Hassanal Bolkiah
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Hassanal Bolkiah ibni Omar Ali Saifuddien III
He is one of the few
Early life and education
Pengiran Muda (Prince) Hassanal Bolkiah was born during the reign of his uncle Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin on 15 July 1946, in Istana Darussalam.[5] His father, the Bendahara at that time, was the heir presumptive of Brunei which put Hassanal Bolkiah second in line to the throne at the time of his birth.[6] He obtained a private education in the surau of Istana Darul Hana prior to official schooling. He was Brunei's first Sultan to have had a full education in the West, both domestically and outside. In 1955, Hassanal Bolkiah started attending Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam Malay School in Brunei Town (now called Bandar Seri Begawan). In 1961–1963, he enrolled in Jalan Gurney School and Victoria Institution in Kuala Lumpur.[7][6]
At the age of fifteen, he was crowned as The Pengiran Muda Mahkota (Crown Prince) on 14 July 1961.[7][5] Notably, the 2nd Gurkha Rifles were dispatched to Brunei in 1962, the year the Brunei revolt began. Lieutenant Colonel Digby Willoughby and a small squad of Gurkha troops helped to rescue his father and him from their palace, and his father was eternally grateful for Willoughby's actions on that day.[8]
Due to the strained relations between Brunei and Malaysia in 1963, Hassanal Bolkiah went back to Brunei to complete his education at
Reign
Accession and coronation
After 17 years in power, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien voluntarily abdicated on 4 October 1967, to make way for Crown Prince Hassanal Bolkiah, his 21-year-old eldest son.[12][13] Hassanal Bolkiah returned to Brunei before finishing his studies to assume his father's responsibilities as leader of the country's government and populace.[7][14]
The coronation ceremony began with the flying of the yellow flag at Bukit Panggal and the red flag at Bukit Sungai Kebun in February 1968. The announcement was also made throughout the country by Radio Brunei.[15] The coverage of the coronation that Radio Brunei and the Information Department provided was hailed as the year's most excellent program.[16] Furthermore, the Coronation Committee contracted a Japanese film firm to make a coloured film that documented the occasion. The film was distributed in 35 mm and 16 mm formats for global distribution.[16]
As thousands of residents and tourists flocked to vantage points in the city center, access to which had been limited (except from official vehicles) since early in the morning, dignitaries from near and far saw the age-old rite in the newly built Lapau.[17] With the back roof dropped to make himself visible, the Sultan arrived in his brand-new six-door Mercedes-Benz 600 Pullman Landaulet[18] following the customary Muslim washing rite at Istana Darul Hana, which was preceded by a 21-gun salute.[19]
At the
He had the crown placed on his head and handed him the
Among the foreign dignitaries who attended the ceremony were the prime minister of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew; the Malaysian prime minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman; and the British High Commissioner to Brunei, A.R. Adair, who represented Queen Elizabeth II.[24] To commemorate the event, the Coronation Medal[25] and stamps were established.[26]
Early reign
Hassanal Bolkiah continued to get advice from his father on all significant decisions because of his youth and lack of expertise in state administration matters. When he gave a speech at his coronation, he clarified this problem. Despite his previous denials that he would not be involved in politics, the directive indicates that Hassanal Bolkiah still retains the ability to influence Brunei's political system. His father's participation strengthens the case for the royal system's stability because of the "power behind the throne."[7] Under Brunei's 1959 constitution, the sultan is the head of state with full executive authority, including emergency powers since 1962.[27]
A budget of B$500 million was allotted for the Third National Development Plan (RKN3), which was enacted between 1975 and 1979. The following objectives were given priority in the formulation and design of the plan to maintain a high level of employment and diversify the economy through accelerated development of agriculture and industry.[28] With a budget of B$2.2 billion, the RKN4 (1980–1984) placed a strong emphasis on advancing the economic, social, and cultural well-being of the populace. With a budget of $B3.7 billion, the RKN5 (1986–1990) aimed to offer the numerous services and infrastructure necessary to raise peoples' standards of living while advancing the nation's economic and social growth.[28]
The British government's demand for Brunei to become an
On 19 September 1968, a delegation led by the newly crowned Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah traveled to London to discuss Brunei's political future. From 19 September to 26 October, the delegation held consultations with British officials, focusing on the stationing of Gurkha troops and the provisions of the 1959 Agreement concerning Brunei's security clause and British responsibility for its foreign affairs, both set to expire in November 1970. Despite the fact that the first round of negotiations did not result in a change of heart from the British regarding Brunei, he remained optimistic and pursued more talks.[7]
Hassanal Bolkiah made three trips to London between May and December 1969 in an attempt to engage with the
Hassanal Bolkiah made another trip to London in April 1970 in an attempt to break the stalemate in the negotiations, but the British government stuck to its guns since it thought Brunei could defend itself on its own without British assistance. Given that the defense pact was about to expire in November 1970, he expressed significant concern about this, saying that "even if half the male population were to join the Armed Forces, Brunei would not be able to defend itself."[7]
With the election of the Conservative Party, Hassanal Bolkiah found new hope. The British government agreed to keep a limited presence of British troops in Southeast Asia, which included keeping Gurkha troops stationed in Brunei, and decided not to renounce the 1959 Agreement, which was scheduled to expire on 30 June 1970. This resulted in successful negotiations with Anthony Royle in November 1970. These negotiations led to the signing of the Brunei–British Friendship Agreement on 23 November 1971, which gave Brunei "full internal independence" and restricted the authority of the British High Commissioner to matters concerning foreign affairs.[7]
Per Chapter 55 of the 1959 Constitution, the 1970 elected-Legislative Council was dissolved on 15 December 1977, with the Sultan's assent. The Sultan has consented to restructure and reappoint a number of the council's former members. On 22 December 1977, a new council was formally called back to order.[29] The next day, Hassanal Bolkiah dissolved the council.[30]
Hassanal Bolkiah headed a mission to London in 1978 to negotiate Brunei's status as an independent,
The time has now arrived when Brunei Darussalam will resume full international responsibility as a sovereign and independent nation in the community of nations.
— Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah, The Scoop 1 January 1984
On the day of the country's independence, Hassanal Bolkiah became the Prime Minister, is also the head of government. In addition, he holds the portfolios of Minister of Home Affairs and Minister of Finance.[36][37] At the same time, he declared Melayu Islam Beraja (MIB) as the national philosophy. It serves as a pillar of life for the citizens of the nation, regardless of religion, culture, or social background; the monarchy system, Malay cultural values, and Islamic religious teachings have all contributed to the nation's historical heritage that is still upheld today. They have also served as a fortress to protect Brunei from outside influences.[38]
Hassanal Bolkiah reestablished the Legislative Council on 27 December 1983, and it was dissolved on 13 February 1984.
With a budget of B$5.5 billion, the RKN6 (1991–1995) intended to address the demands of the country, particularly in enhancing the standard of living and quality of life of its citizens as well as further bolstering the national economy. The RKN7 (1996–2000) of a 20-year long-term development plan that began in 1985 and has a total budget of B$7.2 billion is the seventh national development plan. The plan aimed to raise the nation's economic achievement while continuing to significantly improve the quality of life for the populace.[28] He appointed himself as the Minister of Finance on 23 February 1997.[40] He had previously held the post from 1984 to 1986 before it was taken over by his brother Prince Jefri Bolkiah.[41][42]
Silver Jubilee
The Silver Jubilee of 1992 commemorated 25 years since Hassanal Bolkiah's accession to the throne. An estimated $200 million was spent by Brunei to commemorate the event, which included building a 6,000-seat mosque with a gold dome, 21 guest homes for visiting dignitaries, an exhibition center, and 200 Mercedes-Benz automobiles for visitors.[43] To commemorate the milestone, the Churchill Memorial Building became the Royal Brunei Regalia Building in 1992.[44] Established to commemorate the event, the Silver Jubilee Medal (Pingat Jubli Perak) was given out in three classes: gold, silver, and bronze.[45][46]
The culmination of all the activities was a glamorous banquet held at the Istana Nurul Iman, where the
The people of Kuala Belait gifted The Silver Jubilee Park as a memorial to the occasion.[47] The recreational park known as Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Silver Jubilee Park is a popular tourist destination and landmark in the neighborhood.[48] He ordered the creation of a foundation called as the Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Foundation in connection with the Silver Jubilee Celebration of Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah assuming the throne on 5 October 1992.[49][50]
The new millennium
In 2004, the Legislative Council, which had been dissolved since 1962, was reopened.[51] On 9 March 2006, the Sultan was reported to have amended Brunei's constitution to make himself infallible under Bruneian law.[52]
The proposed amendment to the 1959 constitution was the first item on the agenda when the Sultan convened again on 25 September 2004, following a 21-year break. A proposal to amend the constitution to expand the Legislative Council to 45 seats, 15 of which would have been elected, was passed by the council. On 1 September 2005, the Sultan dissolved the council; the next day, the council was recreated using the revised Brunei Constitution.[30]
In September 2005, the Sultan nominated five members to the new Legislative Council, who were indirectly elected to represent
At the Hassanal Bolkiah National Stadium on 23 February 2009, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah was present at Brunei's Silver Jubilee National Day celebration, accompanied by members of his royal family and official leaders. Following the guard of honour inspection and the march past, the Sultan was present when up to 25 young people representing various government agencies, the private sector, higher education institutions, and associations read the National Day oath. The faultless field performances, which were broken up into six parts, were created to represent the topic of Brunei's Silver Jubilee National Day celebration, Kedewasaan Bernegara (Maturity of the Nation).[55] To commemorate the event, he established the Silver Jubilee National Day Medal.[56]
The RKN theme of "Knowledge and Innovation, Increase Productivity, Accelerated Economic Growth" centered the RKN10 (2012–2017) on developmental initiatives to achieve faster and higher economic growth.[57]
In 2014, Hassanal Bolkiah declared the implementation of strict Islamic criminal penalties, moving forward with proposals that prompted both rare domestic opposition to the opulently wealthy ruler and also worldwide outrage. The small sultanate's plans for the sharia penalties, which would eventually include flogging, amputation of limbs, and death by stoning, sparked outrage on social networking sites. Following the unexplained delay of the penalties' anticipated implementation on 22 April 2014, which prompted speculation that he was hesitant, uncertainty surrounded their execution. However, he stated in his proclamation that the action was "a must" in light of Islam, dismissing the "never-ending theories" that the sharia's penalties were harsh in remarks that were obviously directed at critics.[58][59]
Hassanal Bolkiah also banned public celebrations of Christmas in 2015, including wearing hats or clothes that resemble Santa Claus. The ban only affects local Muslims.[60] Christians are still allowed to celebrate Christmas. According to the late Bruneian Bishop and Cardinal Cornelius Sim, on 25 December 2015, there was an estimated 4,000 out of 18,000 Bruneian Catholics, mainly Chinese and expats living in the country, who attended mass on Christmas Eve and Christmas Day. While there was no absolute ban on celebrations, there was a ban affecting Christmas decorations in public places, especially shopping malls.[61]
On 22 October 2015, Hassanal Bolkiah appointed himself as the country's Minister of Foreign Affairs,[62] thus replacing his younger brother Prince Mohamed Bolkiah.[63] The RKN11 (2018–2023), whose theme was "Increased Non-Oil and Gas Sector Output as Catalysts for Economic Growth," further integrated development efforts in the production of the non-oil and gas sector.[57][64]
Golden Jubilee
The 50th anniversary of his royal ascension was celebrated on 5 October 2017, he declared during his speech that it was the "most historic day" for both Bruneians and himself.[65] In addition, the Sultan stated that he and his people needed to exercise "reciprocal responsibility".[66] According to press releases from their respective countries, Prime Ministers Lee Hsien Loong of Singapore, Hun Sen of Cambodia, Najib Razak of Malaysia, State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi of Myanmar, President Rodrigo Duterte of the Philippines and Joko Widodo of Indonesia were scheduled to attend the festivities.[67][68][69] Among the many royal guests in attendance were Prince Edward and his wife, Sophie.[70]
Ahead of the
The sultan's palace hosted festivities earlier, with the Sultan and the Queen consort sitting on golden thrones for a royal audience and an honor guard firing a 21-gun salute. The royal chariot pulled by fifty specially chosen workers across a 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) course.[67] Crown Prince Al-Muhtadee Billah, Princes Abdul Azim, Abdul Malik, Abdul Mateen and Abdul Wakeel, and Princess Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah joined their majesties on the chariot. A custom typically saved for royal occasions, visitors and locals alike were shown drumming and the lavish display of gold and silver weapons, including the Kampilan (dagger) and Kalasak (shield).[71]
The Sultan's Golden Jubilee would be celebrated with a number of events in October, including the opening of the
Pandemic and beyond
During the May 2020 rise in COVID-19 cases, Brunei's most valuable asset was its quick response time. Lockdown procedures were promptly instituted, and return citizens were detained in quarantine centers. As social constraints weaken domestically, Hassanal Bolkiah has urged ongoing caution. He showed his leadership when, in a matter of days, he forbade foreigners from entering Brunei and prevented its nationals from leaving. Furthermore, as an Islamic authority, the sultan's leadership was especially significant.[74]
Hassanal Bolkiah led the country morally and steadfastly as its political and religious head. He also reminded Bruneians that for Muslims, the virus itself was sent by
On 19 September 2022, the Sultan and Prince Abdul Mateen attended Queen Elizabeth II's state funeral at Westminster Abbey in London.[79] As a gesture of respect for the late Queen, he had approved that the national flag be flown at half-mast at government buildings and the offices of Brunei's diplomatic missions abroad.[80]
During a speech on 22 February 2024, Brunei's 40th National Day, Hassanal Bolkiah referred to the nation's independence as a gift from God. He underlined that unity and patriotism are essential for upholding the value of religion, sovereignty, and national identity. He also underlined that genuine independence involves freedom and harmony, attained through the sacrifices of previous and present generations. The Sultan further attributed Brunei's strong performance in international indices to the RKN's success in developing the country's workforce and putting creative solutions into practice.[81]
Foreign policy
Hassanal Bolkiah likewise places great emphasis on fostering and fortifying ties with the outside world. He has taken numerous trips around Europe, the Middle East, Southeast and East Asia, and the United States. Bolkiah addressed the United Nations General Assembly on Brunei Darussalam's admission to the United Nations in September 1984.[82][83] Following this, Brunei made several diplomatic milestones such as being a part of both ASEAN and United Nations (UN) in 1984.[84] That same year, he formally established diplomatic ties with a number of nations, including Singapore.[13] Like his father, he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, of which Brunei was a protectorate until 1984.[85][86] He was chairman of Summit APEC Leaders in 2000 when Brunei Darussalam hosted the summit.[87]
Following the two countries' signing of the
Following the signing of the bilateral liberalized air services agreement by the two governments on 19 April 2005, Brunei's open skies policy currently extends to its air connectivity with the
Hassanal Bolkiah was also the chairman of
Singapore and Brunei commemorated their 40 years of bilateral defense relations in August 2016. He paid his fourth state visit to Singapore on 5–6 July 2017, as the two nations commemorated the 50th anniversary of the Currency Interchangeability Agreement (CIA). Commemorative $50 notes were introduced by him and Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong. Additionally, former President Tony Tan Keng Yam treated him to a state banquet.[13]
Hassanal Bolkiah and Chinese President Xi Jinping met in Bangkok on 18 November 2022.[92] He visited the Kingdom of Bahrain on 9–11 June 2023, at the request of its king Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa. On the occasion of the 35th anniversary of their diplomatic ties, this visit highlights the close bilateral connections that exist between Bahrain and Brunei and seeks to further collaboration in the areas of finance, investment, and military.[93]
Controversies
Shannon Marketic Incident
In 1997,
AMEDEO crisis
Hassanal had open disagreements with his brother Prince Jefri Bolkiah, who owned a network of companies and investment vehicles under the name "Amedeo" run by his son Prince Abdul Hakeem, which was used to buy the luxury goods company Asprey and build an amusement park and other projects in Brunei.[101] In July 1998 the Amedeo group collapsed under US$10 billion in debt.[102] Between 1983 and mid-1998 some US$40 billion of what were called "special transfers" were made from the accounts of the Brunei Investment Agency (BIA).[103] An independent investigation was undertaken into the circumstances of these special transfers, concluding that in round figures, US$14.8 billion were paid to the accounts of Prince Jefri apart from the US$8 billion to accounts of the sultan and US$3.8 billion for Government purposes. The destination, purpose and recipients of the remaining transfers were not established.[103] Due to the secretive nature of the state and the blurred lines as to where the royal family's finances and the state finances began and ended, establishing the true course of events is very difficult.[101]
Prince Jefri was accused of misappropriating state funds to pay for his own personal investments, bought through BIA and Amedeo companies and removed from his position as head of BIA.
The BIA alleged that the Prince failed to uphold the agreement by failing to disclose all his accounts, and allowing money to be taken from frozen accounts,
The BIA also re-opened collateral litigation in the High Court of England and Wales. After winning before the Privy Council, the BIA asked the court to determine whether Prince Jefri should be held in contempt of court for allegedly making misstatements in his listing of assets. The contempt proceeding was scheduled for a hearing in June 2008, but the Prince did not attend, instead going to Paris.[107][112] Judge Peter Smith did not rule on whether Prince Jefri was in contempt, but did issue a warrant for his arrest.[113]
As of October, 2009, Prince Jefri appears to have been allowed back to Brunei. He is not back in any official government role but retains all his royal titles and decorations and remains in the royal protocol order. He is seen at major national functions like the national teachers day celebrations, the sultan's birthday and at the National Day Celebrations. His most recent appearance was at The Legco (Legislative Council) opening ceremony in March 2012.[114]
Anti-LGBT and death by stoning legislation
As Prime Minister, Bolkiah has spearheaded legislation that would introduce capital punishment for homosexuality and adultery, by stoning, effective from 3 April 2019. This sparked international protests.[115] The policy resulted in calls for boycotts of numerous companies owned by the Brunei Royal Family, notably the Dorchester Collection, a group of well-known hotels owned by the sultan in the US and Europe.[116] The sultan, via his Brunei Investment Agency (BIA) that owns the Dorchester Collection hotels, also raised concerns abroad in April 2014 after he implemented a
In protest, a United States national LGBT advocacy organization, the Gill Action Fund, canceled its reservation to hold a conference of major donors at the Beverly Hills Hotel and demanded a refund of its deposit. The hotel management responded by issuing a statement asserting that it does not discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation.[120] Fashion designers Brian Atwood and Peter Som subsequently called for wider protests, urging the fashion industry to boycott all of the hotels owned by the Dorchester Collection.[121]
In January 2013, the Royal College of General Practitioners designated the sultan the first Companion of the college for services to healthcare in Brunei and abroad.[122] In April 2019, the RCGP withdrew this honour in light of new anti-LGBT laws supported by the sultan which are not in concert with the organisation's values.[123]
Due to the international condemnation of the legislation, Bolkiah announced that he would extend a moratorium on capital punishment for homosexuality and ratify the United Nations Convention Against Torture.[124][125][126]
Car collection controversy
The sultan once owned
Personal life
Interests
Hassan Bolkiah played polo with Prince Charles on 15 July 1996, to commemorate his 50th birthday.[13] He played polo competitively when he was younger, at one point even representing the Indian Army's 61st Cavalry team. He has a history of attending polo matches frequently in recent years, especially since two of his children started playing competitive polo. A friendly polo match between the Brunei team and the 61st Cavalry Indian Army team was also held a few years ago as part of the sultan's 70th birthday celebrations as a tribute to his long friendship with the latter.[129][130]
On 8 February 2015, Hassanal Bolkiah competed in and won the
On 9 February 2015, the Sultan led his team to victory in the Richard Mille Exhibition Polo Match. The black team of the monarch defeated the white team 7–5 on the eighth day of the four-team charity competition at the Royal Brunei Polo and Riding Club in Jerudong to advance to the final.[131]
Hassanal Bolkiah likes to play badminton and squash.[133]
Marriages and issue
The sultan married his first cousin and first wife,
Prince
Name | Birth | Death | Marriage | Children | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Date | Spouse | ||||
Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Hajah Saleha (m. 1965–present) | |||||
Pengiran Anak Puteri Hajah Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah | 26 July 1969 | 15 August 1996 | Pengiran Maharaja Setia Laila Di-Raja Sahibul Irshad Pengiran Anak Haji 'Abdul Rahim bin Pengiran Indera Mahkota Pengiran Anak Dr. Kemaluddin Al-Haj | Pengiran Anak Raheemah Sanaul Bolkiah | |
Pengiran Anak Hariisah Widadul Bolqiah | |||||
Pengiran Anak 'Abdul Raqiib | |||||
Pengiran Anak 'Abdul Haseeb | |||||
Pengiran Anak Raqeeqah Raayatul Bolqiah | |||||
Pengiran Anak Puteri Hajah Muta-Wakkilah Hayatul Bolkiah | 12 October 1971 | None | |||
Pengiran Muda Mahkota Pengiran Muda Haji Al-Muhtadee Billah | 17 February 1974 | 9 September 2004 | Pengiran Anak Isteri Pengiran Anak Sarah binti Pengiran Haji Salleh Ab-Rahaman | Pengiran Muda Abdul Muntaqim | |
Pengiran Anak Muneerah Madhul Bolkiah | |||||
Pengiran Muda Muhammad Aiman | |||||
Pengiran Anak Faathimah Az-Zahraa Raihaanul Bolkiah | |||||
Pengiran Anak Puteri Hajah Majeedah Nuurul Bolkiah | 16 March 1976 | 10 June 2007 Divorced 7 December 2023 |
Pengiran Khairul Khalil bin Pengiran Syed Haji Jaafari | Pengiran Anak 'Abdul Hafeez | |
Pengiran Anak Raihaanah Hanaa-Ul Bolqiah | |||||
Pengiran Anak Puteri Hajah Hafizah Sururul Bolkiah | 12 March 1980 | 20 September 2012 | Pengiran Anak Haji Muhammad Ruzaini bin Pengiran Dr. Haji Mohammad Yakub | Pengiran Anak Muhammad Za'eem | |
Pengiran Anak Muhammad 'Aamir | |||||
Pengiran Anak 'Abdul Hakeem | |||||
Pengiran Anak 'Abdul Aleem | |||||
Pengiran Muda 'Abdul Malik | 30 June 1983 | 9 April 2015 | Pengiran Anak Isteri Pengiran Raabi'atul Adawiyyah binti Pengiran Haji Bolkiah | Pengiran Anak Muthee'ah Raayatul Bolqiah | |
Pengiran Anak Fathiyyah Rafaahul Bolqiah | |||||
Pengiran Anak Khaalishah Mishbaahul Bolqiah | |||||
Hajah Mariam (m. 1981–2003; divorced) | |||||
Pengiran Muda Haji 'Abdul 'Azim | 29 July 1982 | 24 October 2020 | None | ||
Pengiran Anak Puteri 'Azemah Ni'matul Bolkiah | 26 September 1984 | 8 January 2023 | Pengiran Muda Haji Jefri Bolkiah
|
None | |
Pengiran Anak Puteri Fadzilah Lubabul Bolkiah | 23 August 1985 | 16 January 2022 | Pengiran Suami Abdullah Nabil Mahmoud Al-Hashimi | None | |
Pengiran Muda 'Abdul Mateen | 10 August 1991 | 7 January 2024 | Pengiran Anak Isteri Anisha Rosnah binti Adam | None | |
Azrinaz Mazhar (m. 2005–2010; divorced)[135] | |||||
Pengiran Muda 'Abdul Wakeel | 1 June 2006 | None | |||
Pengiran Anak Puteri 'Ameerah Wardatul Bolkiah | 28 January 2008 | None |
Titles and styles
Styles of The Sultan of Brunei | ||
---|---|---|
Reference style | His Majesty | |
Spoken style | Your Majesty | |
Alternative style | Kebawah Duli Tuan Patik |
Full title
- 5 October 1967 – present: His Majesty Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu’izzaddin Waddaulah ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Haji Omar ‘Ali Saifuddien Sa’adul Khairi Waddien, Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei Darussalam.[138]
- Malay (Rumi): Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu’izzaddin Waddaulah ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Haji Omar ‘Ali Saifuddien Sa’adul Khairi Waddien, Sultan dan Yang Di-Pertuan Negara Brunei Darussalam.[139]
- Malay (Jawi): کباوه دولي يڠ مها موليا ڤادوک سري بݢندا سلطان حاج حسن البلقية معز الدين والدولة ابن المرحوم سلطان حاج عمر علي سيف الدين سعد الخير والدين، سلطان دان يڠ دڤرتوان نݢارا بروني دارالسلام.
Awards and honours
Academic honours
The sultan received an honorary doctorate at the
Military honours
The sultan holds an honorary commission in the
In April 2008, he was made an honorary member of the Indonesian
See also
- List of Sultans of Brunei
- List of Brunei-related topics
- List of current foreign ministers
References
- Jawi: سلطان حاج حسن البلقية معز الدين والدولة ابن المرحوم سلطان حاج عمر علي سيف الدين سعد الخير والدين)
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External links
- Government of Brunei
- Leppard, David. "Sultan caught in property feud", Times Online, 30 July 2006
- Kennedy, Dominic. "The prince, the lawyer and his wife lose out in court", The Times, 26 January 2007. article regarding Thomas Derbyshire and Faith Zaman losing appeal against freezing of assets in multimillion-dollar fraud case
- Forbes World's Richest People 1997, Forbes.com
- Brunei's Battle Royal, Business Week
- Usborne, David. "Brotherly love runs out", 11 February 2006, about the sultan's legal fight with his brother; linked 17 February 2006