Germaine de Staël
This article needs additional citations for verification. (November 2023) |
Germaine de Staël | |
---|---|
Corinne ou l'Italie (1807) (1813) | |
Spouses | |
Parents | |
representative government | |
Signature | |
Anne Louise Germaine de Staël-Holstein (French:
Her presence at critical events such as the
During her exile, she fostered the Coppet group, a network that spanned across Europe, positioning herself at its heart. Her literary works, emphasizing individuality and passion, left an enduring imprint on European intellectual thought. De Staël's repeated championing of Romanticism contributed significantly to its widespread recognition.[6]
While her literary legacy has somewhat faded with time, her critical and historical contributions hold undeniable significance. Though her novels and plays may now be less remembered, the value of her analytical and historical writings remains steadfast.[7] Within her work, de Staël not only advocates for the necessity of public expression but also sounds cautionary notes about its potential hazards.[8]
Childhood
Germaine (or Minette) was the only child of the Swiss
Her father "is remembered today for taking the unprecedented step in 1781 of making public the country's budget, a novelty in an absolute monarchy where the state of the national finances had always been kept secret, leading to his dismissal by the King in May of that year."[13] The family eventually took up residence in 1784 at Château Coppet, an estate on Lake Geneva. The family returned to the Paris region in 1785.[9]
Marriage
Aged 11, Germaine had suggested to her mother that she marry
Revolutionary activities
In 1788, de Staël published Letters on the works and character of J.J. Rousseau.[18] De Staël was at this time enthusiastic about the mixture of Rousseau's ideas about love and Montesquieu's on politics.[19]
In December 1788 her father persuaded
The increasing disturbances caused by the Revolution made her privileges as the consort of an ambassador an important safeguard. Germaine held a salon in the Swedish embassy, where she gave "coalition dinners", which were frequented by moderates such as
During this time of her political thoughts, de Staël was focused on the problem of leadership, or the perceived lack of it. In her later works she often returned to the idea that "the French Revolution has been characterized by a surprising absence of eminent personalities".[26] She experienced the death of Mirabeau, accused of royalism, as a sign of great political disorientation and uncertainty.[citation needed]
Following the
On Sunday 2 September, the day the
Salons at Coppet and Paris
After her flight from Paris, de Staël moved to
In the summer of 1793, de Staël returned to Switzerland, probably because De Narbonne had cooled towards her. She published a defence of the character of
In May 1795, de Staël moved to Paris, now with Constant in tow, as her protégé and lover.
Still absorbed by French politics, de Staël reopened her salon.
De Staël completed the initial part of her first most substantial contribution to political and constitutional theory, "Of present circumstances that can end the Revolution, and of the principles that must found the republic of France".[13]
Conflict with Napoleon
On 6 December 1797 de Staël had the first meeting with Napoleon Bonaparte in Talleyrand's office and met him again on 3 January 1798 during a ball. She made it clear to him that she did not agree with his planned invasion of Switzerland. He ignored her opinions and would not read her letters.[57] In January 1800, Napoleon appointed Benjamin Constant a member of the
"It seems to me that life's circumstances, being
ephemeral, teach us less about durable truths than the fictions based on those truths; and that the best lessons of delicacy and self-respect are to be found in novels where the feelings are so naturally portrayed that you fancy you are witnessing real life as you read."[64]
De Staël published a provocative, anti-Catholic novel
When Constant moved to
Years of exile
For ten years, de Staël was not allowed to come within 40 leagues (almost 200 km) of Paris. She accused Napoleon of "persecuting a woman and her children".[68] On 23 October, she left for Germany "out of pride", in the hope of gaining support and to be able to return home as soon as possible.[69][70]
German travels
With her children and Constant, de Staël stopped off in Metz and met Kant's French translator Charles de Villers. In mid-December, they arrived in Weimar, where she stayed for two and a half months at the court of the Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach and his mother Anna Amalia. Goethe who had become ill hesitated about seeing her. After meeting her, Goethe went on to refer to her as an "extraordinary woman" in his private correspondence.[71] Schiller complimented her intelligence and eloquence, but her frequent visits distracted him from completing William Tell.[72][73] De Staël was constantly on the move, talking and asking questions.[74][48] Constant decided to abandon her in Leipzig and return to Switzerland. De Staël travelled on to Berlin, where she made the acquaintance of August Schlegel who was lecturing there on literature. She appointed him on an enormous salary to tutor her children. On 18 April they all left Berlin when the news of her father's death reached her.
Mistress of Coppet
On 19 May, de Staël arrived in Coppet now its wealthy and independent mistress. She spent the summer at the chateau sorting through his writings and published an essay on his private life. In April 1804,
De Staël returned to Coppet in June 1805, moved to
Each day the table was laid for about thirty guests. Talking seemed to be everybody's chief activity.For a time de Staël lived with Constant in
Return to France
Pretending she wanted to emigrate to the United States, de Staël was given permission to re-enter France. She moved first into the
East European travels
The operations of the French imperial police in the case of de Staël are rather obscure. She was at first left undisturbed, but by degrees, the chateau itself became a source of suspicion, and her visitors found themselves heavily persecuted.
During
"You see," said he, "I am careful to keep my ministers and generals at variance among themselves, in order that each may reveal to me the faults of the other; I keep up a continual jealousy by the manner I treat those who care about me: one day one thinks himself the favourite, the next day another, so that no one is ever certain of my favour."[95]
For de Staël, that was a vulgar and vicious theory. General
After four months of travel, de Staël arrived in Sweden. In 1811, she began writing her "Ten Years' Exile", detailing her travels and encounters. She traveled to Stockholm the following year, and continued work there.
Restoration and death
When news came of Napoleon's landing on the Côte d'Azur, between
The whole family returned to Coppet in June. Lord Byron, at that time in debt, left London in great trouble and frequently visited de Staël during July and August. For Byron, she was Europe's greatest living writer, but "with her pen behind her ears and her mouth full of ink". "Byron was particularly critical of de Staël's self-dramatizing tendencies".[104][105] Byron was a supporter of Napoleon, but for de Staël Bonaparte "was not only a talented man but also one who represented a whole pernicious system of power", a system that "ought to be examined as a great political problem relevant to many generations."[106] "Napoleon imposed standards of homogeneity on Europe that is, French taste in literature, art and the legal systems, all of which de Staël saw as inimical to her cosmopolitan point of view."[105] Byron wrote she was "sometimes right and often wrong about Italy and England – but almost always true in delineating the heart, which is of but one nation of no country, or rather, of all."[107]
Despite her increasingly ill health, de Staël returned to Paris for the winter of 1816–17, living at 40, rue des Mathurins. Constant argued with de Staël, who had asked him to pay off his debts to her. A warm friendship sprang up between de Staël and the Duke of Wellington, whom she had first met in 1814, and she used her influence with him to have the size of the Army of Occupation greatly reduced.[108]
De Staël became confined to her house, paralyzed since 21 February 1817 following a stroke. She died on 14 July 1817. Her deathbed conversion to Roman Catholicism, after reading Thomas à Kempis, was reported[citation needed] but is subject to some debate. Wellington remarked that, while he knew that she was greatly afraid of death, he had thought her incapable of believing in the afterlife.[108] Wellington makes no mention of de Staël reading Thomas à Kempis in the quote found in Elizabeth Longford's biography of the Iron Duke. Furthermore, he reports hearsay, which may explain why two modern biographies of de Staël – Herold and Fairweather – discount the conversion entirely. Herold states that "her last deed in life was to reaffirm in her 'Considerations, her faith in Enlightenment, freedom, and progress'."[109] Rocca survived her by little more than six months.
Offspring
Besides two daughters, Gustava Sofia Magdalena (born July 1787) and Gustava Hedvig (born August 1789), both died in infancy, de Staël had two sons, Ludwig August (1790–1827), Albert (1792–1813), and a daughter,
After the death of de Staël's husband, Mathieu de Montmorency became the legal guardian of her children. Like August Schlegel he was one of her intimates until the end of her life.
Legacy
Albertine Necker de Saussure, married to de Staël's cousin, wrote her biography in 1821 and published it as part of the collected works. Auguste Comte included Mme de Staël in his 1849 Calendar of Great Men. "In one version of the calendar, the 24th day of the month of Dante is dedicated to Madame de Staël, who finds herself among such poets as Milton, Cervantes, and Chaucer. In another version, Staël finds herself honored, instead, on the 19th day of the tenth month, known as “Shakespeare,” among the likes of Goethe, Racine, Voltaire, and Madame de Sevigné."[113] Her political legacy has been generally identified with a stout defence of "liberal" values: equality, individual freedom, and the limitation of state power by constitutional rules.[114] "Yet although she insisted to the Duke of Wellington that she needed politics in order to live, her attitude towards the propriety of female political engagement varied: at times she declared that women should simply be the guardians of domestic space for the opposite sex, while at others, that denying women access to the public sphere of activism and engagement was an abuse of human rights. This paradox partly explains the persona of the "homme-femme" she presented in society, and it remained unresolved throughout her life."[115]
Comte's disciple Frederic Harrison wrote about de Staël that her novels "precede the works of Walter Scott, Byron, Mary Shelley, and partly those of Chateaubriand, their historical importance is great in the development of modern Romanticism, of the romance of the heart, the delight in nature, and in the arts, antiquities, and history of Europe."
Precursor of feminism
Recent studies by historians, including feminists, have been assessing the specifically feminine dimension in de Staël's contributions both as an activist-theorist and as a writer about the tumultuous events of her time.[116][117] Some scholars call her a precursor of feminism.[118][119][120] Staël had a robust theory of female liberation. At the time that Staël was writing, in the peak years of the French Revolution, early French feminism was animated over the issue of legal and political equality for the sexes. At the advent of the French Revolution in 1789, the image of a traditional homemaking woman had given way to a more militant feminist approach found in pamphlets that circulated in France at the time. In this sea of tumultuous events, Staël’s use of the novel and more implicit methods to communicate her beliefs about the Revolution and gender equality, coupled with her social status, aided in ensuring her endurance on the political and literary scene.[121] Staël’s extensive set of writings, from her correspondence with lovers to her philosophy to her fiction, betray not just the tension between intellectual and romantic fulfillment but also between feminist political equality and romantic fulfillment. Her work indicates that she finds her two desires, personal freedom and emotional intimacy, to be diametrically opposed in practice, especially in post-Revolutionary French society. In particular, she deplored the fact that men took the central roles in Enlightenment philosophy and politics, neither of which included avenues for women’s direct participation. [122]
Abolition
Staël was a strong advocate for the abolition of slavery in the French colonies. In her later years, her salon was frequented by abolitionists, and emancipation was a recurring topic of their discussions. After meeting the famous abolitionist William Wilberforce in 1814, Staël published a preface for his essay on the slave trade in which she called for the end of slavery in Europe. In that text, Staël argued in particular against those who defended slavery on the grounds that the economic impact of abandoning the slave trade would be too grave:
"When it is proposed that some abuse of power be eliminated, those who benefit from that abuse are certain to declare that all the benefits of the social order are attached to it. ‘This is the keystone,’ they say, while it is only the keystone to their own advantages; and when at last the progress of enlightenment brings about the long-desired reform, they are astonished at the improvements which result from it. Good sends out its roots everywhere; equilibrium is effortlessly restored; and truth heals the ills of the human species, as does nature, without anyone’s intervention." (Kadish and Massardier-Kenney 2009, 169)
Staël argues here that the claim that abolition would have “dire consequences” for the French economy is nothing but an illusory threat used by those who benefit from the institution of slavery (Kadish and Massardier-Kenney 2009, 169). Staël believed that the termination of the slave trade would improve France and bring about a positive consequence that ‘sends out its roots everywhere.[89]
Letters to Jefferson
In 1807, Jacques Le Ray de Chaumont sent Jefferson a copy of Corinne, and also conveyed to Staël Jefferson’s first letter addressed to her. This marked the beginning of a series of eight letters between the two, the last of which was sent from Staël to Jefferson shortly before her passing in 1817.
The correspondence between Staël and Jefferson sheds light upon the fascinating relationship between two momentous figures, covering the personal (such as Staël’s son Auguste’s desire to visit the United States to “make a pilgrimage toward reason and freedom”) and the global (the War of 1812 is the pressing topic, and there is even an interlude where Jefferson details the state of South American geopolitics, replete with a map).
Famously, in 1816, in a letter to Thomas Jefferson, Staël writes, “If one succeeds in destroying slavery in the South, at least one government in the world will be as perfect as human reason can possibly conceive.” Although this is generally understood by scholars to be a criticism of slavery in the southern states of the United States, due to ambiguity in translating the word "south" from the original French, other scholars have suggested that de Staël could be referring to colonization in South America.[123]
Staël and the Adams family
The Adams family (including former American presidents John Adams and John Quincy Adams and former First Lady Abigail Adams) was an important political family in the U.S during the 18th and early 20th century. Staël was a frequent topic of discussion amongst the Adams. John Quincy Adams, the 6th U.S president, in particular, recommended and sent many copies of Staël’s works to his father, John Adams; mother, Abigail Adams; and wife, Louisa Catherine Adams. In letters written between the end of the 18th century and beginning of the 19th century, these members of the Adams family discussed Delphine, A Treatise on the Influence of the Passions, Upon the Happiness of Individuals and of Nations, and The Reflections Upon Peace.[91]
In popular culture
Part of a series on |
Liberalism |
---|
Works
- Journal de Jeunesse, 1785
- Sophie ou les sentiments secrets, 1786 (published anonymously in 1790)
- Jane Gray, 1787 (published in 1790)
- Lettres sur le caractère et les écrits de J.-J. Rousseau, 1788[134]
- Éloge de M. de Guibert
- À quels signes peut-on reconnaître quelle est l'opinion de la majorité de la nation?
- Réflexions sur le procès de la Reine, 1793
- Zulma : fragment d'un ouvrage, 1794
- Réflexions sur la paix adressées à M. Pitt et aux Français, 1795
- Réflexions sur la paix intérieure
- Recueil de morceaux détachés (comprenant : Épître au malheur ou Adèle et Édouard, Essai sur les fictions et trois nouvelles : Mirza ou lettre d'un voyageur, Adélaïde et Théodore et Histoire de Pauline), 1795
- Essai sur les fictions, translated by Goethe into German
- De l'influence des passions sur le bonheur des individus et des nations, 1796[135]
- Des circonstances actuelles qui peuvent terminer la Révolution et des principes qui doivent fonder la République en France
- De la littérature dans ses rapports avec les institutions sociales, 1799
- Delphine, 1802 deals with the question of woman's status in a society hidebound by convention and faced with a Revolutionary new order
- Vie privée de Mr. Necker, 1804
- Épîtres sur Naples
- Corinne ou l'Italie, 1807 is as much a travelogue as a fictional narrative. It discusses the problems of female artistic creativity in two radically different cultures, England and Italy.
- Agar dans le désert
- Geneviève de Brabant
- La Sunamite
- Le capitaine Kernadec ou sept années en un jour (comédie en deux actes et en prose)
- La signora Fantastici
- Le mannequin (comédie)
- Sapho
- De l'Allemagne, 1813, translated as Germany 1813.[136]
- Réflexions sur le suicide, 1813
- Morgan et trois nouvelles, 1813
- De l'esprit des traductions
- Considérations sur les principaux événements de la révolution française, depuis son origine jusques et compris le 8 juillet 1815, 1818 (posthumously)[137]
- Dix Années d'Exil (1818), posthumously published in France by Mdm Necker de Saussure. In 1821 translated and published as Ten Years' Exile. Memoirs of That Interesting Period of the Life of the Baroness De Stael-Holstein, Written by Herself, during the Years 1810, 1811, 1812, and 1813, and Now First Published from the Original Manuscript, by Her Son.[138]
- Essais dramatiques, 1821
- Oeuvres complètes 17 t., 1820–21
- Oeuvres complètes de Madame la Baronne de Staël-Holstein [Complete works of Madame Baron de Staël-Holstein]. Paris: Firmin Didot frères. 1836. Volume 1 · Volume 2
Correspondence in French
- Lettres de Madame de Staël à Madame de Récamier, première édition intégrale, présentées et annotées par Emmanuel Beau de Loménie, éditions Domat, Paris, 1952.
- Lettres sur les écrits et le caractère de J.-J. ISBN 978-2745316424.
- Correspondance générale. Texte établi et présenté par Béatrice W. Jasinski et Othenin d'Haussonville. Slatkine (Réimpression), 2008–2009.
- Volume I. 1777–1791. ISBN 978-2051020817.
- Volume II. 1792–1794. ISBN 978-2051020824.
- Volume III. 1794–1796. ISBN 978-2051020831.
- Volume IV. 1796–1803. ISBN 978-2051020848.
- Volume V. 1803–1805. ISBN 978-2051020855.
- Volume VI. 1805–1809. ISBN 978-2051020862.
- Volume VII. date:15 May 1809–23 May 1812. ISBN 978-2051020879.
- Volume I. 1777–1791.
- Madame de Staël ou l'intelligence politique. Sa pensée, ses amis, ses amants, ses ennemis…, textes de présentation et de liaison de Michel Aubouin, Omnibus, 2017. ISBN 978-2258142671commentaire biblio, Lettres de Mme de Staël, extraits de ses textes politiques et de ses romans, textes et extraits de lettres de Chateaubriand, Talleyrand, Napoléon, Benjamin Constant. This edition contains extracts from her political writings and from letters addressed to her by Chateaubriand, Talleyrand, Napoleon and Benjamin Constant.
See also
- Contributions to liberal theory
- Liberalism
- Women in the French Revolution
- Sophie Doin
References
- ^ Wilkinson, L. R. (2017). Hibbitt, Richard (ed.). Other Capitals of the Nineteenth Century An Alternative Mapping of Literary and Cultural Space. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 51–67.
- ISBN 978-1134820863.
- ^ Staël, Germaine de, in the Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
- ^ a b c d e Bordoni, Silvia (2005) Lord Byron and Germaine de Staël, The University of Nottingham
- ^ Madame de Staël (Anne-Louise-Germaine) (1818). Considerations on the Principal Events of the French Revolution: Posthumous Work of the Baroness de Stael. James Eastburn and Company at the literary rooms, Broadway. Clayton & Kingsland, Printers. p. 46.
- ^ a b "Madame de Staël".
- ^ "Germaine de Staël - Exile, Novels, Enlightenment | Britannica".
- ^ Eveline Groot – Public Opinion and Political Passions in the Work of Germaine de Stäel, p. 190
- ^ a b Saintsbury 1911, p. 750.
- ISBN 978-1403983213.
- ^ Gabriel Paul Othenin de Cléron, (Comte d'Haussonville) (1882) The Salon of Madame Necker. Trans. Henry M. Trollope. London: Chapman and Hall.
- ^ a b c "Vaud: Le château de Mezery a Jouxtens-Mezery".
- ^ a b "Stael and the French Revolution | Online Library of Liberty". oll.libertyfund.org. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
- ^ Niebuhr, Barthold Georg; Michaelis, Johann David (1836). The Life of Carsten Niebuhr, the Oriental Traveller. T. Clark. p. 6.
- ^ Schama, p. 257
- ISBN 978-1-59102-560-3.
- ^ Napoleon's nemesis
- ^ Grimm, Friedrich Melchior; Diderot, Denis (1815). Historical & literary memoirs and anecdotes. Printed for H. Colburn. p. 353.
- ^ "Germaine de Staël | Books, Biography, & Facts | Britannica". 18 April 2024.
- ^ Schama, pp. 345–346.
- ^ Schama, p. 382
- ^ Schama, pp. 499, 536
- ^ Craiutu, Aurelian A Voice of Moderation in the Age of Revolutions: Jacques Necker's Reflections on Executive Power in Modern Society. p. 4
- ^ The Works of John Moore, M.D.: With Memoirs of His Life and Writings, Band 4 by John Moore (1820)
- ^ d’Haussonville, Othénin (2004) "La liquidation du ‘dépôt’ de Necker: entre concept et idée-force", pp. 156–158 Cahiers staëliens, 55
- ^ Fontana, p. 29
- ^ Fontana, p. 33
- ^ Fontana, pp. 37, 41, 44
- ^ Correspondance (1770–1793). Published by Évelyne Lever. Paris 2005, pp. 660, 724
- ^ Fontana, p. 49
- ^ "Mémoires de Malouet", p. 221
- ^ Schama, pp. 624, 631
- ^ Fontana, p. 61
- ^ Moore, p. 138
- ^ Herold, p. 272
- ^ Madame de Staël (Anne-Louise-Germaine) (1818). Considerations on the Principal Events of the French Revolution. Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy. p. 75.
- ISBN 978-0857720900.
- ^ It was Tallien who announced the September Massacres and sent off the famous circular of 3 September to the French provinces, recommending them to take similar action.
- ^ ISBN 978-9401142830.
- ^ "Staël (1766-1817)".
- ^ "Staël (1766-1817)".
- ^ Moore, p. 15
- ^ Fontana, p. 113
- ^ The Thermidorians had opened the way back to Paris.
- ^ Fontana, p. 125
- ^ Müller, p. 29.
- ^ Team, Project Vox. "Germaine de Staël (1766-1817)". Project Vox. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f Anne-Louise-Germaine Necker, Baroness de Staël-Holstein (1766–1817) by Petri Liukkonen
- ^ Moore, p. 332
- ^ Fontana, p. 178; Moore, p. 335
- ^ Moore, pp. 345, 349
- ^ Custine, Delphine de Custine, 66, note 1.
- ^ Fontana, p.159
- ^ Les clubs contre-révolutionnaires, cercles, comités, sociétés ..., Band 1 von Augustin Challamel, S. 507-511
- ^ Fontana, p. 159
- ^ Moore, p. 348
- ^ Moore, pp. 350–352
- ^ Madame de Staël (Anne-Louise-Germaine) (1818). Considerations on the Principal Events of the French Revolution: Posthumous Work of the Baroness de Stael. James Eastburn and Company at the literary rooms, Broadway. Clayton & Kingsland, Printers. pp. 90, 95–96.
- ^ Madame de Staël (1818). Considerations on the Principal Events of the French Revolution: Posthumous Work of the Baroness de Stael. James Eastburn and Company at the literary rooms, Broadway. Clayton & Kingsland, Printers. p. 42.
- ^ Goodden, p. 18
- ^ Moore, p. 379
- ^ Memoirs of Madame de Remusat, trans. Cashel Hoey and John Lillie, p. 407. Books.Google.com
- ^ Saintsbury 1911, p. 751.
- ^ Delphine (1802), Préface
- ^ From the Introduction to Madame de Staël (1987) Delphine. Edition critique par S. Balayé & L. Omacini. Librairie Droz S.A. Genève
- ^ Fontana, p. 204
- ^ "Un journaliste contre-révolutionnaire, Jean-Gabriel Peltier (1760–1825) – Etudes Révolutionnaires". Etudes-revolutionnaires.org. 7 October 2011. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
- ^ Fontana, p. 263, note 47
- ^ Fontana, p. 205
- ^ Müller, p. 292
- ^ Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin (1891). Portraits of Women. A. C. M'Clurg. p. 107.
- ^ Jonas, Fritz, ed. (1892). Schillers Briefe. Kritische Gesamtausgabe. Vol VII. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. p. 109.
- ^ Graf, Hans Gerhard; Leitzmann, Albert, eds. (1955). Der Briefwechsel zwischen Schiller und Goethe. Leipzig. pp. 474–485.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Madame de Staël von Klaus-Werner Haupt
- ^ Herold, p. 304
- ^ Panizza, Letizia; Wood, Sharon. A History of Women's Writing in Italy. p. 144.
- ^ The novel prompted, none too inspiringly, The Corinna of England, and a Heroine in the Shade (1809) by E. M. Foster, in which retribution is wreaked on a shallowly portrayed version of the French author's heroine.
- ^ Team, Project Vox. "Germaine de Staël (1766-1817)". Project Vox. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
- ^ Goodden, p. 61
- ^ Fontana, p. 230
- ^ Herold, p. 290
- ^ Stevens, A. (1881). Madame de Stael: A Study of her Life and Times, the First Revolution and the First Empire. London: John Murray. pp. 15–23.
- ^ Schlegel and Madame de Staël have endeavoured to reduce poetry to two systems, classical and romantic.
- ISBN 978-0199568918.
- ^ Madame de Staël et Maurice O’Donnell (1805–1817), d’apres des letters inédites, by Jean Mistler, published by Calmann-Levy, Editeurs, 3 rue Auber, Paris, 1926.
- ^ Goodden, p. 73
- ^ Müller
- ^ a b Fontana, p. 206
- ^ a b Team, Project Vox. "Germaine de Staël (1766-1817)". Project Vox. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
- ^ Staël (Anne-Louise-Germaine, Madame de); Auguste Louis Staël-Holstein (baron de) (1821). Ten years' exile: or, Memoirs of that interesting period of the life of the Baroness de Stael-Holstein. Printed for Treuttel and Würtz. pp. 101–110.
- ^ a b Team, Project Vox. "Germaine de Staël (1766-1817)". Project Vox. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
- ^ Ten Years' After, p. 219, 224, 264, 268, 271
- ^ Ten Years' Exile, pp. 350–352
- ^ Ten Years' Exile, p. 421
- ^ Ten Years' Exile, p. 380
- ISBN 978-8075834553.
- ^ Team, Project Vox. "Germaine de Staël (1766-1817)". Project Vox. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
- ISBN 978-0060775193
- ^ Nicholson, pp. 184–185
- ^ Autograph letter in French, signed 'N. de Staël H' to William Wilberforce
- ^ Lord Byron and Germaine de Staël by Silvia Bordoni, p. 4
- ^ Fontana, p. 227.
- ^ Fontana, p. 208.
- ^ BLJ, 8 January 1814; 4:19.
- ^ ISBN 1840146990.
- ISBN 978-0865977310.
- ^ Nicholson, pp. 223–224
- ^ a b Longford, Elizabeth (1972). Wellington: Pillar of State. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 38.
- ^ Herold, p. 392
- ^ Goodden, p. 31
- ^ Moore, p. 390
- ^ Moore, p. 8
- ^ Project Vox Team (17 April 2024). "Staël (1766-1817)".
- ^ Fontana, p. 234.
- .
- JSTOR 41468201.
- ^ Moore, L. (2007). Liberty: The Lives and Times of Six Women in Revolutionary France.
- ^ Popowicz, Kamil (2013). Madame de Staël (in Polish). Vol. 4. Warsaw: Collegium Civitas.
- ISBN 978-1403983213.
- ^ Powell, Sara (1994). "Women Writers in Revolution: Feminism in Germaine de Staël and Ding Ling". Masters Theses & Specialist Projects. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
- ^ "Staël (1766-1817)".
- ^ "Staël (1766-1817)".
- ^ Team, Project Vox. "Germaine de Staël (1766-1817)". Project Vox. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
- ^ Abramowitz, Michael (2 April 2007). "Rightist Indignation". Washington Post. Retrieved 30 June 2007.
- ISBN 978-0299164041.
- ISBN 978-1584654308.
- ^ Rossettini, Olga (1963). "Madame de Staël et la Russie". Rivista de Letterature Moderne e Comparate. 16 (1): 50–67.
- ^ "Emerson – Roots – Madame DeStael". transcendentalism-legacy.tamu.edu. Archived from the original on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
- ^ Porte, Joel (1991). In Respect to Egotism: Studies in American Romantic Writing. Cambridge University Press. p. 23.
- ISBN 978-0199295876.
- ^ Moore, p. 350
- ^ Sämtliche Schriften (Anm. 2), Bd. 3, S. 882 f.
- ^ Nicholson, p. 222
- ^ Lettres sur la Caractère et les Écrits de Jean-Jacques Rousseau
- ^ A Treatise on the influence of Passions on the Happiness of individuals and of nations
- ^ Madame de Staël (Anne-Louise-Germaine) (1813). Germany. John Murray. pp. 1–.
- ^ Considérations sur les principaux événements de la révolution française
- ^ Ten Years' Exile by Madame de Staël
Sources
- Fontana, Biancamaria (2016). Germaine de Staël: A Political Portrait. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691169040.
- ISBN 978-0199238095.
- Herold, J. Christopher (2002). Mistress to an Age: A Life of Madame de Staël. Grove Press. ISBN 978-0802138378.
- Moore, L. (2007). Liberty. The Lives and Times of Six Women in Revolutionary France.
- Müller, Olaf (2008). "Madame de Staël und Weimar. Europäische Dimensionen einer Begegnung" (PDF). In Hellmut Th. Seemann (ed.). Europa in Weimar. Visionen eines Kontinents. Jahrbuch der Klassik Stiftung Weimar. Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag.
- Nicholson, Andrew, ed. (1991). Lord Byron: The Complete Miscellaneous Prose. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0198185437.
- ISBN 0679-726101.
Further reading
- Bredin, Jean-Denis. Une singulière famille: Jacques Necker, Suzanne Necker et Germaine de Staël. Paris: Fayard, 1999 (ISBN 2213602808) (in French)
- Casillo, Robert (2006). The Empire of Stereotypes. Germaine de Stael and the Idea of Italy. London: Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 1349533688.
- Daquin, Françoise Marie Danielle (2020) Slavery and feminism in the writings of Madame de Staël. https://doi.org/10.25903/5f07e50eaaa2b
- Fairweather, Maria. Madame de Staël. New York: Carroll & Graf, 2005 (hardcover, ISBN 1845292278).
- Garonna, Paolo (2010). L'Europe de Coppet – Essai sur l'Europe de demain (in French). Le Mont-sur-Lausanne: LEP Éditions Loisirs et Pėdagogie. ISBN 978-2606013691.
- Hilt, Douglas. "Madame De Staël: Emotion and Emancipation". History Today (Dec 1972), Vol. 22 Issue 12, pp. 833–842, online.
- Hofmann, Étienne, ed. (1982). Benjamin Constant, Madame de Staël et le Groupe de Coppet: Actes du Deuxième Congrès de Lausanne à l'occasion du 150e anniversaire de la mort de Benjamin Constant Et Du Troisième Colloque de Coppet, 15–19 juilliet 1980 (in French). Oxford, The ISBN 0729402800.
- Levaillant, Maurice (1958). The passionate exiles: Madame de Staël and Madame Récamier. Farrar, Straus and Cudahy. ISBN 978-0836980868.
- S2CID 144713712.
- Winegarten, Renee. Germaine de Staël & Benjamin Constant: A Dual Biography. New Haven: ISBN 978-0300119251).
- Winegarten, Renee. Mme. de Staël. Dover, NH: Berg, 1985 (ISBN 0907582877).
External links
- Stael and the French Revolution Introduction by Aurelian Craiutu
- BBC4 In Our Time on Germaine de Staël
- Madame de Staël and the Transformation of European Politics, 1812–17 by Glenda Sluga. In: The International history review 37(1):142–166 · November 2014
- (in French) Stael.org, with detailed chronology
- (in French) BNF.fr (Searching "stael").
- Works by Germaine de Staël at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Germaine de Staël at Internet Archive
- Works by Germaine de Staël at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- "Staël, Germaine de" in The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition: 2001–05.
- The Great de Staël by Richard Holmes from The New York Review of Books
- http://www.dieterwunderlich.de/madame_Germaine_de_Stael.htm (in German)
- Corinne at the Cape of Misena. is a painting by Baron Gerard with illustrative verse by Letitia Elizabeth Landon, which shows Madame de Staël as Corinne. The poem includes a translation of part of Corinne's song at Naples.
- Corinna at the Capitol. by Felicia Hemans has two versions of the poem.
- Saintsbury, George (1911). . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 750–752.