Science and technology in Hungary
In 2014, Hungary counted 2,651 full-time-equivalent researchers per million inhabitants, steadily increasing from 2,131 in 2010 and compares with 3,984 in the US or 4,380 in Germany.
The key actor of research and development in Hungary is the National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NRDI Office), which is a national strategic and funding agency for scientific research, development and innovation, the primary source of advice on RDI policy for the Hungarian government, and the primary RDI funding agency. Its role is to develop RDI policy and ensure that Hungary adequately invest in RDI by funding excellent research and supporting innovation to increase competitiveness and to prepare the RDI strategy of the Hungarian Government, to handle the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund, and represents the Hungarian Government and a Hungarian RDI community in international organizations.[8]
The Hungarian Academy of Sciences and its research network is another key player in Hungarian R&D and it is the most important and prestigious learned society of Hungary, with the main responsibilities of the cultivation of science, dissemination of scientific findings, supporting research and development and representing Hungarian science domestically and around the world.[9]
Research universities and institutions
A mining school called "Berg Schola", the world's first institute of technology was founded in
BME University is considered the world's oldest institute of technology which has university rank and structure. It was the first institute in Europe to train engineers at university level.[11]
Among Hungary's numerous research universities, the Eötvös Loránd University, founded in 1635, is one of the largest and the most prestigious[12] public higher education institutions in Hungary. The 28,000 students at ELTE are organized into eight faculties, and into research institutes located throughout Budapest. ELTE is affiliated with 5 Nobel laureates, as well as winners of the Wolf Prize, Fulkerson Prize and Abel Prize, the latest of which was Abel Prize winner Endre Szemerédi in 2012.
Venture capital market
According to the HVCA (Hungarian Venture Capital and Private Equity Association) report joint efforts of the venture capital and private equity industry and the Hungarian government, the access of Hungarian enterprises to venture capital and private equity funding could be significantly increased. During the past two decades these financial intermediaries have also played an increasingly important role in the Hungarian economy. During this period, venture capital and private equity funds invested close to 4 billion US Dollars into more than 400 Hungarian enterprises.
However, so-called buyout transactions have accounted for about two thirds of the total volume of those investments, which were aimed at the acquisition of shares in mature companies that have been operating profitably for several years. The volume of investments in early and expansive stage companies was significantly lower. Only about 30% of the total volume of investments was directed at companies in the expansive stage and less than 5% at early stage companies. This is also reflected by the fact that over the last two decades slightly more than 10% of the total volume of venture capital and private equity investments came from funds focusing on early stage companies. The remaining close to 90% was invested by private equity funds focusing on more mature companies with greater economic strength. As for the number of transactions, companies in the expansive stage were targeted by the largest number of venture capital and private equity investments: such investments accounted for almost 60% of Hungarian transactions. Nearly a third of transactions involved early stage companies. Buy-out deals represented approximately 10% of transactions by number. Several factors have contributed to this growth. These include tax exemptions on Hungarian venture capital, funds established in conjunction with large international banks and financial companies and the involvement of major organizations desirous to capitalize on the strengths of Hungarian start up and high-tech companies. In recent years, the share of venture capital invested in the growth stages of enterprises has flourished at the expense of early stage investments.[14]
Nobel Prize laureates
Since the first Hungarian won a Nobel Prize in 1905, the country has added a further 14 to its cache.[15] With scientists, writers and economists all honored in the prestigious awards:
Year | Winner | Field | Contribution |
---|---|---|---|
1905 | Philipp Lenard | Physics | "for his work on cathode rays" |
1914 | Robert Bárány | Medicine | "for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus" |
1925 | Richard Adolf Zsigmondy | Chemistry | "for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used, which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry" |
1937 | Albert Szent-Györgyi | Medicine | "for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid" |
1943 | George de Hevesy | Chemistry | "for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes"
|
1961 | Georg von Békésy | Medicine | "for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea" |
1963 | Eugene Wigner | Physics | "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles" |
1971 | Dennis Gabor | Physics | "for his invention and development of the holographic method" |
1986 | John Polanyi | Chemistry | "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes" |
1994 | George Olah
|
Chemistry | "for his contribution to carbocation chemistry" |
1994 | John Harsanyi | Economics | "pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games" |
2002 | Imre Kertész | Literature | "for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history" |
2004 | Avram Hershko | Chemistry | "for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation" |
2023 | Katalin Karikó | Medicine | "for the development of mRNA-based vaccine" |
2023 | Ferenc Krausz[16] | Physics | "for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter" |
Hungarian Scientific Olympic Achievements
Hungary has excelled at the scientific Olympiads, ever since the beginnings. Best result is in maths with absolute cumulative 4th place until 2019, behind China, Russia and US. Per capita result is a world leader.[17] Results in physics is just somewhat weaker. 9th place (3rd best in Europe). Per capita result is also a world leader. Chemistry (1968-2019) results give 8th place and 4th place in Europe. This is also a world leader per capita. However the results have weakened lately.
Hungarian inventions
- The English word "coach" came from the Hungarian kocsi ("wagon from Kocs" referring to the village in Hungary where coaches were first made).[18][19]
- speaking machinein 1769.
- János Irinyi invented the noiseless match.
- In 1827, self-excitation".
- David Schwarz invented and designed the first flyable rigid airship (aluminium-made). Later, he sold his patent to German Graf Zeppelin, who built the so-called Zeppelin airship.
- Donát Bánki and János Csonka invented the carburetor.
- Ottó Bláthy, Miksa Déri and Károly Zipernowsky invented the modern transformer in 1885.[20]
- Ottó Bláthy invented the turbogenerator and wattmeter.
- Kálmán Kandó invented the three-phase alternating current electric locomotive, and was a pioneer in the development of electric railway traction.
- Tivadar Puskás invented the telephone exchange, Telefon Hírmondó.
- Dezső Korda invented the rotating capacitor (tuning capacitor).
- József Galamb was the main engineer and inventor of the Ford Model T and co-developer of the assembly line.
- Eugene Farkas was main engineer on the Fordson tractor.
- electric bulb(1904).
- electric bulb.
- weak equivalence principle and surface tension.
- Sándor Gaál invented the cyclotrone 1929 (but the German editorial, registered 5th of may, mistok it, and did not publish the study)
- infrared camera(1929).
- István Juhász Gamma-Juhász predictor (electro-mechanical "computer") 1930 used for directing artillery.
- Jenö Dulovits 1st mirror-reflex-camera:Duflex
- József Mihályi (Chief-designer at Kodak) was co-designer or designer and inventor for Kodak of the following cameras: Kodak Ekstra, Kodak Medalist, Kodak Super Six-20[21] and Kodak Bantam Special.[22]
- Ödön Riszdorfer and 0Mihályi invented the first semi-automatic camera: Kodak Super Six-20
- Ödön Riszdorfer light meter (1931)
- passive safetyin automobiles.
- Ervin Kováts invented the concept of Kovats retention index, a concept used in gas chromatography.
- Csaba Horváth constructed the first high performance liquid chromatograph.
- Ferenc Anisits invented the modern diesel engine.
- Albert Szent-Györgyi discovered Vitamin C and created the first artificial vitamin. (Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1937)
- fluid flow and mathematical background of supersonic flight and inventor of swept-back wings, "father of Supersonic Flight".
- Albert Fonó invented ramjet propulsion.
- György Jendrassik invented turboprop propulsion.
- Tamás Péter Bródy invented the active-matrix thin film transistor technology which underpins the LCD and OLED displays commonly used today.
- Dennis Gabor invented holography (Nobel Prize in Physics in 1971).
- László Bíró invented the ballpoint pen.
- hydrogen bomb.
- BASIC programming language with Thomas E. Kurtz.
- Ferenc Pavlics was one of two co-developers of the NASA Apollo Lunar rover.
- Antal K. Bejczy developed Mars Rover Sojourner.
- Ernő Rubik invented the so-called Rubik's Cube.
- ArchiCAD 3-D software was developed by Gábor Bojár(1987).
- Charles Simonyi was chief-architect at Microsoft and oversaw the creation of Microsoft's flagship Office suite of applications.[24][25]
- Gömböc, a new geometrical body, was invented in 2006 by Hungarian scientists Gábor Domokos and Péter Várkonyi.
- low level laser therapy, also known as "light therapy".
- Prezi, a web-based presentation application and storytelling tool, developed by Adam Somlai-Fischer and Peter Halacsy in 2007.
- translucentconcrete building material.
- Dániel Rátai invented the three-dimensional monitor: Leonar3Do.[26]
- The three-dimensional scanner microscope 3D Alba (international patent in 2007) was developed by Katona Gergely and Rózsa Balázs.[27]
In August 1939, Szilárd approached his old friend and collaborator
Science
Scientists and inventors
Important names in the 18th century are
Hungary is famous for its excellent
Many Hungarian scientists, including
Some internationally well-known figures of today include: mathematician László Lovász, physicist Albert-László Barabási, physicist Ferenc Krausz, chemist Julius Rebek, chemist Árpád Furka, biochemist Árpád Pusztai and the highly controversial former NASA-physicist Ferenc Miskolczi, who denies the green-house effect.[35] According to Science Watch: In Hadron research Hungary has most citations per paper in the world.[36] In 2011 neuroscientists György Buzsáki, Tamás Freund and Peter Somogyi were awarded with The Brain Prize ("Danish Nobel Prize" in neurology)" for "brain circuits involved in memory".[37] Péter Horváth,[38] in Szeged, is a biophysicist, explaining minimal changes in a cell.
After the fall of the communist dictatorship (1989), a new scientific prize, the János Bolyai Creative Award (Bolyai János alkotói díj), was established (1997), politically unbiased and of the highest international standard. Tibor Gánti got full recognition first after his death for his Chemoton-theory which explains how life started.
Events with Awards since 2000
Year | Events | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
2001 | chemist
Csaba Horváth |
Separation Science and Technology Award | "father of HPLC" | |
2001 | chemist
Gabor A. Somorjai
|
National Medal of Science
As 11th hungarian |
1st Theodore von Kármán (1962) 2nd Eugene Wigner (1968) 3rd Edward Teller (1984) | |
2002 | physicist | Wittgenstein Prize | ||
2003 | chemist Tibor Gánti | Chemoton | The Principles of Life (Oxford pUniversity Press - 2003) | |
2004 | chemist Zoltan Nusser | Lieben Prize Austrian prize to former Austro-Hungarian lands. | as 1st hungarian since 2004 | |
2004 | chemist | Nobel Prize | chemistry: as 7th hungarian | |
2005 | mathematician
Peter Lax (US) |
Abel prize 1st hungarian
|
||
2006 | mathematician
Gábor Domokos and Péter Várkonyi |
created a new geometrical shape: Gömböc | ||
2008 | mathematician | C&C prize.[39][circular reference] | ||
2008 | physicist
Rudolf Kálmán
|
National Medal of Science (US) As 11th? hungarian |
5th: Paul Gyorgyi 75 6th: Peter C. Goldmark 76
7th:Lax 86
8th:Bott 87
9th:Stigler 87
10th: Friedman 88
| |
2009 | physicist
(US) |
James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics 1st hungarian | ||
2009 | neuroscientist Peter Somogyi | Feldberg Foundation
2nd hungarian 1st György Radda | ||
2009 | chemist Csaba Pal | Lieben Prize | as 2nd hungarian since 2004 | |
2010 | mathematician | Kyoto Prize | as 3rd hungarian
1st Rudolf Kálmán
2nd György Ligeti
| |
2011 | chemist
Julius Rebek (US) |
William H. Nichols Medal 1st hung. | ||
2011 | neuroscientists
György Buzsáki (US), Peter Somogyi (UK) & Tamas Freund
|
Inaugural European Brain Award (Dk) | ||
2012 | mathematician | Abel prize
|
2nd hung. | |
2012 | mathematician
László Lovász won the |
Fulkersson prize | (2nd time) | |
2013 | physicist
Miklos Porkolab (US) |
Hannes Alfvén Prize | 1st hung. | |
2013 | physicist | Otto Hahn Prize | ||
2013 | mathematician | Claude E. Shannon Award | 2nd hung.
1st:Imre Cziszár | |
2019 | mathematician | Claude E. Shannon Award | 3rd hung. | |
2015 | physicist | Thomson Reuters Citation Laureate | ||
2015 | physicist | might have found the Fifth force | ||
2015 | chemist
Gabor A. Somorjai , ö
|
William H. Nichols Medal | 2nd hung. | |
2016 | mathematician Illes Farkas | Lieben Prize | as 4th hungarian since 2004 | |
2017 | mathematician | Shaw prize | ||
2017 | mathematician | Bôcher prize
|
2nd hung.
1st: John von Neumann | |
2018 | mathematician | Leibniz Award
|
3rd hungarian | 1st Géza Alföldy |
2018 | physicist | Humboldt prize | ||
2018 | neuroscientist | W. Alden Spencer Award | ||
2018 | neuroscientist | Bressler Prize,[41] | ||
2019 | physicist | Videodiagnostics for fusionenergy[42] | ||
2019 | mathematician | EPS Statistical and Nonlinear Physics Prize | ||
2019 | neuroscientist | Cloëtta Prize | 1st hungarian | |
2019 | neuroscientist | Louis-Jeantet Prize
for Medicin |
1st hung. | |
2020 | neuroscientist | Körber European Science Prize | 4th hung. 1st: Paul Rácz/Jánossy
2nd: Dudits | |
2020 | mathematician
Gábor Domokos et al. |
Plato: Earth is made up of cubes proved | ||
2020 | physicist | Lars Onsager Prize (US)[43] | 1st hungarian | |
2020 | neuroscientistì
György Buzsáki (US) |
Ralph W. Gerard Prize | as 2nd hungarian
1st Stephen William Kuffler
| |
2020 | biochemist | Rosenstiel Award[44] the scientist behind the Covid-vaccine[45] | ||
2020 | physicists Tamás Csörgö, Tamás Novák, András Ster, István Szanyi et al.[46] et al.[47][48] | Odderon discovery | ||
2021 | mathematician | Abel Prize | 3rd hung. | |
2021 | phycisist | EPS Statistical and Nonlinear Physics Prize | 1st hungarian | |
2021 | István Peták | Future Unicorn Award[49] | ||
2021 | biochemist | BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Awards
|
4th hung.
1st: Gàbor Somorjai 2nd György Kurtág 3rd: Péter Eötvös | |
2022 | physicist | Wolf Prize
in physics |
(12/13th hung. Wolf-winner)
(2nd Wolf in physics) |
|
2022 | mathematician | Wolf Prize
in mathematics |
5th Wolf in maths | |
2022 | mathematician | Research.com Best Scientist Award 2022 - Research.com Best Scientist Award | ||
2022 | biochemist | Louis-Jeantet Prize
for Medicin |
2nd hung. | |
2022 | biochemist | Lasker Award | ||
2022 | physicist | BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Awards
|
5th hung. | |
2022 | neuroscientist
György Buzsáki ( US) |
Research.com Best Scientist Award[50] | ||
2023 | mathematician | Lilienfeld Prize | 2nd
hungarian. | |
2023 | biochemist | induced in the | as 3rd hungarian woman after Maria Telkes & 1/2-hung. Hedy Lamarr
| |
2023 | chemist
|
Enrico Fermi Award | (4th hung.)
1st: John von Neumann 2nd: Eugene J. Wigner 1958 3rd: Edward Teller1962 |
|
2023 | mathematician | 2023 - Research.com Computer Science in United States Leader Award | ||
2023 | biochemist
Katalin Kariko
|
German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina | membership (as 13th Hungarian) | |
2023 | biochemist
Katalin Kariko
|
Meyenburg Award (D) | Personalized Cancer Immunotherapy | |
2023 | neuroscientist | Int. translational award[51] | ||
2023 | mathematician | Frontiers of Science Award (CHN) | as 1st hungarian | |
2023 | computer scientist László Végh[53] | Frontiers of Science Award (CHN) | as 1st hungarian | |
2023 | computer scientists: | Hojjat Adel Award (since 2010)[54] | 1st hungarians awarded | |
2023 | biochemist
Katalin Kariko
|
Nobel prize (S) in medicine
for Groundbreaking Work on mRNA |
1st hungarian woman & 5th hungarian in medicine category | |
2023 | physicist | Nobel prize (S) in physics | 4th hungarian in physics category | |
2023 | Int team/hungarian leadership | Aeroelastic flutter problem in aviation solved[55]
| ||
2023 | biochemist
Antal Csámpai et. al.[56] |
High efficient cancer-drug.[57] | ||
2023 |
Eva Tardos
|
Knuth Prize | 5th hungarian |
Technology
Early milestones in technology and infrastructure (1700–1918)
The first steam engines of continental Europe was built in Újbánya – Köngisberg, Kingdom of Hungary (Today Nová Baňa Slovakia) in 1722. They were similar to the Newcomen engines, it served on pumping water from mines.[58][59][60][61]
Railways
The first Hungarian steam-locomotive railway line was opened on 15 July 1846, between Pest and Vác.[62] By 1910, the total length of the rail networks of the Hungarian Kingdom had reached 22,869 km (14,210 mi); the Hungarian network linked more than 1,490 settlements. This has ranked Hungarian railways as the sixth-most dense in the world (ahead of countries as Germany or France).[63]
Locomotive engine and railway vehicle manufacturers before World War One (engines and wagons, bridge and iron structures) were the
The Ganz Works identified the significance of induction motors and synchronous motors commissioned Kálmán Kandó (1869–1931) to develop it. In 1894, Kálmán Kandó developed high-voltage three-phase AC motors and generators for electric locomotives. The first-ever electric rail vehicle manufactured by Ganz Works was a 6 HP pit locomotive with direct current traction system. The first Ganz made asynchronous rail vehicles (altogether 2 pieces) were supplied in 1898 to Évian-les-Bains (Switzerland), with a 37-horsepower (28 kW), asynchronous-traction system. The Ganz Works won the tender of electrification of railway of Valtellina Railways in Italy in 1897. Italian railways were the first in the world to introduce electric traction for the entire length of a main line, rather than just a short stretch. The 106-kilometre (66 mi) Valtellina line was opened on 4 September 1902, designed by Kandó and a team from the Ganz works.[65] The electrical system was three-phase at 3 kV 15 Hz. The voltage was significantly higher than used earlier, and it required new designs for electric motors and switching devices.[66][67] In 1918,[68] Kandó invented and developed the rotary phase converter, enabling electric locomotives to use three-phase motors whilst supplied via a single overhead wire, carrying the simple industrial frequency (50 Hz) single phase AC of the high voltage national networks.[69]
-
The first steam railcar built by Ganz and de Dion-Bouton
-
The four-cylinder 2,950 hp (2,200 kW) MÁV Class 601 was the strongest steam locomotive of pre WW1 Europe.[70][71][72]
-
Ganz AC electric locomotive prototype (1901 Valtellina, Italy)
-
Electric locomotive RA 361 (later FS Class E.360) by Ganz for the Valtellina line, 1904
-
The world's first locomotive with a phase converter was Kandó's V50 locomotive (only for demonstration and testing purposes)
-
MÁV armoured train during the WW I
Electrified railway lines
- Budapest (See: BHÉV): Ráckeve line (1887), Szentendre line (1888), Gödöllő line (1888), Csepel line (1912)[73]
Electrified tramways
The first electric tramway was built in Budapest in 1887, which was the first tramway in Austria-Hungary. By the turn of the 20th century, 22 Hungarian cities had electrified tramway lines in Kingdom of Hungary.
Date of electrification of tramway lines in the Kingdom of Hungary:
- Hungary: Budapest (1887); Pressburg/Pozsony/Bratislava (1895); Szabadka/Subotica, Szombathely, Miskolc (1897); Temesvár/Timișoara (1899); Sopron (1900); Szatmárnémeti/Satu Mare (1900); Nyíregyháza (1905); Nagyszeben/Sibiu (1905); Nagyvárad/Oradea (1906); Szeged (1908); Debrecen (1911); Újvidék/Novi Sad (1911); Kassa/Košice (1913); Pécs (1913)
- Croatia:
Underground
The Budapest metro Line 1 (originally the "Franz Joseph Underground Electric Railway Company") is the second oldest underground railway in the world[78] (the first being the London Underground's Metropolitan Line), and the first on the European mainland. It was built from 1894 to 1896 and opened in Budapest on 2 May 1896.[79] Since 2002, the M1 line was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[80][81] The M1 line became an
Automotive industry
-
Magomobil phoenix car -1906
-
AMagomobilPhoenix advertisement in 1911
-
Rába (automobile)
-
MARTA 35-45 HP Dublu-Phaeton
-
Magomobil phönix auto -1910
-
A Magomobil truck in 1914
-
Marta bus in Arad in 1909
-
Photograph of a Ganz bus in 1914
-
Magomobil phoenix Bus
-
"Titan" petrol engine tractor in 1913. (Produced by the Magyar Motor és Gépgyár)
Prior to World War I, the Kingdom of Hungary had four car manufacturer companies; Hungarian car production started in 1900. Automotive factories in the Kingdom of Hungary manufactured motorcycles, cars, taxicabs, trucks and buses. These were: the
.Aeronautical industry
The first Hungarian hydrogen-filled experimental balloons were built by István Szabik and József Domin in 1784. The first Hungarian designed and produced airplane to be powered by a Hungarian
During the interwar and WWII periods, Hungarian designs continued to be developed and flown, however for the most part German types were modified and/or manufactured under license. Examples include those developed or manufactured by
Electrical industry and electronics
-
Jedlik motor 1827
-
The ZBD Transformer of GANZ Works, 1885
-
construction of a Ganz water turbo generator (1886)
-
PSM V56 D0433 direct connectedelectric railway generator(1899)
-
Ganz 21.000 kW Transformer (1911, weight: 38t)
-
36700 hp steam turbine under construction in the Láng Machine Factory, 1913
-
Láng turbogenerators in the Salgótarján Colliery Company, 1915
-
Murghab River.
-
A generator assembly hall of the Ganz Works (1922)
Power plants, generators and transformers
In 1878, the Ganz company's general manager András Mechwart (1853–1942) founded the Department of Electrical Engineering headed by Károly Zipernowsky (1860–1939). Engineers Miksa Déri (1854–1938) and Ottó Bláthy (1860–1939) also worked at the department producing direct-current machines and arc lamps.
In autumn 1884, Károly Zipernowsky, Ottó Bláthy and Miksa Déri (ZBD), three engineers associated with the Ganz factory, had determined that open-core devices were impracticable, as they were incapable of reliably regulating voltage.[92] In their joint 1885 patent applications for novel transformers (later called ZBD transformers), they described two designs with closed magnetic circuits where copper windings were either a) wound around iron wire ring core or b) surrounded by iron wire core.[93] The two designs were the first application of the two basic transformer constructions in common use to this day, which can as a class all be termed as either core form or shell form (or alternatively, core type or shell type), as in a) or b), respectively (see images).[94][95][96][97] The Ganz factory had also in the autumn of 1884 made delivery of the world's first five high-efficiency AC transformers, the first of these units having been shipped on September 16, 1884.[98] This first unit had been manufactured to the following specifications: 1,400 W, 40 Hz, 120:72 V, 11.6:19.4 A, ratio 1.67:1, one-phase, shell form.[98] In both designs, the magnetic flux linking the primary and secondary windings traveled almost entirely within the confines of the iron core, with no intentional path through air (see Toroidal cores below). The new transformers were 3.4 times more efficient than the open-core bipolar devices of Gaulard and Gibbs.[99]
The ZBD patents included two other major interrelated innovations: one concerning the use of parallel connected, instead of series connected, utilization loads, the other concerning the ability to have high turns ratio transformers such that the supply network voltage could be much higher (initially 1,400 to 2,000 V) than the voltage of utilization loads (100 V initially preferred).[100][101] When employed in parallel connected electric distribution systems, closed-core transformers finally made it technically and economically feasible to provide electric power for lighting in homes, businesses and public spaces.[102][103] Bláthy had suggested the use of closed cores, Zipernowsky had suggested the use of parallel shunt connections, and Déri had performed the experiments;[104] The other essential milestone was the introduction of 'voltage source, voltage intensive' (VSVI) systems'[105] by the invention of constant voltage generators in 1885.[106] Ottó Bláthy also invented the first AC electricity meter.[107][108][109][110] Transformers today are designed on the principles discovered by the three engineers. They also popularized the word 'transformer' to describe a device for altering the emf of an electric current,[102][111] although the term had already been in use by 1882.[112][113] In 1886, the ZBD engineers designed, and the Ganz factory supplied electrical equipment for, the world's first power station that used AC generators to power a parallel connected common electrical network, the steam-powered Rome-Cerchi power plant.[114] The reliability of the AC technology received impetus after the Ganz Works electrified a large European metropolis: Rome in 1886.[114]
Turbines and Turbogenerators
The first turbo-generators were
In 1905, the Láng Machine Factory company also started the production of steam turbines for alternators.[116]
Light bulbs, radio tubes and X-ray
Tungsram is a Hungarian manufacturer of light bulbs and vacuum tubes since 1896. On 13 December 1904, Hungarian Sándor Just and Croatian Franjo Hanaman were granted a Hungarian patent (No. 34541) for the world's first tungsten filament lamp. The tungsten filament lasted longer and gave brighter light than the traditional carbon filament. Tungsten filament lamps were first marketed by the Hungarian company Tungsram in 1904. This type is often called Tungsram-bulbs in many European countries.[117] Their experiments also showed that the luminosity of bulbs filled with an inert gas was higher than in vacuum. The tungsten filament outlasted all other types (especially the former carbon filaments). The British Tungsram Radio Works was a subsidiary of the Hungarian Tungsram in pre-WW2 days.
Despite the long experimentation with vacuum tubes at Tungsram company, the mass production of radio tubes begun during WW1,
signal generators, oscilloscopes and pulse generators
The signal generators, oscilloscopes and pulse generators manufactured by Orion's instrumentation class have done a good job for the domestic industry as well as for export.
Home appliances
The Orion Electronics was founded in 1913. Its main profiles were the production of electrical switches, sockets, wires, incandescent lamps, electric fans, electric kettles, and various household electronics.
Industrial Refrigerators
In 1894, Hungarian inventor and industrialist István Röck started to manufacture an industrial ammonia refrigerator which was powered by electric compressors (together with the Esslingen Machine Works). At the 1896 Millennium Exhibition, Röck and the Esslingen Machine Works presented a 6-tonne capacity artificial ice producing plant. Until nationalisation after the Second World War, large-scale refrigerator production in Hungary was in the hands of Röck and Ganz Works. In 1906, the first Hungarian cold store (with a capacity of 3,000 tonnes, the largest in Europe) opened in Tóth Kálmán Street, Budapest.[120]
Telecommunication
The first telegraph station on Hungarian territory was opened in December 1847 in Pressburg/ Pozsony /Bratislava/. In 1848, – during the Hungarian Revolution – another telegraph centre was built in Buda to connect the most important governmental centres. The first telegraph connection between Vienna and Pest – Buda (later Budapest) was constructed in 1850.[121] In 1884, 2,406 telegraph post offices operated in the Kingdom of Hungary.[122] By 1914 the number of telegraph offices reached 3,000 in post offices, and a further 2,400 were installed in the railway stations of the Kingdom of Hungary.[123]
The first Hungarian telephone exchange was opened in Budapest (May 1, 1881).[124] All telephone exchanges of the cities and towns in the Kingdom of Hungary were linked in 1893.[121] By 1914, more than 2,000 settlements had telephone exchange in the Kingdom of Hungary.[123]
The Telefon Hírmondó (Telephone Herald) service was established in 1893. Two decades before the introduction of radio broadcasting, residents of Budapest could listen to news, cabaret, music and opera at home and in public spaces daily. It operated over a special type of telephone exchange system and its own separate network. The technology was later licensed in Italy and the United States. (see: telephone newspaper).
The first Hungarian telephone factory (Factory for Telephone Apparatuses) was founded by János Neuhold in Budapest in 1879, which produced telephones microphones, telegraphs, and telephone exchanges.[125][126][127]
In 1884, the Tungsram company also started to produce microphones, telephone apparatuses, telephone switchboards and cables.[128]
The Ericsson company also established a factory for telephones and switchboards in Budapest in 1911.[129]
-
The battle-damagednaval battle
-
The first Hungarian steamship was built by Antal Bernhard in 1817, called S.S. Carolina. It was also the first steamship in Habsburg-ruled states.[130] The daily passenger traffic between the two sides of the Danube by the Carolina started in 1820.[131] The regular cargo and passenger transports between Pest and Vienna began in 1831.[130] However, it was Count István Széchenyi (with the help of Austrian ship's company Erste Donaudampfschiffahrtsgesellschaft (DDSG) ), who established the Óbuda Shipyard on the Hungarian Hajógyári Island in 1835, which was the first industrial scale steamship building company in the Habsburg Empire.[132] The most important seaport for the Hungarian part of the k.u.k. was Fiume (Rijeka, today part of Croatia), where the Hungarian shipping companies, such as the Adria, operated. The largest Hungarian shipbuilding company was the Ganz-Danubius. In 1911, The Ganz Company merged with the Danubius shipbuilding company, which largest shipbuilding company in Hungary. Since 1911, the unified company adopted the "Ganz – Danubius" brand name. As Ganz Danubius, the company became involved in shipbuilding before, and during, World War I. Ganz was responsible for building the dreadnought Szent István, supplied the machinery for the cruiser Novara.
Diesel-electric military submarines:
The Ganz-Danubius company started to build
In 1915, the
See also
- Economy of Hungary
- Telecommunications in Hungary
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences
- Education in Hungary
- Hungarian Space Office
- List of Hungarian Nobel laureates
- Open access in Hungary to scholarly communication
- Science and technology in Europe
- European Research Area
- European Institute of Innovation and Technology (HQ Budapest)
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