Liberalism in Costa Rica

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Liberalism in

Christian democratic
parties.

Early history

The first victory of liberalism in the country was during the country's first civil war, the Ochomogo War in 1823 when the liberal-dominated cities of San José and Alajuela fought against the conservative-dominated cities of Heredia and Cartago due to the former's wish to split from the First Mexican Empire and becoming a Republic, whilst the Heredian and Cartaginese creole aristocracy favored to remain in the Empire as a way to protect their interests, and also as a clash of economic visions between the more liberal bourgeoisie and the agrarian aristocracy.[1] The war between the Republicans and Imperialists was won by the Republicans and the capital was moved from Cartago to San José.

The Liberal State

See also: Liberal State and Olympus Generation

Liberals will rule the country since its independence from Mexico, as almost all Presidents were liberals between 1825 and 1940 with only a few exceptions, and even during the country's membership in the

Braulio Carrillo, who was deposed by Honduran liberal Francisco Morazán who tried to restore the Federation, but was also deposed by a coup. The constitutional reform of José María Castro Madriz in 1847 turned the country officially into a Republic.[3][4][5]

The amount of important liberals in Costa Rica's history would be too large to list, but to mention a few this may include presidents like

Bruno Carranza Ramírez, Próspero Fernández Oreamuno, Bernardo Soto Alfaro, Cleto González Víquez, Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno, Alfredo González Flores, Ascensión Esquivel Ibarra, Carlos Durán Cartín and Julio Acosta García, among others. Writers like Aquileo Echeverría, Manuel González Zeledón, Ricardo Fernández Guardia, Carlos Gagini and Pío Víquez. Intellectuals like Mauro Fernández Acuña, Tomás Povedano, Carlos María Ulloa, Aquiles Bigot, Rogelio Fernández Güell, Roberto Brenes Mesén, Félix Arcadio Montero Monge, Máximo Fernández
and Lorenzo Montúfar, among others.

This period of dominance of the liberal ideas is known as the Liberal State of Costa Rica and encompassed between 1870 and 1940. Liberals of these times were mostly

Freemasons. Freemasonry in Costa Rica was introduced in the country by Catholic priest and military chaplain Francisco Calvo
in 1856 and almost all liberals were masons, to the point that the Catholic archbishop Víctor Sanabria denounced Masonry and liberalism as equal partners.

Due to the hegemony of the liberals, all de facto governments and internal factional conflicts were between them.

popular vote. But this victory was short-lived, as Rodríguez would break from the Church, using questionable methods to ensure the victory of his son-in-law Rafael Yglesias over the candidate of the Catholic Union in the following election.[1]

Nevertheless, the exhaustion of the liberal model was most evident not by the actions of the conservatives but by the birth of more left-wing political movements.

anarchists groups caused uproar in the political establishment.[6]

This may have helped the triumph of

Christian socialist Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia of the National Republican Party in 1940. Calderón's alliance with the Communists and the more progressive factions of the Catholic Church allowed some of the more important social reforms in Costa Rica but also sprang protests and opposition that sparked the 1948 Civil War.[6]

Second Republic

See also: Reform State

During the war, an alliance of liberals and conservatives led by

democratic socialist National Liberation Party won over wealthy industrialist liberal Fernando Castro Cervantes (endorsed by Ulate) of the Democratic Party. Republicans and Communists were outlawed at the time.[9]

But the

Rodrigo Carazo.[9]

The Unity Coalition was the alliance of four parties: Christian Democratic Party, Republican Calderonista Party (led by Calderon's son), the People's Union (led by Trejos) and the more left-wing Democratic Renovation (led by Carazo).

Miguel Ángel Rodríguez Echeverría (a confirm liberal) as PUSC candidate and then Costa Rican President in the 1998 Costa Rican general election, Costa Rica lacked an official liberal party for decades.[1]

This changed with the foundation of the

liberal conservative party.[12]

However, despite having important roles in both the

Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones and the Friedrich Naumann Foundation[13] (causing its departure from the Liberal International and Guevara's resignation as president of the regional), a critical financial situation[14] and a drastic drop in electoral support.[15] After ending fourth (behind the left) in the 2014 election and losing all its mayors in the mid-term local elections,[16] the party lost all its seats in the 2018 election
.

Other newly form liberal parties were created more recently including the

Liberal Progressive Party and the United We Can
party.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i González Chaves, Daniel (2014). "Los partidos políticos en Costa Rica: un acercamiento histórico". Revista Asociación para el Fomento de los Estudios Históricos en Centroamérica. Archived from the original on 2015-06-20.
  2. ^ a b "Costa Rica. El golpe de Tomás Guardia (1870) y la etapa liberal (1871- 1940)". EUMED. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
  3. ^ "Fundación de la república". Costa Rica web. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
  4. ^ "Fundación de la República". Archivo nacional. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
  5. ^ "¿Cómo se proclamó Costa Rica como República?". Museo de Costa Rica. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
  6. ^
    ISBN 9789977678672
    .
  7. ^ Salazar, Jorge Mario. "Estado liberal y luchas sociales en Costa Rica: 1870-1920". Revista de Ciencias Sociales. Archived from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
  8. ^ Muñoz, Eduardo (2009). "Investigación revela detalles del último cacique". Semanario Universidad. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  9. ^
    ISBN 9789968313605
    .
  10. ^ "Costa Rica". San José University. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  11. ^ "¿Ha sido consistente Guevara frente al matrimonio gay?". El Financiero. Retrieved 2018-12-23.[dead link]
  12. ^ "Liberal and conservative ideologies clashed in first official presidential debate", Inside Costa Rica, 6 January 2014
  13. ^ Molina, Tabatha. "Libertarian Party VP in Costa Rica Faces 16 Years for Fraud". Panama Post. Archived from the original on 7 April 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  14. ^ Madrigal, Rebeca. "Libertarian Movement will get 500 million colones from Promérica Bank in order to fund their last campaign in the days before the election". La Nación. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
  15. ISBN 9781475812282
    . Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  16. ISBN 9781475818710
    . Retrieved 27 March 2016.
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