refers to mashed vegetables, are widely eaten. Various types of Bengali fish curry are found in the city. Along with South Asian cuisine, a large variety of Western and Chinese cuisine is served at numerous restaurants and food courts.[151] Upmarket areas include many Thai, Japanese and Korean restaurants.[195] Italian food is also very popular in Dhaka, especially in upmarket areas.[196]
During Ramadan, Chowkbazaar becomes a busy marketplace for iftar items. The jilapi of Dhaka are much thicker than counterparts in India and Pakistan.[197] The Shahi jilapi (king's jilapi) is one of the thickest jilapi produced. The phuchka and jhalmuri are popular street food. Dhaka hosts an array of Bengali dessert chains that sell a wide variety of sweets. Samosas and shingaras are also widely eaten traditional snacks. In recent years, the number of Bangladeshi-owned burger outlets has increased across the city. Notable bakeries include the Prince of Wales bakery in Old Dhaka and the Cooper's chain.
Architecture
The architectural history of Dhaka can be subdivided into the Mughal, British, and modern periods. As a result, Dhaka has landmarks of
In the old part of the city, the fading grandeur of the Mughal era is evident in the crumbling, neglected caravanserai like Bara Katra and Choto Katra. Some structures like the
Amongst modernist buildings, the Grameenphone headquarters is described as "a paradigm setter for corporate Bangladesh".
Publishing and media
In 1849, the Kattra Press became the first printing press in the city. The name alludes to the
Dhaka is the centre of the national media in Bangladesh. It is home to the state-owned
Education and research
Dhaka has the largest number of schools, colleges and universities of any Bangladeshi city. The education system is divided into five levels: primary (from grades 1 to 5), junior (from grades 6 to 8), secondary (from grades 9 to 10), higher secondary (from grades 11 to 12) and tertiary.
There are
Two
Learned societies and think tanks
- Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
- Atomic Energy Centre, Dhaka
- Bangla Academy
- Bangladesh Academy of Sciences
- Bangladesh Enterprise Institute
- Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies
- Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies
- Bangladesh Institute of Law and International Affairs
- Bangladesh Institute of Peace & Security Studies
- Centre for Policy Dialogue
- Centre on Integrated Rural Development for Asia and the Pacific
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
- International Jute Study Group
- Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization
- Yunus Centre
Sports
Dhaka has the distinction of having hosted the first official
In football, the
The National Sports Council, responsible for promoting sports activities across the nation, is based in Dhaka. Dhaka also has stadiums largely used for domestic events such as the Bangladesh Army Stadium, the Bir Sherestha Shaheed Shipahi Mostafa Kamal Stadium, the Dhanmondi Cricket Stadium, the Maulana Bhasani Hockey Stadium and the Outer Stadium Ground.[237] The city's colleges and universities are active in intercollegiate athletics.[238]
There are two golf courses in Dhaka, Army Golf Club and Kurmitola Golf Club.[239]
Infrastructure
Transport
Dhaka is among the most congested cities in the world, and traffic was estimated to cost the local economy US$3.9 billion per year in 2013. The average speed of a car travelling in Dhaka is estimated to be around 20 kilometres per hour (12 mph).[240] Most residents travel by rickshaw and green-coloured auto rickshaws powered by compressed natural gas, often referred to by locals as "CNGs".
Road
Dhaka suffers some of the worst traffic congestion in the world. The city is connected to other parts of the country through highway and railway links. Five of Bangladesh's eight major national highways start from the city: N1, N2, N3, N5 and N8. Dhaka is also directly connected to the two longest routes of the Asian Highway Network: AH1 and AH2, as well as to the AH41 route. Highway links to the Indian cities of Kolkata, Agartala, Guwahati and Shillong have been established by the BRTC and private bus companies, which also run regular international bus services to those cities from Dhaka.[241][242] As of 2022, the elevated expressway is still under construction.[243] In 2024, RAJUK Chairman said that they are planning to divide Dhaka into eight zones and constructing circular road system to make Dhaka a "well-planned city".[244]
The Dhaka Elevated Expressway would run from Shahjalal International Airport-Kuril-Banani-Mohakhali-Tejgaon-Saatrasta-Moghbazar Rail Crossing-Khilgaon-Kamalapur-Golapbagh to Dhaka-Chittagong Highway at Kutubkhali Point. Dhaka Elevated Expressway is set to open partially in 2022.[245] A second elevated expressway, Dhaka-Ashulia Elevated Expressway, is expected to be opened in 2026.[246] Dhaka was introduced to Japanese automobiles in the late 1990s. This resulted in the car industry blooming, which also caused a rise in traffic on the streets of Dhaka.
Rickshaws
Cycle rickshaws and auto rickshaws are the main modes of transport within the metro area, with close to 400,000 rickshaws running each day: the highest number in any city in the world.[151][247][248][249] However, only about 85,000 rickshaws are licensed by the city government.[152][250] The government has overseen the replacement of two-stroke engine auto rickshaws with "green auto-rickshaws", which run on compressed natural gas.[251]
Ride sharing
Limited numbers of taxis are available. It is planned to raise the total number of taxis to 18,000 gradually.[252][253][254] Ride-sharing services like Uber and Pathao are popular modes of transportation.
Bus
Buses carried about 1.9 million passengers per day in 2007.[255] Public buses are operated by the state-run Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation (BRTC) and by numerous private companies and operators. BRTC buses are red, based initially on the Routemaster buses of London. There are three inter-district bus terminals in Dhaka, which are located in the city's Mohakhali, Saidabad, and Gabtoli areas. It is now planned to move three inter-district bus terminals outside the town.[256] Highway links to the Indian cities of Kolkata, Agartala, Guwahati and Shillong have been established by the BRTC and private bus companies, which also run regular international bus services to those cities from Dhaka.[241]
Set to partially open in fall 2023, the
Waterways
The
Rail
In 2013, suburban services to
Dhaka Metro Rail is a
The network is planned to contain six lines. Currently, there is one partially completed line, two under construction, and four have been proposed. Before the opening of the Dhaka Metro Rail, Dhaka was the biggest city in the world without a mass rapid transit system.
Unrelated to the metro, there is also a proposal for a subway in Dhaka.
Air
Water supply and sanitation
This section needs to be updated.(February 2024) |
Water management in Dhaka faces numerous challenges such as flooding, poor service quality, groundwater depletion, inadequate sanitation, polluted river water, unplanned urban development, and the existence of large slums.[282]
The
87% of the city's growing water demand is currently sourced from groundwater (as of 2021). This is because the extreme contamination of rivers and lakes makes surface water treatment economically and technologically unfeasible.[134] However, the groundwater table is falling (three metres per year, as of 2011) and hence Dhaka WASA is looking to expand surface water treatment and use.[282]
Dhaka has two sewage treatment plants serving the city,[283] the Pagla Sewerage Treatment Plant (PSTP) located in Narayanganj District, which can treat 120 mega litres per day,[121] and the Dasherkandi Sewage Treatment Plant, with a capacity to treat 500 mega litres. Dhaka WASA plans to build four other modern sewage treatment plants to handle 100 percent of Dhaka's sewage by 2030.[284]
The Bangladesh Urban Informal Settlements Survey 2016 included a representative sample of 588 households across small, medium and large slums in Dhaka. It showed that 68% of the households accessed
Twin towns – sister cities
- Kolkata, India[285]
- New York City, United States[286]
- Guangzhou, China[286]
- Bucharest, Romania[287]
- Lima, Peru[288]
See also
- List of districts and suburbs of Dhaka
- List of places of worship in Dhaka city
- List of largest cities
- List of metropolitan areas in Asia
- List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees
- List of urban agglomerations in Asia
- Mia Shaheb Moidan
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Further reading
- Sharuf Uddin Ahmed, ed. (1991). Dhaka -past present future. The Asiatic Society, Dhaka. ISBN 984-512-335-X.
- Karim, Abdul (1992). History of Bengal, Mughal Period (I). Rajshahi: Institute of Bangladesh Studies, University of Rajshahi.
- Pryer, Jane (2003). Poverty and Vulnerability in Dhaka Slums: The Urban Livelihood Study. Ashgate Publishing. OCLC 123337526.
- Rabbani, Golam (1997). Dhaka, from Mughal outpost to metropolis. University Press, Dhaka. ISBN 984-05-1374-5.
- Sarkar, Sir Jadunath (1948). History of Bengal (II). Dhaka: The University of Dhaka.
- Taifoor, S.M. (1956). Glimpses of Old Dacca. Dhaka: Pioneer Printing Press.