Imre Nagy
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Imre Nagy | |||||||||||||
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Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Hungarian People's Republic | |||||||||||||
In office 24 October 1956 – 4 November 1956 | |||||||||||||
Chairman of the Presidency | István Dobi | ||||||||||||
Deputy | List
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First Secretary | András Hegedűs | ||||||||||||
Succeeded by | János Kádár | ||||||||||||
In office 4 July 1953 – 18 April 1955 | |||||||||||||
Chairman of the Presidency | István Dobi | ||||||||||||
Deputy | List
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First Secretary | Minister of Agriculture | ||||||||||||
In office 22 December 1944 – 15 November 1945 | |||||||||||||
Prime Minister | Béla Miklós | ||||||||||||
Preceded by | Fidél Pálffy | ||||||||||||
Succeeded by | Béla Kovács | ||||||||||||
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Personal details | |||||||||||||
Born | Execution by hanging | 7 June 1896||||||||||||
Nationality | Hungarian | ||||||||||||
Political party | Communist Party of the Soviet Union Social Democratic Party of Hungary Hungarian Communist Party, Hungarian Working People's Party, Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party | ||||||||||||
Spouse |
Mária Égető (1902–1978)
(m. 1925) | ||||||||||||
Children | Erzsébet | ||||||||||||
Military service | |||||||||||||
Allegiance | Austria-Hungary Soviet Russia | ||||||||||||
Branch/service | Austro-Hungarian Army (Royal Hungarian Honvéd) (1914–1916) Red Army (1918) | ||||||||||||
Years of service | 1914–1916 1918 | ||||||||||||
Rank | Corporal | ||||||||||||
Unit | 17th Royal Hungarian Honvéd Infantry Regiment (1915) 19th Machine Gun Battalion (1916) | ||||||||||||
Battles/wars | World War I
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Imre Nagy (Hungarian:
Born to a
The outbreak of the Hungarian Revolution on 23 October 1956 saw Nagy elevated to the position of Prime Minister on 24 October as a central demand of the revolutionaries and common people. Nagy's reformist faction gained full control of the government, admitted non-communist politicians, dissolved the
In June 1989, Nagy and other prominent figures of the 1956 Revolution were
Early life and World War I
Imre Nagy was born prematurely on 7 June 1896 in the town of
In 1904 Nagy's family moved to
After the outbreak of the
Nagy was wounded in the leg by
Early political career
In captivity in Camp Berezovka near
Nagy and his unit were later encircled and he was ultimately taken prisoner by the Czechoslovak Legion in early September 1918.[9] He escaped captivity and spent the period until February 1920 holding odd jobs in White-controlled territory near Lake Baikal.[9] The Red Army reached Irkutsk on 7 February 1920, ending Nagy's participation in the Civil War.[9] On 12 February 1920 he became a candidate member of the Russian Communist Party and a full-time member on 10 May.[13] He served the rest of 1920 as a clerk for the communist Cheka secret police on matters related to prisoners of war.[13]
After a month of training by the Cheka in subversive activities, the Hungarian Communist Party (KMP) sent Nagy along with 277 other Hungarian communists to Hungary in April 1921 to build up an underground conspiratorial network in a country where the Communist Party had been banned since 1919.[14][7] Nagy reached Kaposvár in late May 1921.[14] Upon arrival, he joined the Social Democratic Party of Hungary (MSZDP).[15] After working temporary jobs in the rest of 1921 and early 1922, he joined the First Hungarian Insurance Company and became an office worker in Kaposvár.[16] He became severely overweight around this time.[17] He helped to build up the socialist movement in his hometown, to his parents' disapproval.[17] He became secretary of the MSZDP's local branch in 1924.[18] He was expelled from the party for advocating revolution and was placed under police surveillance.[18] He married Mária Égető on November 28 1925.[18]
In January 1926, Nagy and István Sinkovics established the Kaposvár office of the
Years in Moscow
In December 1929, he traveled to the
Minister in Communist Hungary
After the Second World War, Nagy returned to
In the communist government, he served as
After two years as
1956 Revolution
This section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2019) |
Following
In the face of widespread public pressure on Rákosi, the Soviets forced the unpopular leader to resign from power on 18 July 1956 and leave for the Soviet Union. However, they replaced him with his equally hard-line second in command Ernő Gerő, a change which did little to mollify public dissent. Nagy was a prominent guest at the 6 October reburial of former secret police chief László Rajk, who had been purged by the Rákosi regime and later rehabilitated. He was readmitted to the Party on 13 October in the midst of growing revolutionary fervor. On 22 October, students from the Technical University in Budapest compiled a list of sixteen national policy demands, the third of which was Nagy's restoration to the premiership.
In the afternoon of 23 October, students and workers gathered in Budapest for a massive opposition demonstration arranged by the Technical University students, chanting—among other things—slogans of support for Imre Nagy. While the ex-premier sympathized with their reformist demands, he was hesitant to support the movement, believing it to be too radical in its demands. While he was in favor of changes to the system, he preferred those to be made within the framework of his "New Course" of 1953–55 and not a revolutionary upheaval. He also feared that the demonstration was a provocation by Gerő and Hegedüs to frame him as inciting rebellion and to crack down on the opposition.
His associates ultimately convinced him to travel to the Parliament Building and give a speech to the demonstrators to calm the unrest. While no accurate record of this speech exists, it did not have its intended effect; Nagy essentially told the protesters to go home and let the Party handle things. The demonstrations soon escalated into a full-scale revolt as
Early in the morning of 24 October, Nagy was renamed as
On 27 October, Nagy announced a major reformation of his government, to include several non-communist politicians including former president Zoltán Tildy as a Minister of State. At negotiations with Soviet representatives Anastas Mikoyan and Mikhail Suslov, Nagy and the Hungarian government delegation pushed for a ceasefire and political solution.
In the morning of 28 October, Nagy successfully prevented a massive attack on the main rebel strongholds at the Corvin Cinema and Kilián Barracks by Soviet troops and pro-regime Hungarian units. He negotiated a ceasefire with the Soviets, which came into effect at 12:15 and fighting began to die down across the city and country. Later that day, he gave a speech on the radio assessing the events as a "national democratic movement," proclaiming his full support of the Revolution and agreeing to fulfill some of the public's demands.[35] He announced the dissolution of the ÁVH and his intention to negotiate the full withdrawal of Soviet troops from the city. Nagy also supported the creation of a National Guard, a force of combined soldiers and armed civilians to maintain order amidst the chaos of the Revolution.
On 29 October, as fighting died down across Budapest and Soviet troops began to withdraw, Nagy moved his office from the Party headquarters to the Parliament Building. He also began to meet and negotiated with several representatives of the armed groups that day, as well as the representatives of the workers' councils that had been formed over the course of the previous week.
By 30 October, Nagy's reformist faction had gained full control of the Hungarian government. Ernő Gerő and the other Stalinist hard-liners had left for the Soviet Union, and Nagy's government announced its intent to restore a multi-party system based on the coalition parties from 1945.[36] Throughout this period, Nagy remained steadfastly committed to Marxism; but his conception of Marxism was as "a science that cannot remain static", and he railed against the "rigid dogmatism" of "the Stalinist monopoly".[37] He did not intend a full return to multi-party liberal democracy but a limited one within a socialist framework, and was willing to allow the function of the pre-1948 coalition parties.[38]
Nagy was appointed to the temporary leadership committee of the newly formed
Between 1–3 November, Nikita Khrushchev traveled to various
In the early morning hours of 4 November, the USSR launched "Operation Whirlwind," a massive military attack on Budapest and on rebel strongholds throughout the country. Nagy made a dramatic announcement to the country and the world about this operation.
In spite of a written safe conduct of free passage by
Secret trial and execution
Subsequently, the Soviets returned Nagy to Hungary, where he was secretly charged with organizing the overthrow of the Hungarian People's Republic and with treason.[44] Nagy was secretly tried, found guilty, sentenced to death and executed by hanging in June 1958.[45] His trial and execution were made public only after the sentence had been carried out.[46] According to Fedor Burlatsky, a Kremlin insider, Nikita Khrushchev had Nagy executed, "as a lesson to all other leaders in socialist countries".[47] American journalist John Gunther described the events leading to Nagy's death as "an episode of unparalleled infamy".[48]
Nagy was buried, along with his co-defendants, in the prison yard where the executions were carried out and years later was removed to a distant corner (section 301) of the New Public Cemetery, Budapest,[49] face-down, and with his hands and feet tied with barbed wire. Next to his grave stands a memorial bell inscribed in Latin, Hungarian, German and English. The Latin reads: "Vivos voco / Mortuos plango / Fulgura frango", which is translated as: "I call the living, I mourn the dead, I break the thunderbolts".[50]
Memorials and political rehabilitation
During the time when the Stalinist leadership of Hungary would not permit Nagy's death to be commemorated, or permit access to his burial place, a cenotaph in his honour was erected in Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris on 16 June 1988.[51]
In 1989, Imre Nagy was rehabilitated and his remains reburied on the 31st anniversary of his execution in the same plot after a funeral organised in part by the democratic opposition to the country's Stalinist regime.[52] Over 200,000 people are estimated to have attended Nagy's reinterment. The occasion of Nagy's funeral was an important factor in the end of the communist government in Hungary.[53]
On 28 December 2018 a popular statue of Nagy, inaugurated in 1996, was removed from central Budapest to a less central location, in order to make way for a reconstructed memorial to the victims of the 1919 Red Terror that originally stood in the same place from 1934 to 1945, during Miklós Horthy's pro-Nazi regime. Opposition parties, mainly liberal, socialist and the remaining communists, accused Viktor Orbán's right-wing government of historical revisionism; his supporters, however, argued that the initiative was taken as an attempt to restore the city landscape to its pre–World War II form and to "erase the traces of the communist era".[54][55][56][57]
Writings
Nagy's collected writings, most of which he wrote after his dismissal as Chairman of the Council of Ministers in April 1955, were smuggled out of Hungary and published in the West under the title Imre Nagy on Communism.[58]
Family
Nagy was married to Mária Égető. The couple had one daughter, Erzsébet Nagy (1927–2008), a Hungarian writer and translator.[59] Erzsébet Nagy married Ferenc Jánosi. Imre Nagy did not object to his daughter's romance and eventual marriage to a Protestant minister, attending their religious wedding ceremony in 1946 without Politburo permission. In 1982, Erzsébet Nagy married János Vészi.[29]
See also
- Governments of Imre Nagy
- End of Communism in Hungary
Citations
- ^ a b c d Rainer 2009, p. 1.
- ^ a b Rainer 2009, p. 2.
- ^ a b c Rainer 2009, p. 3.
- ^ a b Rainer 2009, p. 4.
- ^ Rainer 2009, p. 5.
- ^ Rainer 2009, p. 6.
- ^ a b c d Granville 2004, p. 21.
- ^ Rainer 2009, p. 7.
- ^ a b c d e f Rainer 2009, p. 8.
- ^ "Yurovsky Document". Retrieved 19 December 2018.
- ^ Sokolov, N. A. Chapter XV: Surrounding the royal family by security officers // Murder of the royal family.
- ^ Plotnikov, I (2003). "About the team of the executioners of the royal family and its ethnic composition". Ural Magazine.
- ^ a b Rainer 2009, p. 9.
- ^ a b Rainer 2009, p. 10.
- ^ Rainer 2009, p. 12.
- ^ Rainer 2009, pp. 12–13.
- ^ a b Rainer 2009, p. 13.
- ^ a b c Rainer 2009, p. 14.
- ^ Rainer 2009, p. 15.
- ^ Rainer 2009, pp. 15–16.
- ^ a b c Rainer 2009, p. 16.
- ^ a b Rainer 2009, p. 17.
- ^ a b Rainer 2009, p. 18.
- ^ Rainer 2009, p. 20.
- ^ Rainer 2009, p. 21.
- ^ Rainer 2009, p. 28.
- ^ a b Rainer 2009, p. 29.
- ^ a b c Granville 2004, p. 23.
- ^ ISBN 0-8047-5606-6.
- ^ (hu) Imre Nagy's unknown life, in Magyar Narancs Archived 28 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Rainer 2009, p. 45.
- ^ Rainer 2009, p. 82.
- ^ Hall, Simon. 1956: The World in Revolt. New York: Pegasus Books, 2015. p. 185
- ^ János Rainer M. Imre Nagy. Political biography 1953–1958. (Volume II) 1956 Institute, Budapest, 1999, 248–249.
- ^ Chronicle 1956 . Editor-in-Chief: Louis Isaac. Ed .: Gyula Stemler. Kossuth Publisher – Tekintet Alapítvány, Bp., 2006. p.
- ^ Rainer 2009, p. 118.
- ^ Stokes, Gale. From Stalinism to Pluralism. pp. 82–83
- ISBN 9789639739024
- ^ Gyorgy Litvan, The Hungarian Revolution of 1956, (Longman House: New York, 1996), 55–59
- ^ Ferenc Donáth: Imre Nagy, Radio News of 4 November 1956 and the Geneva Conventions. Our past, 2007/1. s. 150–168.
- ^ Hall, Simon. 1956: The World in Revolt. New York: Pegasus Books, 2015. pp. 346–347
- ^ Rainer 2009, p. 142.
- ^ Rainer 2009, p. 145.
- ^ Rainer, Janos. Imre Nagy: A Biography
- ^ Richard Solash, "Hungary: U.S. President To Honour 1956 Uprising" Archived 9 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 20 June 2006
- ^ The Counter-revolutionary Conspiracy of Imre Nagy and his Accomplices White Book, published by the Information Bureau of the Council of Ministers of the Hungarian People's Republic (No date).
- ^ David Pryce-Jones, "What the Hungarians wrought: the meaning of October 1956", National Review, 23 October 2006
- LCCN 61009706.
- ^ Kamm, Henry (8 February 1989). "Budapest Journal; The Lasting Pain of '56: Can the Past Be Reburied?". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
- ^ 1798 Friedrich Schiller "Song of the Bell"
- ^ Rainer 2009, p. 190.
- ^ Kamm, Henry (17 June 1989). "Hungarian Who Led '56 Revolt Is Buried as a Hero". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
- ^ Rainer 2009, p. 191.
- ^ "Hungary removes uprising hero's statue". BBC. 28 December 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
- ^ "The Relocation of Imre Nagy's Statue Draws Controversy". HungaryToday. 8 January 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
- ^ "Hungary removes statue of anti-Soviet icon Imre Nagy – DW – 29.12.2018". DW.COM. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
- ^ "Hungary's Orban under fire for removing statue". The Sun. Malaysia. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
- ^ Rainer 2009, p. 87.
- ^ "Erzsebet Nagy, only child of Hungary's 1956 revolution prime minister Imre Nagy, dies". PR-inside.com. Associated Press. 29 January 2008. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 14 February 2008.
Bibliography
- Granville, Johanna (2004). The First Domino: International Decision Making During the Hungarian Crisis of 1956. ISBN 978-1-58544-298-0.
- Rainer, János M. (2009) [2002]. Imre Nagy: A Biography. Translated by Legters, Lyman H. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-959-1.
Further reading
- Gyula Háy (Julius Hay). Born 1900: memoirs. Hutchinson: 1974.
- Johanna Granville. "Imre Nagy aka 'Volodya' – A Dent in the Martyr's Halo?", "Cold War International History Project Bulletin", no. 5 (Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars, Washington, D.C.), Spring, 1995, pp. 28, and 34–37.
- Johanna Granville, trans., "Soviet Archival Documents on the Hungarian Revolution, 24 October – 4 November 1956", Cold War International History Project Bulletin, no. 5 (Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars, Washington, D.C.), Spring, 1995, pp. 22–23, 29–34.
- Johanna Granville, The First Domino: International Decision Making During the Hungarian Crisis of 1956", Texas A & M University Press, 2004. ISBN 1-58544-298-4
- KGB Chief TsKhSD, F. 89, Per. 45, Dok. 82.]
- Alajos Dornbach, The Secret Trial of Imre Nagy, Greenwood Press, 1995. ISBN 0-275-94332-1
- ISBN 0-356-20316-6
- Karl Benziger, Imre Nagy, Martyr of the Nation: Contested History, Legitimacy, and Popular Memory in Hungary. Lexington Books, 2008. ISBN 0-7391-2330-0