Elections by country
This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2010) |
Part of the Politics series |
Elections |
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Politics portal |
For each electoral calendar.
A
Country | Head of state | Head of government | Legislature | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower house | Upper house | ||||
Abkhazia | Direct election[1] | Direct election[1] | |||
Afghanistan | Appointment by autocrat[2] | Appointment by autocrat[5] | |||
Åland | President of Finland | Election by legislature | Direct election | ||
Albania | Election by legislature[6] | Election by legislature[6] | Direct election[6] | ||
Algeria | Direct election[7] | Election by legislature[7] | Direct election[7] | Partially elected by electoral college, rest appointed by President[7] | |
American Samoa | President of the United States[8] | Direct election[8] | Direct election[8] | Election by regional governing councils[8] | |
Andorra | The President of France and the Bishop of Urgell are co-heads of state[9]
|
Election by legislature[9] | Direct election[9] | ||
Angola | Election by legislature[10] | Direct election[10] | |||
Anguilla | Monarchy[11] | Election by legislature[11] | Direct election and appointments[11] | ||
Antigua and Barbuda | Monarchy[12] | Election by legislature[12] | Direct election[12] | Appointments[12] | |
Argentina | Direct election[13] | Direct election[13] | |||
Armenia | Election by Legislature | Election by Legislature | Direct election [14] | ||
Aruba | Monarch of the Netherlands[15] | Election by legislature[15] | Direct election[15] | ||
Australia | Monarchy[16] | Election by legislature[16] | Direct election[16] | ||
Austria | Direct election[17] | Election by legislature[17] | Direct election[17] | Indirect election[17] | |
Azerbaijan | Direct election[18] | Appointment by head of state[18] | Direct election[18] |
B
Country | Head of state | Head of government | Legislature | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower house | Upper house | ||||
Bahamas
|
Monarchy[19] | Election by legislature[19] | Direct election[19] | Appointments[19] | |
Bahrain | Monarchy[20] | Appointment by head of state[20] | Direct election[20] | Appointments[20] | |
Bangladesh | Election by legislature[21] | Election by legislature[21] | Direct and indirect election[21] | ||
Barbados | Election by legislature[22] | Election by legislature[21] | Direct election[22] | Appointments[22] | |
Belarus | Direct election[23] | Appointment by head of state[23] | Direct election[23] | Indirect election and appointments[23] | |
Belgium | Monarchy[24] | Election by legislature[24] | Direct election[24] | Indirect election[24] | |
Belize | Monarchy[25] | Election by legislature[25] | Direct election[25] | Appointments[25] | |
Benin | Direct election[26] | Direct election[26] | |||
Bermuda | Monarchy[27] | Election by legislature[27] | Direct election[27] | Appointments[27] | |
Bhutan | Monarchy[28] | Elected by legislature[28] | Direct election[28] | Direct election and appointments[28] | |
Bolivia | Direct election[29] | Direct election[29] | |||
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Rotating presidency of directly elected candidates[30] | Appointment by head of state[30] | Direct election[30] | Indirect election[30] | |
Botswana | Election by legislature[31] | Direct election[31] | Hereditary and appointments[31] | ||
Brazil | Direct election[32] | Direct election[32] | Direct election[32] | ||
British Virgin Islands | Monarchy[33] | Election by legislature[33] | Direct election[33] | ||
Brunei
|
Monarchy[34] | Appointments by head of state[34] | |||
Bulgaria | Direct election[35] | Election by legislature[35] | Direct election[35] | ||
Burkina Faso | Direct election[36] | Appointment by head of state[36] | Direct election[36] | ||
Burma see Myanmar | |||||
Burundi | Direct election[37] | Direct election and co-option[37] | Indirect election[37] |
C
Country | Head of state | Head of government | Legislature | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower house | Upper house | ||||
Cabo Verde see Cape Verde | |||||
Cambodia | Monarch elected by Royal Council[38] | Election by lower house of legislature[38] | Direct election[38] | Indirect election and appointments[38] | |
Cameroon | Direct election[39] | Appointment by head of state[39] | Direct election[39] | Indirect election and appointments[39] | |
Canada | Monarchy[40] | Election by lower house of legislature[40] | Direct election[40] | Appointments[40] | |
Cape Verde | Direct election[41] | Appointment by head of state[41] | Direct election[41] | ||
Cayman Islands | Monarchy[42] | Election by legislature[42] | Direct election and appointments[42] | ||
Central African Republic | Direct election[43] | Appointment by head of state[44] | Direct election[43] | ||
Chad | Direct election[45] | Appointment by head of state[45] | Direct election[45] | ||
Chile | Direct election[46] | Direct election[46] | |||
China
|
Election by legislature[47] | Appointment by head of state[47] | Indirect election[47] | ||
Colombia | Direct election[48] | Direct election[48] | Direct election[48] | ||
Comoros
|
Direct election[49] | Direct and indirect election[49] | |||
Congo (Brazzaville) see Republic of the Congo | |||||
Congo (Kinshasa) see Democratic Republic of the Congo | |||||
Cook Islands | Monarchy[50] | Election by legislature[50] | Direct election[50] | ||
Costa Rica | Direct election[51] | Direct election[51] | |||
Côte d'Ivoire
|
Direct election[52] | Appointment by head of state[52] | Direct election[52] | ||
Croatia | Direct election[53] | Election by legislature[53] | Direct election[53] | ||
Cuba | Election by legislature[54] | Direct election[54] | |||
Curaçao | Monarch of the Netherlands[55] | Election by legislature[55] | Direct election[55] | ||
Cyprus | Direct election[56] | Direct election[56] | |||
Czech Republic | Direct election[57] | Appointment by head of state[57] | Direct election[57] |
D
Country | Head of state | Head of government | Legislature | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower house | Upper house | ||||
Democratic Republic of the Congo | Direct election[58] | Appointment by head of state[58] | Direct election[58] | Indirect election[58] | |
Denmark | Monarchy[59] | Election by legislature[59] | Direct election[59] | ||
Djibouti | Direct election[60] | Appointment by head of state[60] | Direct election[60] | ||
Dominica | Election by legislature[61] | Appointment by head of state[61] | Direct election and appointments[61] | ||
Dominican Republic | Direct election[62] | Direct election[62] |
E
Country | Head of state | Head of government | Legislature | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower house | Upper house | ||||
East Timor | Direct election[63] | Election by legislature[63] | Direct election[63] | ||
Ecuador | Direct election[64] | Direct election[64] | |||
Egypt | Direct election[65] | Appointment by head of state[65] | Direct election and appointments[65] | ||
El Salvador | Direct election[66] | Direct election[66] | |||
Equatorial Guinea | Direct election[67] | Appointment by head of state[67] | Direct election[67] | Direct election and appointments[67] | |
Eritrea | Election by legislature[68] | Direct and indirect election[68] | |||
Estonia | Election by legislature and/or electoral college[69] | Appointment by head of state[69] | Direct election[69] | ||
Eswatini | Monarchy[70] | Appointment by head of state[70] | Election by traditional local councils and appointments[70] | Election by lower house and appointments[70] | |
Ethiopia | Election by legislature[71] | Election by legislature[71] | Direct election[71] | Indirect election[71] |
F
Country | Head of state | Head of government | Legislature | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower house | Upper house | ||||
Falkland Islands
|
Monarchy[72] | Indirect appointment by monarch[72] | Direct election and appointments[72] | ||
Faroe Islands | Monarch of Denmark[73] | Election by legislature[73] | Direct election[73] | ||
Federated States of Micronesia see Micronesia | |||||
Fiji | Election by legislature[74] | Appointment by president[74] | Direct election[74] | ||
Finland | Direct election[75] | Election by legislature[75] | Direct election[75] | ||
France | Direct election[76] | Appointment by president[76] | Direct election[76] | Indirect election[76] | |
French Polynesia | President of France[77] | Election by legislature[77] | Direct election[77] |
G
Country | Head of state | Head of government | Legislature | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower house | Upper house | ||||
Gabon | Direct election[78] | Appointment by head of state[78] | Direct election[78] | Indirect election[78] | |
Gambia
|
Direct election[79] | Direct election and appointments[79] | |||
Georgia | Direct election[80] | Election by legislature[80] | Direct election[80] | ||
Germany | Election by electoral college[81] | Election by legislature[81] | Direct election[81] | Representation of state governments[81] | |
Ghana | Direct election[82] | Direct election[82] | |||
Gibraltar | Monarchy[83] | Election by legislature[83] | Direct and indirect election[83] | ||
Greece | Election by legislature[84] | Election by legislature[84] | Direct election[84] | ||
Greenland | Monarch of Denmark[85] | Election by legislature[85] | Direct election[85] | ||
Grenada | Monarchy[86] | Election by legislature[86] | Direct election[86] | Appointment[86] | |
Guam | President of the United States[87] | Direct election[87] | Direct election[87] | ||
Guatemala | Direct election[88] | Direct election[88] | |||
Guernsey | Monarchy[89] | Election by legislature[89] | Direct election[89] | ||
Guinea | Direct election[90] | Appointment by head of state[90] | Direct election[90] | ||
Guinea-Bissau | Direct election[91] | Appointment by head of state[91] | Direct election[91] | ||
Guyana | Election by legislature[92] | Direct election[92] |
H
Country | Head of state | Head of government | Legislature | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower house | Upper house | ||||
Haiti | Direct election[93] | Appointment by head of state[94] | Direct election[93] | ||
Honduras | Direct election[95] | Direct election[95] | |||
Hong Kong | Election by election committee followed by appointment by state council[96] | Election by election committee followed by appointment by state council[96] | Direct election and indirect election[96] | ||
Holy See see Vatican City | |||||
Hungary | Election by legislature[97] | Election by legislature[97] | Direct election[97] |
I
Country | Head of state | Head of government | Legislature | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower house | Upper house | ||||
Iceland | Direct election[98] | Election by legislature[98] | Direct election[98] | ||
India | Election by electoral college[99] | Election by legislature[99] | Direct election[99] | Indirect election[99] | |
Indonesia | Direct election[100] | Direct election[100] | |||
Iran | Election by Assembly of Experts[101] | Direct election[101] | Direct election and appointment[101] | ||
Iraq | Election by legislature[102] | Election by legislature[102] | Direct election[102] | ||
Ireland | Direct election[103] | Election by lower house of legislature[103] | Direct election[103] | Election by functional constituencies and appointment[103] | |
Isle of Man | Monarchy[104] | Election by legislature[104] | Direct election[104] | Indirect election/ex officio[104] | |
Israel | Election by legislature[105] | Appointment by president[106] | Direct election[105] | ||
Italy | Election by legislature[107] | Appointment by president[107] | Direct election[107] |
J
Country | Head of state | Head of government | Legislature | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower house | Upper house | ||||
Jamaica | Monarchy[108] | Election by lower house of legislature[108] | Direct election[108] | Appointment[108] | |
Japan | Monarchy[109] | Election by lower house of legislature[109] | Direct election[109] | ||
Jersey | Monarchy[110] | Election by legislature[110] | Direct election[110] | ||
Jordan | Monarchy[111] | Appointment by monarch[111] | Direct election[111] | Appointment by monarch[111] |
K
Country | Head of state | Head of government | Legislature | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower house | Upper house | ||||
Kazakhstan | Direct election[112] | Appointment by head of state[112] | Direct and indirect election[112] | Indirect election and appointments[112] | |
Kenya | Direct election[113] | Direct election and appointments[113] | Direct election[113] | ||
Kiribati | Direct election[114] | Direct election and appointments[114] | |||
Korea, North see North Korea | |||||
Korea, South see South Korea | |||||
Kosovo | Election by legislature[115] | Election by legislature[115] | Direct election[115] | ||
Kuwait | Monarchy[116] | Appointment by head of state[116] | Direct election and appointments[116] | ||
Kyrgyzstan | Direct election[117] | Election by legislature[117] | Direct election[117] |
L
Country | Head of state | Head of government | Legislature | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower house | Upper house | ||||
Laos | Election by legislature[118] | Election by legislature[118] | Direct election[118] | ||
Latvia | Election by legislature[119] | Appointment by head of state[119] | Direct election[119] | ||
Lebanon | Election by legislature[120] | Appointment by head of state[120] | Direct election[120] | ||
Lesotho | Monarchy[121] | Election by lower house of legislature[121] | Direct election[121] | Appointments[121] | |
Liberia | Direct election[122] | Direct election[122] | Direct election[122] | ||
Libya | Head of Presidential Council[123] | Direct election[124] | |||
Liechtenstein | Monarchy[125] | Election by legislature[125] | Direct election[125] | ||
Lithuania | Direct election[126] | Appointment by head of state[126] | Direct election[126] | ||
Luxembourg | Monarchy[127] | Election by legislature[127] | Direct election[127] |
M
Country | Head of state | Head of government | Legislature | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower house | Upper house | ||||
Macau | Election by election committee[128] | Election by election committee[128] | Direct election, indirect election, and appointments[128] | ||
Madagascar | Direct election[129] | Election by lower house of legislature[129] | Direct election[129] | Indirect election and appointments[129] | |
Malawi | Direct election[130] | Direct election[130] | |||
Malaysia | Election by the rulers of the Malay states[131] | Election by lower house of legislature[131] | Direct election[131] | Indirect election and appointments[131] | |
Maldives
|
Direct election[132] | Direct election[132] | |||
Mali | Direct election[133] | Appointment by head of state[133] | Direct election[133] | ||
Malta | Election by legislature | Appointment by head of state | Direct election | ||
Marshall Islands
|
Election by legislature | Direct election | |||
Mauritania | Direct election | Direct election | Indirect election | ||
Mauritius | Election by legislature | Direct election | |||
Mexico | Direct election | Direct election | Direct election | ||
Micronesia
|
Election by legislature | Direct election | |||
Moldova | Direct election | Direct election | |||
Monaco | Monarchy | Direct election | |||
Mongolia | Direct election | Direct election | |||
Montenegro | Direct election | Direct election | |||
Montserrat | Monarchy[134] | Election by legislature[134] | Direct election[134] | ||
Morocco | Monarchy | Appointment by head of state | Direct election | Indirect election and election by functional groups | |
Mozambique | Direct election | Direct election | |||
Myanmar | Election by legislature | Direct election and appointments |
N
Country | Head of state | Head of government | Legislature | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower house | Upper house | ||||
Nagorno Karabakh
|
Direct election | Direct election | |||
Namibia | Direct election[135] | Direct election[135] | Indirect election[135] | ||
Nauru | Election by legislature[136] | Direct election[136] | |||
Nepal | Indirect election[137] | Election by legislature[137] | Direct election[137] | Indirect election and appointments[137] | |
Netherlands | Monarchy[138] | Election by legislature[138] | Direct election[138] | Indirect election[138] | |
New Caledonia | President of France[139] | Election by legislature[139] | Indirect election[139] | ||
New Zealand | Monarchy[140] | Election by legislature[140] | Direct election[140] | ||
Nicaragua | Direct election[141] | Direct election and ex officio[141] | |||
Niger | Direct election[142] | Appointment by head of state[142] | Direct election[142] | ||
Nigeria | Direct election | Direct election | |||
Niue
|
Monarchy[143] | Election by legislature[143] | Direct election[143] | ||
Norfolk Island | Monarchy[144] | Indirect appointment by head of state[144] | Direct election[144] | ||
North Korea | Elected by legislature[145] | Direct election | |||
North Macedonia | Direct election[146] | Election by legislature[146] | Direct election[146] | ||
Northern Cyprus | Direct election | Direct election | |||
Northern Mariana Islands
|
President of the United States[147] | Direct election[147] | Direct election[147] | ||
Norway | Monarchy | Direct election |
O
Country | Head of state | Head of government | Legislature | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower house | Upper house | ||||
Oman
|
Monarchy[148] | Indirect election[148] | Appointments[148] |
P
Country | Head of state | Head of government | Legislature | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower house | Upper house | ||||
Pakistan | Election by legislature | Direct election | Indirect election | ||
Palau | Direct election | Direct election | |||
Palestine | Direct election | Direct election | |||
Panama | Direct election | Direct election | |||
Papua New Guinea | Monarchy[149] | Election by legislature[149] | Direct election[149] | ||
Paraguay | Direct election | Direct election | |||
People's Republic of China see China | |||||
Peru | Direct election | Direct election | |||
Philippines | Direct election | Direct election | |||
Pitcairn Islands
|
Monarchy[150] | Direct election[150] | Direct election and appointment[150] | ||
Poland | Direct election | Appointment by head of state | Direct election | ||
Portugal | Direct election | Appointment by head of state[151] | Direct election | ||
Puerto Rico | President of the United States[152] | Direct election[152] | Direct election[152] |
Q
Country | Head of state | Head of government | Legislature | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower house | Upper house | ||||
Qatar
|
Monarchy[153] | Appointed by monarch[153] | Appointed by monarch[153] |
R
Country | Head of state | Head of government | Legislature | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower house | Upper house | |||||
Republic of China see Taiwan | ||||||
Republic of the Congo | Direct election | Direct election | Indirect election | |||
Romania | Direct election[154] | Appointed by head of state[154] | Direct election[154] | |||
Russia | Direct election | Direct election | Indirect election and appointments | |||
Rwanda | Direct election[155] | Appointment by head of state[155] | Direct election and appointments[155] | Indirect election and appointments[155] |
S
Country | Head of state | Head of government | Legislature | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower house | Upper house | ||||
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic | Election by legislature[156] | Appointment by head of state[157] | Direct election[158] | ||
Saint Helena
|
Monarchy[159] | Appointment by head of state[159] | Direct election and appointments[159] | ||
Saint Kitts and Nevis | Monarchy[160] | Election by legislature[160] | Direct election and appointments[160] | ||
Saint Lucia | Monarchy | Direct election | Appointments | ||
Saint Pierre and Miquelon | President of France[161] | Election by legislature[161] | Direct election[161] | ||
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Monarchy | Direct election and appointments | |||
Samoa | Election by legislature | Direct election | |||
San Marino | Election by legislature | Direct election | |||
São Tomé and Príncipe | Direct election | Direct election | |||
Saudi Arabia | Monarchy[162] | Appointment by monarch[162] | |||
Senegal | Direct election | Direct election | |||
Serbia | Direct election | Direct election | |||
Seychelles | Direct election | Direct election | |||
Sierra Leone | Direct election | Direct election | |||
Singapore | Direct election | Direct election | |||
Sint Maarten | Monarch of the Netherlands[163] | Election by legislature[163] | Direct election[163] | ||
Slovakia | Direct election | Direct election | |||
Slovenia | Direct election | Direct election | Representation of interest groups | ||
Solomon Islands | Monarchy[164] | Election by legislature[164] | Direct election[164] | ||
Somalia | Direct election | Transition | |||
Somaliland | Direct election | Direct election | Traditional leaders | ||
South Africa | Election by lower house of legislature[165] | Direct election[165] | Indirect election[165] | ||
South Korea | Direct election | Direct election | |||
South Ossetia | Direct election | Direct election | |||
South Sudan | Direct election | Direct election | |||
Spain | Monarchy | Election by legislature | Direct election | Direct and indirect election | |
Sri Lanka | Direct election | Direct election | |||
Sudan | Direct election | Appointments due to transition | Indirect election | ||
Suriname | Election by electoral college | Direct election | |||
Sweden | Monarchy[166] | Election by legislature[166] | Direct election[166] | ||
Switzerland | Election by legislature | Direct election | |||
Syria | Approval by referendum | Direct election |
T
Country | Head of state | Head of government | Legislature | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower house | Upper house | ||||
Taiwan | Direct election | Direct election | |||
Tajikistan | Direct election | Direct election | Indirect election and appointments | ||
Tanzania | Direct election | Direct election | |||
Thailand | Monarchy | Election by legislature | Direct election | Direct election and appointments | |
Timor-Leste see East Timor | |||||
Togo | Direct election | Direct election | |||
Tokelau
|
Monarchy[167] | Rotation of village leaders[167] | Direct election[167] | ||
Tonga
|
Monarchy | Partially direct election, partially by limited suffrage, partially ex officio | |||
Transnistria
|
Direct election | Direct election | |||
Trinidad and Tobago | Election by legislature | Direct election | Appointments | ||
Tunisia | Direct election | Election by legislature | Direct election | ||
Turkey | Direct election | Direct election | |||
Turkmenistan | Direct election | Direct election | |||
Turks and Caicos Islands
|
Monarchy[168] | Election by legislature[168] | Direct election[168] | ||
Tuvalu
|
Monarchy[169] | Election by legislature[169] | Direct election[169] |
U
Country | Head of state | Head of government | Legislature | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower house | Upper house | ||||
Uganda | Direct election[170] | Direct election and appointments[170] | |||
Ukraine | Direct election[171] | Election by legislature[171] | Direct election[171] | ||
United Arab Emirates | Indirect election by heads of constituent states[172] | Indirect election by heads of constituent states[172] | Appointments and indirect election[172] | ||
United Kingdom | Monarchy[173] | Election by legislature[173] | Direct election[173] | Appointments, hereditary peers, and indirect election[173] | |
United States | Indirect election, Election by the 50 States using their electoral college[174] | Direct election[174] | |||
Uruguay | Direct election | Direct election | |||
Uzbekistan | Direct election | Direct election | Indirect election and appointments |
V
Country | Head of state | Head of government | Legislature | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower house | Upper house | ||||
Vanuatu | Election by electoral college[175] | Election by legislature[175] | Direct election[175] | ||
Vatican City | Monarch elected by college of cardinals[176] | Appointment by monarch[176] | Appointment by monarch[176] | ||
Venezuela | Direct election | Direct election | |||
Vietnam | Election by legislature | Direct election | |||
Virgin Islands
|
President of the United States[177] | Direct election[177] | Direct election |
W
Country | Head of state | Head of government | Legislature | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower house | Upper house | ||||
Wallis and Futuna | President of France[178] | Appointment by president[178] | Direct election[178] |
Y
Country | Head of state | Head of government | Legislature | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower house | Upper house | ||||
Yemen | Direct election[179] | Appointment by head of state[179] | Direct election[179] | Appointment by head of state[179] |
Z
Country | Head of state | Head of government | Legislature | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower house | Upper house | ||||
Zambia | Direct election[180] | Mostly direct election, some appointments[180] | |||
Zimbabwe | Direct election[181] | Direct election[181] | Mix of direct and indirect election[181] |
See also
- List of close election results
- List of democracy and elections-related topics
- List of legislatures by country
References
- ^ a b "Useful Information". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Abkhazia. 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
- ^ a b Ramachandran, Sudha (10 September 2021). "What Role Will the Taliban's 'Supreme Leader' Play in the New Government?". The Diplomat. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
- ^ Jones, Seth G. (December 2020). "Afghanistan's Future Emirate? The Taliban and the Struggle for Afghanistan". CTC Sentinel. 13 (11). Combating Terrorism Center. Archived from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
an autocratic political system that eschews democracy
- Peshawar, Pakistan. 30 July 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
The shura held outside Quetta unanimously elected Mullah Mansour as the new emir of the Taliban
- ^ Sayed, Abdul (8 September 2021). "Analysis: How Are the Taliban Organized?". Voice of America. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
- ^ a b c Albania. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c d Algeria. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c d American Samoa. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Andorra. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b Angola. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Anguilla. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c d Antigua and Barbuda. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b Argentina. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ Armenia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Aruba. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Australia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c d Austria. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Azerbaijan. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c d Bahamas, The. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c d Bahrain. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c d Bangladesh. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Barbados. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c d Belarus. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c d Belgium. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c d Belize. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b Benin. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c d Bermuda. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c d Bhutan. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b Bolivia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c d Bosnia and Herzegovina. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Botswana. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Brazil. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c British Virgin Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b Brunei. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Bulgaria. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Burkina Faso. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Burundi. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c d Cambodia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c d Cameroon. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c d Canada. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Cabo Verde. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Cayman Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b Central African Republic. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ "Central African president names PM in decree: radio". Reuters. 2 April 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
- ^ a b c Chad. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b Chile. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c China. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Colombia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b Comoros. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Cook Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b Costa Rica. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Cote d'Ivoire. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Croatia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b Cuba. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Curacao. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b Cyprus. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Czechia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c d Congo, Democratic Republic of the. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Denmark. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Djibouti. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Dominica. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b Dominican Republic. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Timor-Leste. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b Ecuador. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Egypt. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b El Salvador. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c d Equatorial Guinea. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b Eritrea. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Estonia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c d Swaziland. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c d Ethiopia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Falkland Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Faroe Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Fiji. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Finland. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c d France. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c French Polynesia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c d Gabon. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b Gambia, The. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Georgia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c d Germany. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b Ghana. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Gibraltar. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Greece. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Greenland. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c d Grenada. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Guam. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b Guatemala. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Guernsey. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Guinea. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Guinea-Bissau. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b Guyana. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b Haiti. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ Charles, Jacqueline (22 February 2017). "A doctor with no political experience has been tapped to become Haiti's next prime minister". The Miami Herald. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
- ^ a b Honduras. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Hong Kong. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Hungary. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Iceland. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c d India. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b Indonesia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Iran. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Iraq. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c d Ireland. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c d Isle of Man. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b Israel. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ "Basic Law: The Government (2001)". Basic Law: The Government (2001). Official Website of the Knesset. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
- ^ a b c Italy. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c d Jamaica. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Japan. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Jersey. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c d Jordan. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c d Kazakhstan. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Kenya. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b Kiribati. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Kosovo. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Kuwait. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Kyrgyzstan. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Laos. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Latvia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Lebanon. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c d Lesotho. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Liberia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ Kingsley, Patrick (17 December 2015). "Libyan politicians sign UN peace deal to unify rival governments". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 December 2015.
- ^ Libya. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Liechtenstein. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Lithuania. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Luxembourg. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Macau. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c d Madagascar. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b Malawi. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c d Malaysia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b Maldives. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Mali. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Montserrat. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Namibia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b Nauru. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c d Nepal. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c d Netherlands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c New Caledonia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c New Zealand. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b Nicaragua. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Niger. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Niue. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Norfolk Island. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ North Korea's parliament elects the Head of State
- ^ a b c Macedonia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Northern Mariana Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Oman. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Papua New Guinea. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Pitcairn Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ "Artigo 133.º, Constitution of the Portuguese Republic". Assembly of the Republic. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
- ^ a b c Puerto Rico. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Qatar. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Romania. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c d Rwanda. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ "The Constitution of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 27, 2021.
Article 51: The Secretary-General of the Frente POLISARIO shall be ex officio the President of the Republic. He/she shall be elected by the General Congress of the Frente POLISARIO by secret and direct suffrage.
- ^ "The Constitution of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 27, 2021.
Article 53: The President of the Republic shall appoint the Prime Minister and shall terminate his/her functions.
- ^ "The Constitution of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 27, 2021.
Article 79: Members of the National Council shall be elected by direct and secret suffrage once between two Congresses.
- ^ a b c Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Saint Kitts and Nevis. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Saint Pierre and Miquelon. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b Saudi Arabia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Sint Maarten. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Solomon Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c South Africa. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Sweden. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Tokelau. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Turks and Caicos Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Tuvalu. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b Uganda. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Ukraine. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c United Arab Emirates. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c d United Kingdom. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b United States. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Vanuatu. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Holy See. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b Virgin Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Wallis and Futuna. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c d Yemen. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b Zambia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c Zimbabwe. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Elections by country.
- http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/parlinesearch.asp PARLINE database on national parliaments - contains information on the structure and working methods of 265 parliamentary chambers in all of the 189 countries where a national legislature exists.
- ACE Electoral Knowledge Network Expert site providing encyclopedia on Electoral Systems and Management, country by country data, a library of electoral materials, latest election news, the opportunity to submit questions to a network of electoral experts, and a forum to discuss all of the above
- Election Resources
- Adam Carr's Election Archive
- International Foundation for Electoral Systems' Electionguide
- African Elections Database