Pune district
Pune district | |
---|---|
Deputy Chief Minister | |
• President Zilla Parishad |
|
• District Collector |
|
• CEO Zilla Parishad |
|
• MPs |
|
Area | |
• Total | 15,643 km2 (6,040 sq mi) |
Population (2011) | |
• Total | 9,429,408 |
• Density | 600/km2 (1,600/sq mi) |
Demographics | |
• crores(2019–20)[4] | |
Website | pune |
Pune district (Marathi pronunciation: [puɳeː]) is a district in Western Maharashtra with Administrative Headquarters in Pune city. Pune district is the most populous district in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is one of the most industrialised districts in India.
History
Ancient and medieval history
According to archaeological discoveries of the
The first reference to the Pune region is found on two copper plates, dated to 758 and 768 CE and issued by the
The Muslim
Deccan sultanates and the Bhosale jagir
The district became politically important when the Nizamshahi capital was moved to Junnar at the beginning of the 16th century. The
Nizamshahi
With the establishment of Nizamshahi rule, with Ahmednagar its headquarters, nearly all of the region was controlled by the Nizamshahi. It was formed into a district (or sarkar), with sub-divisions (paragana) and smaller ranges (prant or desh). Revenue collection was delegated to important chieftains of the Nizamshahi.
At Ahmednagar, the Sultan bore the brunt of a heavy attack from
In 1600, Ahmednagar was captured by the Mughals. Nizamshahi minister Malik Ambar raised Murtaza Nizam Shah II to the throne, with its temporary headquarters at Junnar.[16] For nearly a generation, Ambar guided the Nizamshahi kingdom and the Pune region benefited from his leadership. By his death in 1626, the region's revenue system was sound and fair.
Bhosale jagir under the Adilshahi
The Pune region was administered as a jagir during much of the 17th century by Maloji Bhosale, his son Shahaji and his grandson Shivaji. Its nominal sovereignty changed with shifting allegiances of the Bhosale family. In 1632, Shahaji forsook the Mughals and accepted the friendship of the Adilshahi rulers of Bijapur (the traditional rivals of Ahmadnagar Sultanate).
After the fall of the Ahmadnagar (Nizamshahi) Sultanate, its territory was divided between the Adilshahi and the Mughals with Pune region going to the former. Shahaji refused to surrender Junnar (the seat of the Nizamshahi dynasty) before he finally capitulated. However, Shahaji was apparently considered important enough by the Adilshah to play a key role in the new regime's administration. His jagir was confirmed, continuing the region's connection with the Bhosale family.[19]
Pune district under Shivaji and the Mughals
Shahaji second son, Shivaji (founder of the Maratha Empire), was born on the hill fort of
The Pune Jagir which was restored to Shahaji after he joined the Adilshahi service in 1637.Since he was required to be based in
Many of Shivaji's comrades (and, later, a number of his soldiers) came from the
Shivaji began his rule in 1648 of the Pune region, taking possession of the key
During the 1660s, the Mughals under
He was succeeded on the Marathi throne by his eldest son,
The period following his 1689 death was one of political ferment in the Deccan Plateau, and the Pune region experienced major fluctuations in administrative authority. Shivaji's younger son,
Peshwa rule (1714–1818)
Shivaji's grandson,
Pune under the Peshwas
Pune gained more influence under the rule of Baji Rao I's son,
Nanasaheb built a lake in
Order in Peshwa Pune was maintained by the kotwal, who was a police chief, magistrate and municipal commissioner and whose duties included investigating, levying and collecting fines for offences. The kotwal was assisted by police officers who manned the chavdi (police station), and clerks collected fines and paid informants who provided intelligence. Crimes included illicit affairs, violence and murder; in the case of murder, sometimes only a fine was imposed. Inter-caste or inter-religious affairs were also resolved with fines.[60] Although the kotwal's salary was as high as 9,000 rupees per month, it included officer salaries (mainly from the Ramoshi caste).[61] The best-known kotwal in Pune during Peshwa rule was Ghashiram Kotwal, and the city's police force was admired by European visitors.[62]
The patronage of the Brahmin Peshwas resulted in Pune's expansion, with the construction of about 250 temples and bridges (including the Lakdi Pul and the temples on Parvati Hill).[63] Many temples like Maruti, Vithoba, Vishnu, Mahadeo, Rama, Krishna and Ganesha temples were built during this era. Their patronage extended to 164 schools (pathshalas) in the city which taught Hindu holy texts (shastras) to Brahmin men.[64]
Pune also had many public festivals. Major festivals were
Peshwas and knights residing in the city had individual hobbies and interests; Madhavrao II had a private collection of exotic animals, such as lions and rhinoceros, near the Peshwe Park zoo.[70] The last Peshwa, Baji Rao II, was a strength and wrestling enthusiast. The sport of pole gymnastics (mallakhamba) was developed in Pune under his patronage by Balambhat Deodhar.[71] Many Peshwas and their courtiers were patrons of lavani and Maharashtrian dance, and a number of composers (such as Ram Joshi, Anant Phandi, Prabhakar and Honaji Bala) flourished during this period. The dancers primarily came from the Mang and Mahar castes.[72][73] Lavani used to be essential part of Holi celebrations in the region's Peshwa courts.[74]
Peshwa influence in India declined after the defeat of Maratha forces in the 1761
British rule and independence
In 1818, the Pune region and the rest of the Peshwa territories came under the control of the British East India Company.One of the first tasks that the company did was to destroy Hill forts previously under Maratha control.This was to stop Maratha forces regrouping in the hills. The forts destroyed in Pune district included those in the Junnar region such Shivaji's birthplace of Shivneri, Hadsar, Narayangad, Chavand, and the important for of Sinhagad overlooking the city of Pune. [75] The governor of the new territories, Mountstuart Elphinstone, appointed a commissioner and left the district's boundaries almost intact. Elphinstone and other British officers enjoyed Saswad and the fertile valley around it.[76]
The annual
Company rule came to an end when, under the terms of a proclamation issued by Queen Victoria, the Bombay Presidency, Pune and the rest of British India came under the British crown in 1858.[80]
Villages in the district saw rioting in 1875 by peasants protesting Marwari and Gujarati moneylenders. The disturbances involved peasants getting the moneylenders to burn their documents and, in some cases, torching their houses. The riots were responsible for the Bombay presidency government enacting the Deccan Agriculturists Relief Act to protect peasants from land grabbing by money lenders.[81][82]
During the first and second Anglo-Maratha wars, it took four or five weeks to move materials from Mumbai to Pune. An 1804 military road constructed by the British East India Company reduced the journey to four or five days. The company built a macadam road between the two cities in 1830 which permitted mail-cart service.[83][84]
A rail line from Bombay, operated by the
Pune's first bus service began in 1941 with the Silver Bus Company, and
The British installed a telegraph system in Pune in 1858.[91] According to the 1885 Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Poona, the city and the GIPR had telegraph offices. In 1928, a relay station was built in Khadki to relay telegraph signals for the Imperial Wireless Chain. In 1885, Pune was a post-distribution hub for the district. There were two post offices in the city, which also offered money-order and savings-bank services.[92]
Areas east of Pune receive less rainfall than areas west of the city adjacent to the
In the early part 20th century, hydroelectric plants were installed in the Western Ghats between Pune and Mumbai. The Poona electric-supply company, a Tata company, received power from the Khopoli (on the Mumbai side of the Ghats) and Bhivpuri plants near the Mulshi dam.[95] Power was used to electrify trains running between Mumbai and Pune and for industrial and residential use, and a dam was built on the Velvandi River in Bhor.[96][97]
Geography and climate
The district is surrounded by Thane district on the northwest, Raigad district on the west, Satara district on the south, Solapur district on the southeast, and Ahmednagar district on the north and northeast. On the leeward side of the Western Ghats, it extends to the Deccan Plateau on the east. Pune is at an altitude of 559 metres (1,863 feet). The district is located between 17.5° and 19.2° north latitude and 73.2° and 75.1° east longitude.
The Bhima River, the Krishna River's main tributary, rises in the Western Ghats and flows east. All the district's rivers (the Pushpavati, Krushnavati, Kukadi, Meena, Ghod, Bhama, Andhra, Indrayani, Pavna, Mula, Mutha, Ambi, Mose, Shivganga, Kanandi, Gunjavni, Velvandi, Nira, Karha and Velu) flow into the Bhima or its tributaries. Major dams are on the Kukadi, Pushpavati, Ghod, Bhima, Pavna, Bhama, Mula, Mutha (the Temghar and Khadakwasla Dams) and Mose.[98]
Nine of the district's fifteen
Climate data for Pune | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 29.9 (85.8) |
31.9 (89.4) |
35.4 (95.7) |
37.7 (99.9) |
36.9 (98.4) |
31.7 (89.1) |
28.4 (83.1) |
27.4 (81.3) |
29.4 (84.9) |
31.4 (88.5) |
30.0 (86.0) |
28.0 (82.4) |
31.5 (88.7) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 10.0 (50.0) |
12.0 (53.6) |
15.0 (59.0) |
19.5 (67.1) |
22.4 (72.3) |
22.7 (72.9) |
22.0 (71.6) |
21.3 (70.3) |
20.3 (68.5) |
17.0 (62.6) |
14.0 (57.2) |
10.0 (50.0) |
17.2 (62.9) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 0 (0) |
3 (0.1) |
2 (0.1) |
11 (0.4) |
40 (1.6) |
138 (5.4) |
163 (6.4) |
129 (5.1) |
155 (6.1) |
68 (2.7) |
28 (1.1) |
4 (0.2) |
741 (29.2) |
Average precipitation days | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 3.3 | 10.9 | 17.0 | 16.2 | 10.9 | 5.0 | 2.4 | 0.3 | 67.8 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 291.4 | 282.8 | 300.7 | 303.0 | 316.2 | 186.0 | 120.9 | 111.6 | 177.0 | 248.0 | 270.0 | 288.3 | 2,895.9 |
Source: HKO |
Demographics
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source:[100] |
Pune district had a
Religion
Hindus are the largest religious community, with a significant Muslim minority. In rural areas, Hindus are the predominant community. Buddhists are also significant, with smaller numbers of Christians and Jains concentrated in Pune city.[103]
Languages
Marathi is the only official language of the district. At the time of the
Administrative divisions
This section relies largely or entirely upon a single source.(July 2018) ) |
The district has two
Pune District is divided into fifteen
Talukas
- Pune City taluka
- Pimpri-Chinchwad taluka
- Haveli taluka
- Mulshi taluka
- Velhe taluka
- Bhor taluka
- Purandar taluka
- Baramati taluka
- Daund taluka
- Indapur taluka
- Maval taluka
- Khed Taluka
- Shirur taluka
- Ambegaon taluka
- Junnar taluka
Cities and towns
The district has three cantonments, in Camp, Khadki and Dehu Road.
Smaller towns in the district have
- Alandi
- Baramati (taluka headquarters)
- Bhigwan
- Bhor (taluka headquarters)
- Chakan
- Daund (taluka headquarters)
- Indapur (taluka headquarters)
- Jejuri
- Junnar (taluka headquarters)
- Rajgurunagar (taluka headquarters)
- Khandala
- Narayangaon
- Nasrapur
- Shivatkar (Nira)
- Pirangut
- Saswad (taluka headquarters)
- Shirur (taluka headquarters)
- Talegaon Dabhade
- Wadgaon
- Uruli Kanchan
- Mulshi
The growth of the Pune metropolitan area has led to the development of township schemes in the city such as Magarpatta, Amanora and Nanded City and development further from the city in the mountains, such as Lavasa.[105]
Villages
District court
Pune District Court administers justice at the district level, and is the principal court of original jurisdiction in civil matters. The district court is also a Sessions Court for criminal matters. It is presided over by a Principal District and Sessions Judge appointed by the state government.
Court decisions are subject to the appellate jurisdiction of Bombay High Court. Pune District Court is under the High Court's administrative control.
Education
Primary and secondary education
State primary schools in the cities and district are run by the city corporation and
Vocational training
Pune and the district have 55 post-secondary-school industrial training institutes (ITI) run by the government and private trusts which offer vocational training in trades such as construction, plumbing, welding and automobile repair. Successful candidates receive the National Trade Certificate.[107]
Higher education
Pune city has been called the
Other higher-education institutions in the district include:
- Abasaheb Garware College, Pune – affiliated with Savitribai Phule Pune University
- Army Institute of Technology (AIT) – affiliated with Savitribai Phule Pune University
- B. J. Medical College, Pune – affiliated with Savitribai Phule Pune University
- Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed university)
- Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce, Pune – affiliated with Savitribai Phule Pune University
- College of Agriculture Pune (COAP) – affiliated with Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth
- College of Engineering, Pune – affiliated with Savitribai Phule
- Dnyaneshwar Vidyapeeth – autonomous university
- Shri Shau Mandir Mahavidyalaya (commerce, engineering, agriculture and arts)
Pune University
- Dr. D.Y. Patil College of Engineering, Pune – affiliated with Savitribai Phule Pune University
- Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute
- Institute of Management Development and Research, an autonomous B-School under the aegis of Deccan Education Society
- Fergusson College, Pune – affiliated with Savitribai Phule Pune University
- Government Polytechnic, Pune (diploma courses in engineering)
- Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Pune
- ILS Law College, Pune – affiliated with Savitribai Phule Pune University
- Indian Naval Training Colleges, Lonavala
- Maharashtra Institute of Technology
- Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Pune – affiliated with Savitribai Phule Pune University
- National Chemical Laboratory
- Sinhgad College of Engineering
- Sir Parashurambhau College, Pune – affiliated with Savitribai Phule Pune University
- SNDT Women's University, Pune campus
- Symbiosis International University, Pune
- Vishwakarma Institute of Management
- Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune – affiliated with Savitribai Phule Pune University
- Nowrosjee Wadia College, Pune – affiliated with Savitribai Phule Pune University
- Pune Institute of Computer Technology – affiliated with Savitribai Phule Pune University
Economy
Although the district is an industrial center, its economy also has a significant agricultural component. Pune is also considered an educational hub of the state of Maharashtra with students coming from all over India to attend the numerous colleges and institutes.
Manufacturing
Industrial development began during the 1950s in Pune's outlying areas, such as
,andInformation technology
After India's
Agriculture
Although the region around Pune is industrialized, agriculture continues to be important elsewhere in the district. Since most arable land is still rain-fed, the southwest monsoon season (between June and September) is crucial to the district's food sufficiency and quality of life. Fluctuations in time, distribution or quantity of monsoon rains may lead to floods or droughts. The eastern part of the district has been historically drought-prone, but irrigation provided by dams, canals and wells have made agriculture less dependent on rainfall.[117] The overtapping of aquifers has led to increased water salinity in the talukas of Purandhar, Baramati, Daund, Indapur and Shirur (in the eastern part of the district), threatening agriculture and the drinking-water supply.[118]
Monsoon crops include
Major cash crops include
Transport
Highways
Pune district has 13,642 kilometres (8,477 mi) of roads.
- NH-48, from Mumbai to Bangalore. The western Dehu Road-Katraj bypass was completed in 1989, reducing traffic congestion in Pune and leading to industrial and housing growth along the bypass.
- NH-60, the Pune–Nashik National Highway
- NH-65, the Pune–Solapur–Hyderabad–Suryapet–Vijayawada National Highway
- Yashwantrao Chavan Mumbai Pune Expressway. Work on the six-lane toll road began in 1998 and was completed in 2001.
State highways include:
- Pune–Ahmednagar-Aurangabad State Highway
- Pune–Alandi State Highway
- Pune–Saswad–Pandharpur State Highway
- Pune–Paud Road State Highway
- Talegaon–Chakan State Highway
Public transport
Bus service by private companies was introduced in Pune shortly before the independence. The city took over the service after the independence in 1947 as Poona Municipal Transport (PMT) which later became Pune Municipal Transport. During the 1990s, PMT and Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Transport (PCMT, the bus-service provider in Pimpri-Chinchwad) had a combined fleet of over 1,000 buses. Because municipal transport coverage was patchy, a number of employers in the industrial belt near Pimpri-Chinchwad and Hadapsar offered bus service to their employees.
During the 1960s, motorized three-wheeled
Air
The
Rail
The district's two major rail junctions are Pune Junction and Daund Junction. All rail lines through Pune are broad gauge double track, and are part of Indian Railways' Central Railway zone. The Pune–Mumbai line, the district's most important rail route, was built during the British Raj. Khandala and Lonavala are on this route, which has a number of daily high-speed trains. The Mumbai–Kolhapur line also passes through the district, and other major Indian cities are connected to Pune by rail.
The district's rail lines are:
- Pune–Kalyan (towards Mumbai)
- Pune–Daund
- Daund–Kurduwadi
- Daund–Manmad
- Daund–Baramati branch line (single-track)
- Pune–Miraj (single-track from Pune to Miraj, towards Bangalore)
Although express trains on these routes skip many smaller stations, local "passenger trains" stop at each station. A suburban rail system, operated by Central Railway, connects Pune to its suburbs and neighboring villages west of the city. The system has two routes: from
Healthcare
Healthcare in the district is provided by private and public facilities. Primary care is provided by practitioners of
Tourism
Pune district has been at the center of Maharashtraian and Marathi history for more than four hundred years, beginning with the Deccan sultanates and followed by the Maratha Empire. The district has a number of mountain forts and buildings from these eras, in addition to shrines revered by Marathi Hindus (including five of the eight Ashtavinayaka Ganesha temples). Samadhis of the two most revered Marathi Bhakti saints (Dnyaneshwar and Tukaram) are in Alandi and Dehu, respectively. The main temple of Khandoba, the family deity for most Marathi Hindus, is in Jejuri.[134]
The British designated Pune as the monsoon capital of the
Pilgrimage sites
- Alandi -The town attracts millions of devotees annually to the resting place or (Samadhi) of the 13th century Marathi Bhakti saint, Sant Dnyaneshwar[136]
- Bhimashankar -Bhimashankar is one of the twelve Jyotirlinga Shiva temples in India. It is located high in the Sahyadri mountains, 127 km from Pune. Bhīmāshankar is also the source of the Bhima River, the main tributary of the Krishna River.
- Dehu – The town on the banks of the indrayani river is associated with Tukaram,[137] the 17th-century poet-saint of the Bhakti movement in Maharashtra.[138] The town is visited by hundreds of thousands of people for the annual Pandharpur Wari when the paduka (symbolic sandals) of the saint are carried to Pandharpur in a palkhi.
- Jejuri – The town is foremost center of worship of the regional deity of Khandoba[139] It is situated 48 km from Pune, Maharashtra. Khandoba at Jejuri is the family deity of a large number of families from different MarathiHindu communities. There are two temples: the first is an ancient temple known as Kadepathar. Kadepathar is difficult to climb. The second one is the newer and more famous Gad-kot temple, which is easy to climb. Both temples are fort-like structures.[140]
- Bhuleshwar temple – A 13th century Shiva temple on top of a hill. It is 45 kilometres from city of Puneand 10 km from Pune Solapur highway from Yawat. The temple is unique as its architecture is Islamic from outside and appears more as a mosque than a temple due to its resemblance of a circular tomb and minarets.
- Morya Gosavi – Ganesh temple and tomb of Morya Gosavi at Chinchwad[141]
Ashtavinayak temples
Ashtavinayak refers to eight historic Ganesh temples in Pune district and adjacent areas. Each of these temples have its own individual legend and history. Five of these temples are situated in Pune district:
- Girijatmak of Lenyadri – a former Buddhist cave on a hilltop near Junnar
- Moreshwar of Morgaon
- Mahaganesh of Ranjangaon
- Chintamani Temple, Theur – the closest Ashtavinayak temple to Pune
- Vigneshwara of Ozar
Forts
A number of historically important hill forts and castles in the district date back to the
- Anaghaai
- Bhorgiri
- Bahamanirule
- Chavand
- Daulatmangal
- Hadsar
- Induri
- Jivdhan
- Kaawla
- Kailasgad
- Kenjalgad
- Korigad (Korlai)
- Lohagad
- Malhargad (Sonori)
- Morgiri
- Narayangad
- Nimgiri
- Purandar– historically important during the Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj and Peshwa eras
- Rajgad – seat of government for Shivajifor major part of his career before his coronation in 1674
- Rajmachi
- Rohida
- Shivneri– birthplace of Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj in 1630
- Sindola
- Sinhagad (or Kondhana) – Nearest fort to Pune
- Tikona
- Torna Fort or Prachandagad – the first fort captured by the teenage Shivaji in the 1640s
- Tung Fort or Kathingad
- Vajrangad (Rudramal)
- Visapur Fort
Sports
The Maharashtra cricket team has its home ground in Pune, playing at the new Maharashtra Cricket Association MCA Cricket Stadium in Gahunje. The I-League Pune Football Club plays in the league's First Division, and finished third in the 2009–10 season. FC Pune City played in the Indian Super League since the league's inception in 2014 until they folded in 2019, as did their women's and reserve and academy teams.
The 1993 National Games were held in Pune, and the new Sports City hosted the Commonwealth Youth Games in 2008. Puneri Paltan, one of ten teams in the professional kabaddi league, has its home ground in Balewadi.
See also
Notes
References
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- ISBN 978-3-11-082580-0: "The earliest relevant usage that I myself have found is Hindavi swarajya from 1645, in a letter of Shivaji. This might mean, Indian independence from foreign rule, rather than Hindu raj in the modern sense.
- ^
William Joseph Jackson (2005). Vijayanagara voices: exploring South Indian history and Hindu literature. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 38. ISBN 0-7546-3950-9.: "Probably the earliest use of a word like 'Hindu' was in 1645 in a phrase in a letter of Shivaji, Hindavi swarajya, meaning independence from foreign rule, 'self-rule of Hindu people'."
- ^
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