First Hungarian Republic
Hungarian People's Republic Magyar Népköztársaság (Hungarian) | |||||||||||||
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1918–1919 | |||||||||||||
Anthem: "Himnusz" | |||||||||||||
Status | Unrecognized rump state | ||||||||||||
Capital | Budapest 47°29′N 19°02′E / 47.483°N 19.033°E | ||||||||||||
Official language | Hungarian | ||||||||||||
Common languages | German, Slovak, Croatian, Romanian | ||||||||||||
Demonym(s) | Hungarian | ||||||||||||
Government | People's republic | ||||||||||||
President | |||||||||||||
• Nov. 1918 - Mar. 1919 | Mihály Károlyi | ||||||||||||
• Mar. 1919 - Aug. 1919 | interregnum | ||||||||||||
• Aug. 1919 | Gyula Peidl (acting) | ||||||||||||
Prime Minister | |||||||||||||
• Oct. 1918 - Jan. 1919 | Mihály Károlyi | ||||||||||||
• Jan. 1919 - Mar. 1919 | Dénes Berinkey | ||||||||||||
• Mar. 1919 - Aug. 1919 | interregnum | ||||||||||||
• Aug. 1919 | Gyula Peidl | ||||||||||||
• Aug. 1919 | István Friedrich | ||||||||||||
Legislature | National Council | ||||||||||||
Historical era | Interwar period | ||||||||||||
31 October 1918 | |||||||||||||
• Establishment | 16 November 1918 | ||||||||||||
• Beginning of the Hungarian–Romanian War | 13 November 1918 | ||||||||||||
• Beginning of the Hungarian–Czechoslovak War | November 1918 | ||||||||||||
• Vix Note | 26 February 1919 | ||||||||||||
21 March 1919 | |||||||||||||
• Re-establishment | 1 August 1919 | ||||||||||||
8 August 1919 | |||||||||||||
Area | |||||||||||||
• Total | 282,870 km2 (109,220 sq mi)[a] | ||||||||||||
Population | |||||||||||||
• 1920 | 7,980,143 | ||||||||||||
Currency |
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Today part of | Hungary | ||||||||||||
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The First Hungarian Republic (
Name
"Hungarian People's Republic" was adopted as the official name of the country on 16 November 1918,[2][3][4] and remained in use until the overthrow of the Dénes Berinkey government on 21 March 1919. Following the collapse of the Hungarian Soviet Republic, the Gyula Peidl government restored the pre-communist name of the state on 2 August 1919.[5][6]
The government of István Friedrich changed the name to "Hungarian Republic" on 8 August;[7][8][9] however, the denomination "Hungarian People's Republic" appeared on some government-issued decrees during this period.[10][11]
History
Károlyi era
History of Hungary |
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Hungary portal |
The Hungarian People's Republic was created by the Aster Revolution, which started in Budapest on 31 October 1918. That day, King Charles IV appointed the revolt's leader, Mihály Károlyi, as Hungarian prime minister. Almost his first act was to formally terminate the personal union between Austria and Hungary. On 13 November, Charles issued a proclamation withdrawing from Hungarian politics. A few days later the provisional government proclaimed Hungary a people's republic,[2] with Károlyi as both prime minister and interim president. This event ended 400 years of rule by the House of Habsburg.
The Hungarian Royal Honvéd army still had more than 1,400,000 soldiers[12][13] when Mihály Károlyi was announced as prime minister of Hungary. Károlyi yielded to U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's demand for pacifism by ordering the unilateral self- disarmament of the Hungarian army. This happened under the direction of Béla Linder, (minister of war) on 2 November 1918.[14][15] Due to the full disarmament of its army, Hungary was to remain without a national defence at a time of particular vulnerability. The Hungarian self-disarmament made the occupation of Hungary directly possible for the relatively small armies of Romania, the Franco-Serbian army and the armed forces of the newly established Czechoslovakia.
The Károlyi government's measures failed to stem popular discontent, especially when the
Military and political events changed rapidly and drastically after Hungarian disarmament:
- on 5 November 1918, the Serbian army, with the help of the French army, crossed the southern borders
- on 8 November, the Czechoslovak Army crossed the northern borders
- on 13 November, the Romanian army crossed the eastern borders
The Entente considered Hungary a partner in the defeated
Károlyi informed the cabinet that only the
Re-establishment and dissolution
After the fall of the Soviet Republic on 1 August 1919, a social democratic government—the so-called "trade union government"—came to power under the leadership of Gyula Peidl.[19] A decree was issued on 2 August restoring the form of government and the official state name back to "People's Republic".[5] During its brief existence, the Peidl government began to abrogate the edicts passed by the Communist regime.[20]
On 6 August, István Friedrich, leader of the White House Comrades Association—a right-wing, counter-revolutionary group—seized power in a bloodless coup with the backing of the Royal Romanian Army.[6] The next day, Joseph August declared himself regent of Hungary—he held the position until 23 August, when he was forced to resign[21]—and appointed Friedrich as Prime Minister. The state was formally dissolved by the new government on 8 August 1919.
See also
- Hungary between the World Wars
- Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
- Red Terror in Hungary
- White Terror in Hungary
References
Notes
- ^ Lambert, S. (19 April 2014). "The First Hungarian Republic". The Orange Files. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
- ^ a b 1918. évi néphatározat (in Hungarian) – via Wikisource.
- ISBN 963-8153-55-5.
- ^ Minisztertanácsi jegyzőkönyvek: 1918. november 16 (in Hungarian). DigitArchiv. p. 4.
- ^ a b A Magyar Népköztársaság Kormányának 1. számu rendelete Magyarország államformája tárgyában (in Hungarian) – via Wikisource.
- ^ ISBN 963-8153-55-5.
- ^ A Magyar Köztársaság miniszterelnökének 1. számu rendelete a sajtótermékekről (in Hungarian) – via Wikisource.
- ^ 4072/1919. M. E. számú rendelet (in Hungarian) – via Wikisource.
- ISBN 963-02-7639-9.
- ^ 3923/1919. M. E. számú rendelet (in Hungarian) – via Wikisource.
- ^ 70762/1919. K. M. számú rendelet (in Hungarian) – via Wikisource.
- ISBN 9781317867531.
- ISBN 9780880335058.
- ^ Dixon J. C. Defeat and Disarmament, Allied Diplomacy and Politics of Military Affairs in Austria, 1918–1922. Associated University Presses 1986. p. 34.
- ISBN 9781137069689.
- ISBN 9781882785155.
- ISBN 9780199599752.
- ISBN 963-389-590-1.
- ISBN 963-389-590-1.
- ^ Minisztertanácsi jegyzőkönyvek: 1919. augusztus 3 (in Hungarian). DigitArchiv. p. 6.
- ^ "Die amtliche Meldung über den Rücktritt" (in German). Neue Freie Presse, Morgenblatt. 24 August 1919. p. 2.
Bibliography
- Overy, R., ed. (1996). The Times History of the 20th Century. London: Times Books. ISBN 9780723007661.
- Rokai, P.; Đere, Z.; Pal, T.; Kasaš, A. (2002). Istorija Mađara (in Serbian). Belgrade: CLIO. ISBN 9788671020350.
- Siklós, A. (1988). Revolution in Hungary and the Dissolution of the Multinational State, 1918. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 9789630544665.
- Tarsoly, I. K., ed. (1995). "Magyarország". Révai nagy lexikona (in Hungarian). Budapest: Babits Kiadó. vol. XX. pp. 595–597. ISBN 9789638318701.
External links
- Media related to History of Hungary between the World Wars at Wikimedia Commons