Principality of Hungary
Grand Principality of Hungary Magyar Nagyfejedelemség (Hungarian) | |||||||||||||||||||
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c. 895–1000 Árpád dynasty | |||||||||||||||||||
Hungarian Christianity | |||||||||||||||||||
Demonym(s) | Hungarian | ||||||||||||||||||
Government | Gyula–Kende sacred diarchy (early) Tribal confederation | ||||||||||||||||||
Kende | |||||||||||||||||||
• 890s–c. 904 | Kurszán | ||||||||||||||||||
Grand Prince | |||||||||||||||||||
• c. 895–c. 907 | Árpád | ||||||||||||||||||
• c. 907–c. 950 | Zoltán | ||||||||||||||||||
• c. 950–c. 955 | Fajsz | ||||||||||||||||||
• c. 955–c. 972 | Taksony | ||||||||||||||||||
• c. 972–997 | Géza | ||||||||||||||||||
• 997–1000 | Stephen | ||||||||||||||||||
Historical era | Middle Ages | ||||||||||||||||||
• Established | c. 895 | ||||||||||||||||||
839-970 | |||||||||||||||||||
4–6 July 907 | |||||||||||||||||||
10–12 August 955 | |||||||||||||||||||
• Koppány's revolt | 997 | ||||||||||||||||||
• Coronation of Stephen I | 25 December 1000 or 1 January 1001 | ||||||||||||||||||
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The Grand Principality of Hungary
The
During the period, the power of the
The period from 896 to 1000 is called "the age of principality" within Hungarian historiography.[7]
Name
History of Hungary |
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Hungary portal |
The ethnonym of the Hungarian tribal alliance is uncertain. According to one view, following the description in the 13th century chronicle,
In contemporary Byzantine sources, written in Greek, the country was known as "Western Tourkia"[19][20] in contrast to Eastern (Khazar) Tourkia. The Jewish Hasdai ibn Shaprut around 960 called the polity "the land of the Hungrin" (the land of the Hungarians) in a letter to Joseph of the Khazars.[21]
History
Background
On the eve of the arrival of the Hungarians (Magyars), around 895,
Military achievements
The principality as a warrior state,[1] with a new-found military might, conducted vigorous raids ranging widely from Constantinople to central Spain. Three major Frankish imperial armies were defeated decisively by the Hungarians between 907 and 910.[35]
The Hungarians succeeded in extending the
Transition
The change from a ranked chiefdom
Constantine VII's De Administrando Imperio, written around 950 AD, tries to define precisely the whole land of the Hungarians, or Tourkia.[41] Constantine described the previous inhabitants of Hungary (e.g., the Moravians), described early Hungarian settlements and neighbors, and located Hungarian rivers (Temes, Maros, Körös, Tisza, Tutisz).[41] Constantine had much more knowledge about the eastern parts of Hungary; therefore, according to one theory, Tourkia did not mean the land of the whole federation, but a tribal settlement and the source of the description of Hungary could have been Gyula whose tribe populated the five rivers around 950.[41] According to another hypothesis, mainly based on Constantine's description, the Hungarians started to really settle western Hungary (Transdanubia) only after 950, because the eastern part of the country was more suitable for a nomadic lifestyle.[41]
Due to changed economic circumstances, insufficient pasturage to support a nomadic society and the impossibility of moving on,[42] the semi-nomadic Hungarian lifestyle began to change and the Magyars adopted a settled life and turned to agriculture,[22] though the start of this change can be dated to the 8th century.[43] The society became more homogeneous: the local Slavic and other populations merged with the Hungarians.[42] The Hungarian tribal leaders and their clans established fortified centers in the country and later their castles became centers of the counties.[26] The whole system of Hungarian villages developed in the 10th century.[39]
Fajsz and Taksony, the Grand Princes of the Hungarians, began to reform the power structure.[44][45] They invited Christian missionaries for the first time and built forts.[44] Taksony abolished the old center of the Hungarian principality (possibly at Upper Tisza) and sought new ones at Székesfehérvár[45] and Esztergom.[46] Taksony also reintroduced the old style military service, changed the weaponry of the army, and implemented large-scale organized resettlements of the Hungarian population.[45]
The consolidation of the Hungarian state began during the reign of
Christianization
The new Hungarian state was located on the border with
Organization of the state
Until 907 (or 904), the Hungarian state was under joint rule (perhaps adopted from the
Titles
- Kende (in Arabic sources) or megas archon (in Byzantine sources), rex (in Latin sources), the Grand Prince of Hungarians (after 907 CE)
- Gyla or djila (gyula) or magnus princeps (in western sources), the military leader[55] (second rank),[55] the Grand Prince of Hungarians[55]
- Horca, Kharkhas, the judge[58] (third rank)[55]
Population
There are various estimates of the size of the country's population in the 10th century, ranging from 250,000 to 1.5 million in 900 AD. There is no archaeological evidence that the Hungarian nobles lived in castles in the 10th century.
Further theories
Some historians believe that Prince Árpád's people spoke Turkic and the Magyars had been in the Basin since 680. Their main argument is that the newcomers' cemeteries are too small, indicating that the population was not big enough to make Magyar the dominant language in the Basin. However, it seems that Árpád led the Megyer tribe, and it would be tricky if the Megyer tribe would have spoken Bulgar Turkic.[clarification needed] Of course, in principle anything may happen in a symbiosis.[65]
See also
- List of Hungarian rulers
- Magyar tribes
- Seven chieftains of the Magyars
- Hungarian mythology
- Hunor and Magor
- Turul
- Old Hungarian script
References
- ^ ISBN 978-0-393-07817-6.
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- ^ Hadtörténelmi közlemények, Volume 114, Hadtörténeti Intézet és Múzeum, 2001, p. 131
- ISBN 978-1-4269-5336-1.
- ^ a b c Ligeti, Lajos (1982). Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. Vol. 36. Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 419.
- ISBN 978-0-8386-3545-2.
- ISBN 978-0-415-18151-8.
- ISBN 978-0-7007-1370-7.
- ISBN 978-1-85065-682-1.
- ^ a b c Paul Lendvai, The Hungarians: a thousand years of victory in defeat, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003, p. 15-29, p. 533
- ^ University of British Columbia. Committee for Medieval Studies, Studies in medieval and renaissance history, Committee for Medieval Studies, University of British Columbia, 1980, p. 159
- ^ a b Peter F. Sugar, Péter Hanák [1] A History of Hungary, Indiana University Press, 1994, pp 12-17
- ^ Pál Engel, Tamás Pálosfalvi, Andrew Ayton, The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526, .B.Tauris, 2005, p. 27
- ^ Gyula Decsy, A. J. Bodrogligeti, Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher, Volume 63, Otto Harrassowitz, 1991, p. 99
- ^ György Balázs, Károly Szelényi, The Magyars: the birth of a European nation, Corvina, 1989, p. 8
- ^ Alan W. Ertl, Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration, Universal-Publishers, 2008, p. 358
- ^ Peter B. Golden, Nomads and their neighbours in the Russian steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs, Ashgate/Variorum, 2003. "Tenth-century Byzantine sources, speaking in cultural more than ethnic terms, acknowledged a wide zone of diffusion by referring to the Khazar lands as 'Eastern Tourkia' and to Hungary as 'Western Tourkia.'" Carter Vaughn Findley, The Turks in the World History Archived 5 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 51, citing Peter B. Golden, 'Imperial Ideology and the Sources of Political Unity Amongst the Pre-Činggisid Nomads of Western Eurasia,' Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 2 (1982), 37–76.
- ^ Carter V. Findley, The Turks in world history, Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 51
- ISBN 978-0814325612
- ^ ISBN 978-0-312-10403-0. Retrieved 9 October 2009. Cited: "Great Moravia was a vassal state of the Germanic Frankish Kingdom and paid an annual tribute to it."
- ISBN 978-963-89167-3-0
- ^ Alfried Wieczorek, Hans-Martin Hinz, Council of Europe. Art Exhibition, Europe's centre around AD 1000, Volume 1, Volume 1, Theiss, 2000, pp. 363-372
- ^ Bryan Cartledge, Bryan Cartledge (Sir.), The will to survive: a history of Hungary, Timewell Press, 2006, p.6
- ^ ISBN 978-0-262-23192-3
- ISBN 978-615-5209-17-8.
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- ^ ISBN 9780569077002.
- ISBN 9780852240359.
- ^ Szabados, György (2019). Miljan, Suzana; B. Halász, Éva; Simon, Alexandru (eds.). "The origins and the transformation of the early Hungarian state" (PDF). Reform and Renewal in Medieval East and Central Europe: Politics, Law and Society. Zagreb.
- ISBN 963-7403-892.
- ^ Kontler, László (2002). A history of Hungary: millennium in Central Europe. Palgrave Macmilllan. p. 42.
- ^ Borbála Obrusánszky, Endre Neparáczki, Miklós Makoldi (2022). Regényes történelem (in Hungarian).
- ISBN 9780199892266
- ^ Clifford Rogers, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, Volume 1, Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 292
- ^ Oksana Buranbaeva [2] Culture and Customs of Hungary
- ^ The New Hungarian quarterly, Volumes 31-32, Corvina Press, 1990, p. 140
- ^ a b c d Lajos Gubcsi, Hungary in the Carpathian Basin, MoD Zrínyi Media Ltd, 2011
- ^ Révész, László (March 1996). A honfoglaló magyarok Északkelet- Magyarországon. Új Holnap 41. Archived from the originalon 25 April 2012.
- ^ a b c d Günter Prinzing, Maciej Salamon, Byzanz und Ostmitteleuropa 950 - 1453: Beiträge einer table-ronde während des XIX. International Congress of Byzantine Studies, Copenhagen 1996, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1999, pp. 27-33
- ^ a b c d Nóra Berend, At the gate of Christendom: Jews, Muslims, and "pagans" in medieval Hungary, c. 1000-c. 1300, Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 19
- ISBN 978-963-05-0308-2
- ^ a b László Kósa, István Soós, A companion to Hungarian studies, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1999, p. 113
- ^ Révész, László (20 December 2010). Hunok, Avarok, Magyarok (Huns, Avars, Magyars) (PDF). Hitel folyóirat (Magazine of Hitel). Archived from the original(PDF) on 19 March 2012.
- Révész, László (February 2008). A Felső-Tisza-vidék honfoglalás kori temetői. História (Magazine of História). Archived from the originalon 14 August 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
- ^ Stanislav J. Kirschbaum [3] A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival
- ^ a b c József Attila Tudományegyetem., Bölcsészettudományi Kar (University of József Attila), Acta historica, Volumes 92-98, 1991, p. 3
- ^ Miklós Molnár [4] A Concise History of Hungary
- ISBN 978-963-09-4597-4
- ^ Mark Whittow, The making of Byzantium, 600-1025, University of California Press, 1996, p. 294
- ^ Ferenc Glatz, Magyarok a Kárpát-medencében, Pallas Lap- és Könyvkiadó Vállalat, 1988, p. 21
- ^ Kevin Alan Brook, The Jews of Khazaria, Rowman & Littlefield, 2009, p. 253
- ^ Victor Spinei, The Great Migrations in the East and South East of Europe from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Century: Hungarians, Pechenegs and Uzes, Hakkert, 2006, p. 42
- ^ ISBN 978-0-521-36447-8
- ^ Acta historica, Volumes 105-110, József Attila Tudom. Bölcs. Kar, 1998, p. 28
- ^ Michael David Harkavy, The new Webster's international encyclopedia: the new illustrated reference guide, Trident Press International, 1998, p. 70
- ISBN 963-506-140-4
- ^ Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013, p. 72.
- ^ a b Wolf & Takács 2011, p. 238.
- ^ Wolf 2008, p. 14.
- ^ Balassa 1997, p. 291.
- ^ Wolf & Takács 2011, p. 209.
- ^ Wolf 2008, pp. 13–14.
- ^ Proto-Magyar Texts from the middle of 1st Middle of 1st Millenium? or Are they published or not? B. Lukács, President of Matter Evolution Subcommittee of the HAS. H-1525 Bp. 114. Pf. 49., Budapest, Hungary.
Secondary sources
- Balassa, Iván, ed. (1997). Magyar Néprajz IV [Hungarian ethnography IV.]. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-05-7325-3.
- Berend, Nora; Urbańczyk, Przemysław; Wiszewski, Przemysław (2013). Central Europe in the High Middle Ages: Bohemia, Hungary and Poland, c. 900-c. 1300. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-78156-5.
- Wolf, Mária; Takács, Miklós (2011). "Sáncok, földvárak" ("Ramparts, earthworks") by Wolf; "A középkori falusias települések feltárása" ("Excavation of the medieval rural settlements") by Takács". In Müller, Róbert (ed.). Régészeti Kézikönyv [Handbook of archaeology]. Magyar Régész Szövetség. pp. 209–248. ISBN 978-963-08-0860-6.
- Wolf, Mária (2008). A borsodi földvár (PDF). Művelődési Központ, Könyvtár és Múzeum, Edelény. ISBN 978-963-87047-3-3.
Further reading
- Kings and Saints – The Age of the Árpáds (PDF). Budapest, Székesfehérvár: Institute of Hungarian Research. 2022. ISBN 978-615-6117-65-6.
- Kozma, Gábor (Editor); et al. (December 2011). "New Results of Cross-Border Co-operation" (PDF). The Department of Social Geography and Regional Development Planning of the University of Debrecen; et al. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
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