General Jewish Labour Bund

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the original Jewish Labour Bund, in the Russian Empire. For other General Jewish Labour Bunds, see General Jewish Labour Bund (disambiguation).
General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia
‏אַלגעמײנער ייִדישער אַרבעטער־בונד אין ליטע, פּױלן און רוסלאַנד‎
Founded7 October 1897; 126 years ago (1897-10-07)
Dissolved19 April 1921; 103 years ago (1921-04-19)
Merged intoRussian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (majority faction)
Communist Party of Lithuania (members in Lithuania)
Succeeded byGeneral Jewish Labour Bund in Poland
"Bund" in Latvia
Social Democratic Bund
Ideology
Political positionLeft-wing
Party flag
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Jewish Bund rally, 1917
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The General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia (

Polish General Jewish Labour Bund which continued to operate in Poland in the years between the two world wars. The majority faction of the Russian Bund was dissolved in 1921 and incorporated into the Communist Party. Other remnants of the Bund endured in various countries. A member of the Bund was called a Bundist
.

Founding

The "General Jewish Labour Bund in Russia and Poland" was founded in

gender equality, with women making up more than one-third of all members.[7]

The Bund actively campaigned against antisemitism. It defended Jewish civil and cultural rights and rejected assimilation. However, the close promotion of Jewish sectional interests and support for the concept of Jewish national unity (klal yisrael) was prevented by the Bund's socialist universalism. The Bund avoided any automatic solidarity with Jews of the middle and upper classes and generally rejected political cooperation with Jewish groups that held religious, Zionist or conservative views. Even the anthem of the Bund, known as "the oath" (Di Shvue in Yiddish), written in 1902 by S. Ansky, contained no explicit reference to Jews or Jewish suffering.[8]

At the heart of the vision of the future of the Bund was the idea that there is no contradiction between the national aspect on the one hand and the socialist aspect on the other, as a strictly secular organization, the Bund renounced the Holy Land and the sacred language (Hebrew) and chose to speak Yiddish.[9]

After Kremer and Kossovsky were arrested, a new party leadership emerged. A new central committee was set up under the leadership of Dovid Kats (Taras).

Kovno in December 1899.[10][11] John Mill had returned from exile to attend the conference, at which he argued that the Bund should advocate for Jewish national rights. However, Mill's line did not win support from the other conference delegates.[10] The 3rd conference affirmed that the Bund only struggled for civil, not national, rights.[10]

In 1901, the word "Lithuania" was added to the name of the party.[5][12]

The Bund's membership grew to 900 in Łódź and 1,200 in Warsaw in the fall of 1904.[13]

During the period of 1903–1904, the Bund was harshly affected by

Czarist state repression. Between June 1903 and July 1904, 4,467 Bundists were arrested and jailed.[14]

In its early years, the Bund had remarkable success, gaining an estimated 30,000 members in 1903 and an estimated 40,000 supporters in 1906, making it the largest socialist group in the Russian Empire.[8]

As part of the Russian Social Democracy

Given the Bund's secular and socialist perspective, it opposed what it viewed as the reactionary nature of traditional Jewish life in Russia. Created before the

Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP),[15] the Bund was a founding collective member at the RSDLP's first congress in Minsk in March 1898.[16][17] Three out of nine delegates at the Minsk congress were from the Bund, and one of three members of the first RSDLP Central Committee was a Bundist.[18] For the next 5 years, the Bund was recognized as the sole representative of the Jewish workers in the RSDLP, although many Russian socialists of Jewish descent, especially outside of the Pale of Settlement
, joined the RSDLP directly.

At the RSDLP's second congress in Brussels and London in August 1903,[19] the Bund's autonomous position within the RSDLP was rejected,[20] with both the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks voting against, and the Bund's representatives left the Congress, the first of many splits in the Russian social democratic movement in the years to come.[21][22] The five representatives of the Bund at this Congress were Vladimir Kossowsky, Arkadi Kremer, Mikhail Liber, Vladimir Medem and Noah Portnoy.[23]

During this period two trade unions, the Union of Bristle-Makers (Bersther-Bund) and the Union of Tanners (Garber-Bund), were affiliated to the Bund.

Oshmyany, Krynki, Zabludovo, Shishlovichi [ru], etc.[26]

Per Vladimir Akimov's account of the history of social democracy 1897–1903, there were 14 local committees of Bund –

Bobruisk, and many smaller townships.[27]

4th conference

The 4th Bund conference was held in Białystok in April 1901.[10] The main topic of debate of the 4th Bund conference was the expansion of the Bund into Ukraine and building alliances with existing Jewish labour groups there.[28] The 4th conference reversed the line of the 3rd conference and adopted a line of demanding Jewish national autonomy.[10]

5th conference

The fifth conference of the Bund met in Zürich in June 1903.[29][30] Thirty delegates took part in the proceedings, representing the major city branches of the party and the Foreign Committee. Two issues dominated the debates; the upcoming congress of the RSDLP and the national question. During the discussions, there was a division between the older guard of the Foreign Committee (Kossovsky, Kremer and John (Yosef) Mill) and the younger generation represented by Medem, Liber and Raphael Abramovitch. The younger group wanted to stress the Jewish national character of the party. No compromise could be reached, and no resolution was adopted on the national question.[31]

1905 Revolution and its aftermath

Yiddish: פוילישן ראיאן-קאמיטעט) was formed; gathering the local party branches in the areas of Congress Poland (covering 10 governorates, but not including the two main centres of Bundist activity in Poland: the cities of Warsaw and Łódz).[32][33][34][35]

In the Polish areas of the Russian empire, the Bund was a leading force in the

Dvinsk) with a combined membership of 609 (out of whom 404 were active).[37]

The Bund formally rejoined the RSDLP when all of its faction reunited at the

Russian Revolution of 1917.[21]

The 7th Bund conference was held in

Lemberg (Galicia) August 28 – September 8, 1906.[38] The main topic for debate was the relation with the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party.[38] At the time, the Bund had 33,890 members and 274 functioning local organizations.[38]

After the RSDLP finally split in 1912, the Bund became a federated part of the

Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Menshevik) (by this time the Mensheviks had accepted the idea of a federated party organization).[39]

Parliamentary representation

At the 1906 First Duma elections, the Bund made an electoral agreement with the Lithuanian Labourers' Party (Trudoviks), which resulted in the election to the Duma of two (apparently non-Bundist) candidates supported by the Bund: Dr. Shmaryahu Levin for the Vilna province and Leon Bramson for the Kovno province. In total, there were twelve Jewish deputies in the Duma, falling to three in the Second Duma (February 1907 to June 1907), two in the Third Duma (1907–1912) and again three in the fourth, elected in 1912, none of them being affiliated to the Bund.[40]

Political outlook

The Bund eventually came to strongly oppose Zionism,[1] arguing that emigration to Palestine was a form of escapism. The Bund did not advocate separatism. Instead, it focused on culture, rather than a state or a place, as the glue of Jewish "nationalism". In this they borrowed extensively from the Austro-Marxist school, further alienating the Bolsheviks and Lenin. The Bund also promoted the use of Yiddish as a Jewish national language and to some extent opposed the Zionist project of reviving Hebrew.[41][42]

The Bund won converts mainly among Jewish artisans and workers, but also among the growing Jewish

Poalei Zion (Labour Zionists) and other groups to form self-defense organisations to protect Jewish communities against pogroms and government troops. During the Russian Revolution of 1905 the Bund headed the revolutionary movement in the Jewish towns, particularly in Belarus and Ukraine
.

Importance of Yiddish

The Bund recognized the Yiddish language as a social identifier. To maintain its national-cultural autonomy, the Bund advocated for the Polish Jewish minority to use its own language and maintain its cultural institutions in areas where it was considered a sizable portion of the local population.[43]

As a Germanic language, Yiddish also helped maintain the Bund's European identity. This can be compared to the

anti-Yiddish campaign taking place in Palestine during the early twentieth century, where Yiddish newspapers were banned and physical attacks took place against Yiddish speakers.[43]

The Bund had a major role in maintaining and developing Yiddish, including Yiddish literature and other secular cultural uses of the language. The Bund was the first political party to publish a Yiddish paper – Der yidisher arbeyter – in tsarist Russia in 1896.[43]

Activities abroad

Less than a year after the founding of the party, its Foreign Committee was set up in

Poalei Zion). On the contrary, the Bund argued that it was a party for action inside the Russian empire. The Bundist groups abroad were not included into the party structures. In 1902, a United Organization of Workers' Associations and Support Groups to the Bund Abroad was founded. The groups affiliated to the United Organization played an important role in raising funds for the party.[44]

Between 1901 and 1903, the Foreign Committee was based in London.[44]

The United Organization, the Foreign Committee as well as the Union of Russian Social Democrats Abroad were all dissolved at the time of the

Russian Revolution of 1917.[44]

Separation of the Polish Bund

When Poland fell under German occupation in 1914, contact between the Bundists in Poland and the party centre in

St. Petersburg became difficult. In November 1914 the Bund Central Committee appointed a separate Committee of Bund Organizations in Poland to run the party in Poland.[45] Theoretically the Bundists in Poland and Russia were members of the same party, but in practice the Polish Bundists operated as a party of their own.[46] In December 1917 the split was formalized, as the Polish Bundists held a clandestine meeting in Lublin and reconstituted themselves as a separate political party.[47]

Revolutions of 1917

A Bundist demonstration, 1917
Election poster of the Bund hung in the Kiev electoral district, 1917. Heading: "Where we live, there is our country!" Inside frame: "Vote List 9, Bund". Bottom: "A democratic republic! Full national and political rights for Jews!"

The Bund was the only Jewish party that worked within the

Whites, the Bund was obliged to recognise the Soviet government and its militants fought in the Red Army
in large numbers.

At the time of the 1917 upheavals, Mikhail Liber was elected president of the Bund.[50]

The 10th conference of the Bund was held in Petrograd April 14–17, 1917.

Novonikolayevsk, Saratov, Ufa, Novomoskovsk, Bogorodsk, Voronezh, and Rivne.[51]

In May 1917, a new Central Committee of the Bund was formed, consisting of Goldman, Erlich, Medem, and Jeremiah Weinsthein. One Central Committee member, Medem, was in Poland at the time and could not travel to Saint Petersburg to meet with the rest of the committee.[52]

Four Bund bureaus were represented as such among the 60 delegates to the May 1918 Menshevik Party conference: Moscow (Abramovich), Northern (Erlich), Western (Goldshtein, Melamed), and Occupied Lands (Aizenshtadt).[53]

The political changes at the time of the Russian revolution resulted in splits in the Bund. In Ukraine, Bund branches in cities like

Communist Bund (Kombund), re-constituting themselves as an independent party. Moisei Rafes, who had been a leading figure of the Bund in Ukraine, became the leader of the Ukrainian Kombund.[54][55][56] The Communist Bund supported the Soviet side in the Russian Civil War.[57][58] Other members of the Bund (representing the minority in the Bund in Ukraine) at the end of 1918 formed the Social Democratic Bund (Bund-SD). Leaders of the Ukrainian Social Democratic Bund – Sore Foks, A. Litvak (see Litvak), David Petrovsky (Lipets) openly opposed the Communist ideology and policy of confiscation of property, usurpation of political power, arrests and persecution of political opponents.[59]

The Bund also had elected officials at the local level. During the 1917 October Revolution and Russian Civil War, the mayor of the predominantly Jewish Ukrainian town of Berdychiv (53,728 inhabitants, 80% of whom were Jewish at the 1897 census) was a Bundist, David Petrovsky (Lipets).[60]

11th Bund conference

The 11th Bund conference was held in Minsk on March 16–22, 1919, with delegates from Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Latvia and Lithuania.

Ivianiec, Voronezh, Vitebsk and Dvinsk.[61]

In Latvia

The first local Bund organizations in Latvia had been established on 1900 in Daugavpils and on 1902 in Riga. In the autumn of 1904, the Riga Committee of the Latvian Social Democratic Workers Party and the Riga Committee of the Bund signed a co-operation agreement and founded the Riga Federative Committee. The main liaisons were the engineer Jānis Ozols ("Zars") and the railwayman Samuel Klevansky ("Maksim"). Bund was active during the 1905 Russian revolution, organizing demonstrations and fighting units.[62]

In December 1918 the Latvia District Committee of the Bund began publishing the newspaper Undzer Tsayt ('Our Time').[63] As Latvia declared independence, the Bund held the position that Latvian independence should only be a temporary solution and that the area should eventually become part of a democratic socialist Russia.[63] The Bund obtained two seats in the People's Council of Latvia, represented by A. Sherman and M. Papermeister.[63] Moreover, the party obtained four seats in the provisional city council of Riga.[63]

In 1919, a separate

Latvian Bund party was formed.[64]

Bund and the Central Rada of Ukraine

After the issuing of the First Universal of the Central Rada (Council) of Ukraine, the Southern Bureau of the Bund issued a statement rejecting the declaration of Ukrainian autonomy.[65] The Bund feared that minorities, such as the Jews, would suffer if a centralized Ukrainian state emerged.[66] Rather the Bund proposed that the Russian Provisional Government convene an all-Ukrainian territorial conference with representatives of both the Rada and non-Ukrainian forces, to establish an autonomous administration.[65]

Bund and the Belarusian People's Republic

The Bund was among the political parties that participated in the

Mojżesz Gutman became a Minister without portfolio in the government of the newly created republic and drafted its constitution.[citation needed] The Bund later left the government bodies of the Belarusian People's Republic.[citation needed
]

Gomel conference

The remainder Bund in Russia its 12th conference on April 12–19, 1920 in Gomel, where the majority adopted a Communist position and the anti Bolshevik minority reconstituted themselves as separate party (the Bund (S.D.)).[69][70]

The fourteen point of the resolution "On the Present Situation and the Tasks of Our Party" of the Gomel conference stated that

Summing up the experience of the last year, the Twelfth Conference of the Bund finds:

  1. that the Bund, in principle, had adopted the communist platform since the Eleventh Conference,
  2. that the Programme of the Communist Party, which is also the programme of the Soviet government, corresponds with the fundamental platform of the Bund,
  3. that a ’united socialist front’ with principled opponents of Soviet power, who draw a line between the proletariat and its government, is impossible,
  4. that the moment has come when the Bund can relinquish its official oppositional stand and take upon itself responsibility for the Soviet government's policy.[71]

The resolution on organisational questions stated that

The logical consequence of the political stand adopted by the Bund is the latter's entry into the [Russian Communist Party] on the same basis as the Bund's membership of the R.S.D.L.P.. The conference authorised the C.C. of the Bund to see to it, as an essential condition, that the Bund preserve within the R.C.P. the status of an autonomous organisation of the Jewish proletariat.[71]

Dissolution of the Bund in Lithuania

In Lithuania, the majority of the Bund had become Communists and at a conference held in Kaunas April 18–19, 1921 the Bund organization in Lithuania was declared dissolved and its members encouraged to join the Communist Party of Lithuania.[72] The anti-Communist minority of the party in Lithuania abandoned Bundist politics altogether.[73]

Unity talks and dissolution

Esther Frumkin and Aron Isaakovich (Rakhmiel) Vainsthein were the key leaders of the Communist Bund 1920–1921.[74] Communist Bund organs, such as Der Veker, were published irregularly in Belarus.[75]

Following the Gomel Conference, a process of negotiations for a merger between the Communist Party and the Communist Bund took place.

Stalin and Preobrazhensky be authorised to receive the representatives of the Bund and hear their proposals".[71] Within the Communist Party, its Jewish section (Yevsektsiya) strongly opposed the Bund and argued against allowing the Bund to form an autonomous body within the party.[77]

On June 9, 1920, the Communist faction of the Fareynikhte party merged into the Communist Bund.[78]

Eventually the Comintern arbiter in the unity commission was convinced by the Yevsektsiya argumentation, and the Comintern ordered the Bund to dissolve itself.[77] At an Extraordinary All-Russian Bundist Conference, held in Minsk on March 5, 1921, the delegates representing some 3,000 party members debated disbanding the Communist Bund.[71][79][80] Vainsthein spoke in favour of disbanding the Communist Bund and merging with the Communist Party.[81] Perel represented the minority view, arguing that the Bund should be retained as a separate party.[81] 47 delegates voted against Perel's proposal, 23 delegates abstained from voting.[81] In April 1921 the Communist International called on all Bundists to join the Communist Party.[74] The Communist Bund was subsequently disbanded.[81] In Belarus, the Communist Party of Byelorussia agreed to provide automatic party membership to any bundist that joined the party, and one bundist was included in the CP(b)B Central Bureau and two bundists in CP(b)B District Committees.[80] Symbolically marking the merger, a ceremony was held in a theatre in Minsk on April 19, 1921, where bundists handed over their banners to the CP(b)B.[80] Der Veker became the organ of the Yevsektsiya (Jewish section of the Communist Party) in the Byelorussian SSR.[80] After their party was dissolved, many former members of the Communist Bund joined the RCP(b) as individuals[82]

Legacy

Around 1923, the remnants of the Bund (S.D.) had ceased to function in Soviet Russia.[70] Many former Bundists, like Mikhail Liber and David Petrovsky, perished during Stalin's purges in the 1930s. The Polish Bundists continued their activities until 1948. During the latter half of the 20th century the Bundist legacy was represented through the International Jewish Labor Bund, a federation of local Bundist groups around the world. A leader of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of 1943 was Bundist Marek Edelman.

In

West Belarus, areas that came under Polish rule between the two world wars, the remnants of the Russian Bund eventually merged into the Polish Bund, while many activists chose to join the Polish Communist Party
.

Former Bundists who became high level officials in the USSR

The Bundists in North America

See also: International Jewish Labor Bund

Among the exiled Bundists who went on with Socialist politics in America was

The Jewish Daily Forward from 1918 till his death.[84]

New Democratic Party
in Canada.

The American Labour leader

International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union.[86]

Between 1913 and 1917, working under the name Max Goldfarb, David Petrovsky (1886–1937) was a member of the Central Committee of the Jewish Socialist Federation of America, a member of the Socialist Party of America, and the labor editor of The Forward.

Sara Szweber (1875–1966) was active in the Bund émigré community and took part in Bund's fourth World Congress at the age of ninety.[87]

See also

  • Armenian Social-Democratic Workers Organization
    – an Armenian organization inspired by the Bund
  • The Workers Circle – an American organization inspired by the Bund

References

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Further reading

  • Jack Jacobs (ed.), Jewish Politics in Eastern Europe: The Bund at 100. New York: New York University Press, 2001.
  • Alfred Katz, "Bund: The Jewish Socialist Labor Party", The Polish Review, vol. 10, no. 3 (Summer 1965), pp. 67–74.
  • Scott Ury, Barricades and Banners: The Revolution of 1905 and the Transformation of Warsaw Jewry. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2012, ch. 3.

External links

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