Kalinga (Mahabharata)
Kalinga is a kingdom described in the legendary Indian text Mahabharata.[3] They were a warrior clan who settled in and around the historical Kalinga region, present-day Odisha and northern parts of Andhra Pradesh. According to political scientist Sudama Misra, the Kalinga janapada originally comprised the area covered by the Puri and Ganjam districts.reference-Sudama Misra (1973). Janapada state in ancient India. Bhāratīya Vidyā Prakāśana. p. 78.
Kalinga clan warriors sided with Duryodhana in the
References in Mahabharata
Kalinga was a separate kingdom which is mentioned as an ancient Indian (Bharata Varsha) kingdom, along with the Vodhas and again along with the Kiratas residing in the east, at (6,9).
Birth of the five royal lines
The five royal lines of
Though
Gautama's abode was in Girivraja, the capital of
The eastern kings mentioned in the Swayamvara of Panchali
Kalinga King attended the svayamvara of Draupadi, along with Chandrasena.
Sahadeva's conquests
Dantapura, now known as the city of Puri in Odisha, was mentioned as the capital of Kalinga in the Mahabharata (5:23). Sahadeva, the Pandava general had visited this city. Kalinga is mentioned to have another capital named Rajapura. Dantapura was conquered by Sahadeva (5,23).
Karna's conquests
Other conquests of Kalinga
- Kasi. (5,48), (16,6)
- Magadha(5,50)
- Parashurama is mentioned to have conquered the Kalingas along with the Angas and Vangas (6,68)
Yudhishthira's entry into his new palace at Indraprastha
Kalinga king Srutayus, attended the event of
King Bhagadatta seems to have sway over all the eastern kingdoms including Pundra, Suhma, Vanga and Kalinga. Anga kingdom was ruled by his friend Karna and Vrihadvala was the king of Kosala Kingdom, his another friend.
King
Duryodhana marries from Kalinga
Duryodhana married the daughter of Chitrangada, who was a Kalinga king, with the capital at
Once on a time many kings repaired to a self-choice at the capital of Chitrangada, the ruler of the country of the Kalingas. The city full of opulence, was known by the name of Rajapura.
Arjuna's pilgrimage
Arjuna visited all the regions of sacred waters and other holy palaces in Kalinga during his 12-year-old pilgrimage, travelling the whole of ancient India. (1,127)
Pandavas's pilgrimage
Pandavas, during their 12 year exile from their kingdom, set for a pilgrimage travelling the whole of ancient India, guided by sage Lomasa.
) (3,114)Drupada's list of kings
Drupada, the father in law of the
In the list is mentioned Srutayus, with other Kalinga kings, Samudrasena (Vanga king) etc. (5,4).
Kalingas in Kurukshetra War
Kalingas were mentioned as allied to
- Shakuni, a chief from Gandhara Kingdom
- Shalya, the king of Madra Kingdom
- Jayadratha, the king of Sindhu Kingdom
- Vinda and Anuvinda, two brothers and kings of Avanti Kingdom
- The Kekaya brothers from Kekeya Kingdom (opposed the Kekayas on the Pandava side)
- Sudakshina the king of Kamboja Kingdom
- Srutayudha the king of Kalinga Kingdom
- Jayatsena a king of Magadha Kingdom
- Vrihadvala the king of Kosala Kingdom
- Kritavarma, a Yadava chief from Anarta Kingdom
Bhima slew Kalinga king Srutayush and other Kalinga heroes
The battle of Kalingas is mentioned at various places (6–17,56,70,71,88,118), (7–4,7,11,20,44,72,90,118,138,152,191) (8–5,8,17,22) (9,33). The prominent among them was their battle with Pandava Bhima, which proved fatal to all the Kalinga heroes. (6–53,54), (8,70)
Then king Duryodhana urged the ruler of the Kalingas supported by a large division, for the protection of Bharadwaja’s son, Drona. Then that terrible and mighty division of the Kalingas rushed against Bhima. And then commenced a fierce battle between the Kalingas and the high-souled Bhima. (6,53).
The mighty king of the Kalingas, Srutayush, accompanied by a large army advanced towards Bhima’s car. The ruler of the Kalingas with many thousands of cars, supported by Ketumat, the son of the king of the Nishadas, with 10000 elephants and the Nishada army, surrounded Bhimasena, on all sides. Then the Chedis, the Matsyas, and Karushas, with Bhimasena at their head, with many kings impetuously rushed against the Nishadas. Terrific was the collision that took place between the few and many, between the Chedis on the one side and the Kalingas and the Nishadas on the other. The Chedis, abandoning Bhima, turned back. But Bhima, encountering all the Kalingas, did not turn back. Bhima, staying on his car whose steeds had been slain, hurled at Sakradeva, the son of the Kalinga King Srutayush, a mace made of the hardest iron. And slain by that mace, the son of the ruler of the Kalingas, from his car, fell down on the ground, with his standard and charioteer. Later he slew Bhanumat, the prince of Kalingas, by ascending the back of his elephant and cutting his body in half, with sword. Bhima drawing his bow slew the ruler of the Kalingas, Srutayush, with seven shafts made wholly of iron. And with two shafts he slew the two protectors of the car-wheels of the Kalinga King. And he also dispatched Satyadeva and Satya. (6,54)
- A Kalinga ruler other than Srutayush, lead the Kalinga army, during the rest of the days in battle. (7-7,90)
- Two brothers Kalinga and Vrishaka were mentioned as slain in battle at (8,5)
- A Kalinga king is mentioned to be slain at (11,25)
Karna's opinion on the Kalingas
Karna rebukes Shalya during the Kurukshetra War, and his race, and all the other tribes who had slightest similarity with Shalya's tribe.
- The Karashakas, the Mahishakas, the Kalingas, the Keralas, the Karkotakas, the Virakas, and other peoples of no religion, one should always avoid. (8,44)
- The Magadhas, and the Chediswho are all highly blessed, know what the eternal religion is. (8,45)
Siva worship in Kalinga
Siva is worshipped in the country of the Kalingas in the form of a tiger. Siva has an image in the country of the Kalingas that is called Vyaghreswara. (13,17)
Absence of Brahmins in Kalinga
It is in consequence of the absence of Brahmanas from among them that the Sakas, the Yavanas, the Kamvojas and other Kshatriya tribes have become fallen and degraded into the status of Sudras. The Dravidas, the Kalingas, the Pulandas, the Usinaras, the Kolisarpas, the Mahishakas and other Kshatriyas, have, in consequence of the absence of Brahmanas from among their midst, become degraded into Sudras. (13,33)
Other references
- A Kalinga princess named Karambha was wedded to Akrodhana a Puru king. Devatithi was their son. (1,95)
- An ally of Karitkeya, generalissimo of Deva army is mentioned as Kalinga (9,45)
See also
- Kingdoms of Ancient India
References
- ISBN 0226742210.
- ^ Content mirrored from this map
- ISBN 978-81-7102-144-4.
...in the Mahabharata wherein the Kalingas have been included amongst the tribes...
Further reading
- Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa, translated into English by Kisari Mohan Ganguli