Immigration to the Western world

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The Statue of Liberty, which has come to embody the American ideals surrounding immigration.

Immigration has had a major influence on the demographics and culture of the Western world. Immigration to the West started happening in significant numbers during the 1960s and afterward,[1] as Europe made its post-war economic recovery and the United States passed the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 allowing non-European immigration.[2][3][4][5]

Immigration to the West has often been related to the West's

Commonwealth migration.)[6][7] Wars that Western countries have recently been involved in, and the fallout or flows of refugees associated with them, have also been tied to the inflow of immigration.[8]

Significant debate has taken place around the economic and other benefits associated with immigration (particularly for low-skilled workers),[9][10] with Western governments often more in favor of immigration than their constituents.[11] Debate has also taken place around both the theory and current state of integration of the immigrants, with some favoring multiculturalism as a solution.[12]

History

In the United States, theories around immigration have historically revolved around the metaphor of a melting pot, wherein different kinds of immigrants would eventually become more homogeneous and Americanized over time,[13] with such effects seen even today.[14]

Colonial era

See also: White Australia policy

Post-war era

See also: Multiculturalism

Internal migration

See also:
North American frontier, and Europeans in Oceania

There is significant migration between the countries of the European Union, where there is freedom of movement.[15] Migration between OECD countries is also notable, though sometimes limited by cultural differences.[16]

Backlash

See also: Immigrant invasion

Backlash to immigration has impacted Western politics significantly;[17][18] for example, Britain's decision to leave the European Union was informed partly by some of its voters' desire to reduce immigration.[19] This backlash has helped far-right politics become more prevalent.[20]

Illegal immigration

See also: Open border
The US-Mexico border wall at Tijuana.

There has been an increase in anti-immigration sentiment in the West in relation to illegal immigration.[21][22] In the United States, right-wing politicians have called for a border wall with Mexico,[23][19] and in European politics, accusations have been made of a "Fortress Europe" mentality.[24][25]

Muslim immigration

See also: Multiculturalism and Islam and Islamo-leftism

American responses to Muslim immigration have been influenced by the

Western values,[28] while others have focused on publicizing various violent incidents perpetrated by Muslims.[29]

Some members of the Muslim diaspora have become more religious over time, either in response to hostility, or as a result of newer generations seeking a connection with their ancestral homeland and practices.[30]

In Europe, certain countries have banned elements of Muslim-associated culture, as is the case with France's

burqa ban.[31]

Terrorism

Main article: Islamic terrorism in Europe

Attention has been called to the rise of "lone-wolf" Islamist terror in Europe, which is partially motivated by anger from some European-born Muslims against their former colonial masters, and how it differs from the relative success of North America in ameliorating native-born Islamic terrorism.[32][33]

Societal cohesion and cultural preservation

See also: Nativism (politics), Resistance to diversity efforts in organizations, and Christian nationalism

Some oppose immigration on the basis that it increases cultural, ethnic, and religious diversity in a way that threatens native cultures and can impair social integration.[34][1][35]

This resistance has been noted in the context of the European Union after it expanded to include Eastern Europe, as many migrated towards Western Europe.[36]

Great Replacement

See also: The Death of the West
This section is an excerpt from Great Replacement.[edit]
The
notably in the United States.[47] Mainstream scholars have dismissed these claims of a conspiracy of "replacist" elites as rooted in a misunderstanding of demographic statistics and premised upon an unscientific, racist worldview.[48][49][50] According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, the Great Replacement "has been widely ridiculed for its blatant absurdity."[39]

Statistics

  • Between 2010 to 2017, over a period of eight years, more than one million Africans from Sub-Saharan Africa emigrated to Europe and the US.[51]
  • From 2018 to June 2023, over a period of five and half years, more than 780,000 Indian people renounced their Indian citizenship and emigrated to the following Western countries: US (328,619), Canada (161,917), Australia (131,883), UK (83,468), Italy (23,817), New Zealand (23,088), Germany (13,363), Netherlands (8,642), Sweden (8,531).[52]
  • Chinese emigration increased from 2000 onwards. By mid 2020, more than 4.6 million Chinese emigrated to the following Western countries: US (2,184,000), Canada (699,000), Australia (653,000), Italy (233,000), UK (208,000), Spain (179,000), New Zealand (144,000), Germany (143,000), France (126,000), and Netherlands (73,000).[53]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ French: pouvoir/élite remplaciste

References

  1. ^
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  4. ^ "How the Immigration Act of 1965 Changed the Face of America". HISTORY. 2019-08-12. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  5. ^ Chow, Emily; Keating, Dan (2013-05-20). "The state of U.S. immigration". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  6. ISBN 978-90-04-52932-8
    , retrieved 2023-11-19
  7. ISBN 978-0-385-52924-2
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  10. ^ Venturi, Richard. "Immigration in the West and Its Discontents". www.strategie.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  11. ^ Hochschild, Jennifer; Mollenkopf, John (2009). Delivering Citizenship. Berlin, Germany: Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung.
  12. ISBN 978-0-19-152193-5
    .
  13. JSTOR j.ctvc775dm
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  14. ^ "Migration and Cultural Change". www.cato.org. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  15. ^ NW, 1615 L. St; Suite 800Washington; Inquiries, DC 20036USA202-419-4300 | Main202-857-8562 | Fax202-419-4372 | Media (19 June 2017). "Origins and destinations of European Union migrants within the EU". Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project. Retrieved 2023-11-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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  17. ^ "Record migration sparks backlash in wealthy nations". Axios.
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  19. ^
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  20. ISBN 978-1-315-54304-8, retrieved 2023-11-23{{citation}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 (link
    )
  21. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived
    from the original on 8 Jul 2023. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  22. ^ Connor, Phillip; Passel, Jeffrey S.; Krogstad, Jens Manuel (13 November 2019). "How European and U.S. unauthorized immigrant populations compare". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  23. ^ Gramlich, John (16 January 2019). "How Americans see illegal immigration, the border wall and political compromise". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  24. ^ "Migration policy: three things to know about 'Fortress Europe'". ODI: Think change. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  25. ISSN 0969-7764
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  26. ^ "Islam in the West: From Immigration to Global Islam" (PDF). Harvard Middle Eastern and Islamic Review.
  27. doi:10.1111/ecoj.12219
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  28. ^ "The role of Islam in European populism: How refugee flows and fear of Muslims drive right-wing support". Brookings. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  29. ISBN 978-1-317-12772-7
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  30. ISSN 0360-0572
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  31. ISBN 978-0-19-966009-4
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  32. ^ "Assimilation, Security, and Borders in the Member States". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 2023-11-23.
  33. JSTOR 20034425
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  34. ISSN 1745-7289
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  36. ISBN 978-0-7391-4950-8
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  37. PMID 32100887
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  38. ^ Bowles, Nellie (18 March 2019). "'Replacement Theory,' a Racist, Sexist Doctrine, Spreads in Far-Right Circles". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2019. Behind the idea is a racist conspiracy theory known as 'the replacement theory,' which was popularized by a right-wing French philosopher.
  39. ^ a b c "Replacement theory". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2022-06-14.
  40. ISSN 0090-5917
    . This article addresses recent strains of white nationalism rooted within anxieties over demographic replacement (e.g., 'the Great Replacement').
  41. ^ a b c Taguieff (2015), PT71.
  42. OCLC 1042949000. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018. ...this narrative is highly compatible with concrete conspiracy narratives about how this replacement is desired and planned, either by 'the politicians' or 'the elite,' which-ever connotes Jewishness more effectively.
  43. ISBN 978-0429557842
    . This conspiracy theory, which was first articulated by the French philosopher Renaud Camus, has gained a lot of traction in Europe since 2015.
  44. ^ Fourquet (2016), PT29.
  45. S2CID 149865406
    . ...the conspiracy theory of the Grand remplacement (Great replacement) positing the 'Islamo-substitution' of biologically autochthonous populations in the French metropolitan territory, by Muslim minorities mostly coming from sub-Saharan Africa and the Maghreb
  46. ^ Bergmann (2021), pp. 37–38: "The term 'The Great Replacement' rose to new prominence when a deeply controversial French philosopher, Renaud Camus, used it for the title of his book published in 2011. Camus mainly focused on France, but he argued that European civilisation and identity was at risk of being subsumed by mass migration, especially from Muslim countries, and because of low birth rates among the native French people. (...) It found support widely in Europe and was, for instance, entangled in the more general White Genocide conspiracy theory, which nationalist far-right activists have upheld on both sides of the Atlantic.
  47. ^ Richard Alba, The Great Demographic Illusion: Majority, Minority, and the Expanding American Mainstream (Princeton UP, 2020) https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691202112
  48. ISBN 978-1-4721-4027-2
    . As for the grand replacement, this has been widely seen as a paranoid fantasy, which plays fast and loose with the statistics, is racist in that it classes as immigrants people actually born in France, glosses over the fact that around half of immigrants are from other European countries, and suggests that declining indigenous France will be outbred by Muslim newcomers when in fact it has the highest fertility rate in Western Europe, and not because of immigration.
  49. ^ Buncombe, Andrew (17 May 2022). "Inside the data that debunks the 'Great Replacement' theory". The Independent.
  50. ^ Rogers, Kaleigh (26 May 2022). "The Twisted Logic Behind The Right's 'Great Replacement' Arguments". FiveThirtyEight.
  51. ^ Connor, Philip (18 March 2018). "At Least a Million Sub-Saharan Africans Moved to Europe Since 2010. Sub-Saharan migration to the United States also growing". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
  52. ^ Kumar, Rajiv (13 August 2023). "Why Are Indians Relinquishing Citizenship, and Where are They Heading? Should Govt Be Concerned?". news18.com. Archived from the original on 15 August 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
  53. ^ Haugen, Heidi Østbø; Speelman, Tabitha (22 January 2022). "China's Rapid Development Has Transformed Its Migration Trends". migrationpolicy.org. Migration Policy Institute. Archived from the original on 16 May 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2024.

Works cited

Further reading
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