Religion in South Asia
In 2010,
History
Ancient period
South Asia was primarily Hindu in ancient times. Buddhism appeared around 500 BCE.[10]
Christianity and Islam made an appearance in Kerala during this time period; Saint Thomas is believed to have travelled to Kerala soon after the death of Jesus and converted some people,[11] while the first mosque to be built in India was built during the Islamic prophet Muhammad's lifetime in Kerala.[12] Islam also established itself in Sindh due to Umayyad invasions soon after Muhammad's death.[13]
Some Jews and Zoroastrians came to South Asia because they were fleeing religious persecution.[14]
Medieval period
Centuries of Islamic invasion and rule over South Asia in the medieval era began to change the religious character of the region. Sufism played a significant role in the spread of Islam during this time.[15] Sikhism emerged in this era, bringing a message of equality and creating military resistance to Muslim rule.[16]
Nepal's formation during this period occurred in part due to the desire of Hindus to avoid being influenced by the dominant Muslim Mughal Empire and British Christian missionaries.[17]
Colonial era
Religion in British India in the 1871–1872 Census (data includes modern-day India, Bangladesh, most of Pakistan (including Sindh, Punjab, and Balochistan), Kashmir, and coastal Myanmar))[18]
Christianity grew to some extent during the colonial era; the Goa Inquisition committed by the Portuguese helped Catholicism establish itself in Goa,[19][20] while British missionaries spread Christianity through the rest of India.[21][22]
Modern era
Religious tensions increased with the independence of British India, as it was partitioned into a Hindu-majority India and a Muslim-majority Pakistan (which later became Pakistan and Bangladesh), and many died during the creation of the new countries.[23] Tensions further increased with Pakistani terrorist attacks on and Pakistani military conflicts with India.[24]
South Asia by religion
Hinduism
Hinduism is the largest religion in South Asia with about 1.2 billion Hindus, forming just under two-thirds of South Asia's population. South Asia has the largest population of Hindus in the world, with about 99% of all global Hindus being from South Asia. Hinduism is the dominant religion in India and Nepal and is the second-largest religion in Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Bhutan.
Islam
Islam is the second-largest religion in South Asia, with more than 640 million Muslims living there, forming about one-third of the region's population. Islam first spread along the coastal regions of the Indian subcontinent and Sri Lanka, almost as soon as it started in the Arabian Peninsula, as the Arab traders brought it to South Asia. South Asia has the largest population of Muslims in the world, with about one-third of all Muslims living here.[28][29] Islam is the dominant religion in half of the South Asian countries (Pakistan, Maldives, Bangladesh and Afghanistan). It is the second largest religion in India and third largest in Sri Lanka and Nepal.
On the Indian subcontinent, Islam first appeared in the southwestern tip of the peninsula, in today's
Christianity
| Part of a series on |
| Christianity |
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After the
The
At the late 12th and 13th centuries, there was some effort to reunite Eastern and Western Christianity. There were also numerous missionary efforts from Europe to Asia, primarily by
At present, Christianity continues to be the majority religion in the
Sikhism
Sikhism ( ), also known as Sikhi ( ', , from ), is an Indian religion and philosophy in particular for the Sikh ethnoreligious group that originated in the Punjab region of India around the end of the 15th century CE. The Sikh scriptures are written in the Gurumukhi script particular to Sikhs. It is one of the most recently founded major religious groups and among the largest in the world, with about 25–30million adherents (known as Sikhs).
Sikhism developed from the spiritual teachings of
The Sikh scripture opens with the
Buddhism
Buddhism is an ancient Indian religion, which arose in and around the ancient Kingdom of Magadha (now in Bihar, India), and is based on the teachings of Gautama Buddha who was deemed a "Buddha" ("Awakened One"), although Buddhist doctrine holds that there were other Buddhas before him. Buddhism spread outside of Magadha starting in the Buddha's lifetime.
During the reign of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka, the Buddhist community split into two branches: the Mahāsāṃghika and the Sthaviravāda, each of which spread throughout India and split into numerous sub-sects. In modern times, two major branches of Buddhism exist: the Theravada in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, and the Mahayana throughout the Himalayas and East Asia. The Buddhist tradition of Vajrayana is sometimes classified as a part of Mahayana Buddhism, but some scholars consider it to be a different branch altogether.
The practice of Buddhism lost influence in India around the 7th century CE, after the collapse of theJainism
Jain monks take five main vows:
Zoroastrianism
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With possible roots dating back to the 2nd millennium BCE—the Avestan period—the Zoroastrian religion enters recorded history around the middle of the 6th century BCE. For more than a millennium between and 650 CE, it served as the official religion of the ancient Iranian empires, beginning roughly around the time of the Achaemenid Empire and formally coming to an end with the Muslim conquest of Persia. The fall of the Sasanian Empire and the subsequent persecution of Zoroastrians by the early Muslims culminated in the decline of the religion as a whole. During this time, many Zoroastrians fled to the Indian subcontinent, where they were granted refuge by various kings. Recent estimates place the world's current Zoroastrian population at upwards of 110,000–120,000 people, with the majority of this figure residing in India, Iran, and North America; their number has been thought to be declining.
The most important texts of Zoroastrianism are those contained within the Avesta, which includes the Gathas—the central writings that are thought to have been composed by Zoroaster himself, serving as sacred hymns within Zoroastrian liturgy, known as the Yasna. Zoroastrianism and its holy book (The Avesta and its Commentary Known as Zand) are known to have changed over the centuries. The Avesta itself being "composed at different times, providing a series of snapshots of the religion that allow historians to see how it changed over time". Zoroaster's religious philosophy divided the early Iranian gods of
Religion in South Asian countries
| Country | State religion | Religious population as a percentage of total population | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Buddhism | Christianity | Hinduism | Islam | Kiratism
|
Sikhism | Others | Year reported | ||
 Afghanistan
|
Islam | – | – | – | 99.7% | – | – | 0.3% | 2019[50] |
 Bangladesh
|
Islam | 0.6% | 0.4% | 9.5% | 90.4% | – | – | – | 2011[51] |
 Bhutan
|
Vajrayana Buddhism | 74.8% | 0.5% | 22.6% | 0.1% | – | – | 2% | 2010[52][53] |
 India
|
Hinduism | 0.7%
|
2.3% | 79.8% | 14.2% | – | 1.7% | 1.3% | 2011[54][55] |
 Maldives
|
Sunni Islam | – | – | – | 100% | – | – | – | [56][57][58] |
 Nepal
|
Hinduism | 9% | 1.3% | 81.3% | 4.4% | 3% | – | 0.8% | 2013[59] |
 Pakistan
|
Islam | – | 1.59% | 1.85% | 96.28% | – | – | 0.07% | 2010[60] |
 Sri Lanka
|
Theravada Buddhism
|
70.2% | 6.2% | 12.6% | 9.7% | – | – | 1.4% | 2011[61] |
Afghanistan
| Part of |
| Majority |
|---|
| Sunni Islam |
| Minority |
| Historic/Extinct |
| Controversy |
|
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Caste system
A
Hindu caste system
The
Social stratification among Muslims
Religious nationalism
Hindu nationalism
Hindutva (Hindi pronunciation: [hɪnˈdʊtvə] lit. 'Hindu-ness') is a political ideology encompassing the cultural justification of Hindu nationalism and the belief in establishing Hindu hegemony within India.[74][75][76][77] The political ideology was formulated by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar in 1922.[78][79] It is used by the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP), the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)[80][81] and other organisations, collectively called the Sangh Parivar.
Inspired byMuslim nationalism
Sikh nationalism
The Khalistan movement is a separatist movement seeking to create a homeland for Sikhs by establishing an ethno‐religious sovereign state called Khalistan (lit. 'land of the Khalsa') in the Punjab region.[93] The proposed boundaries of Khalistan vary between different groups; some suggest the entirety of the Sikh-majority Indian state of Punjab, while larger claims include Pakistani Punjab and other parts of North India such as Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh.[94] Shimla and Lahore have been proposed as the capital of Khalistan.[95][96]
The call for a separate Sikh state began during the 1930s, when British rule in India was nearing its end.[97] In 1940, the first explicit call for Khalistan was made in a pamphlet titled "Khalistan".[98][99] With financial and political support of the Sikh diaspora, the movement flourished in the Indian state of Punjab – which has a Sikh-majority population – continuing through the 1970s and 1980s, and reaching its zenith in the late 1980s. The Sikh separatist leader Jagjit Singh Chohan said that during his talks with Pakistani prime minister that Zulfikar Ali Bhutto affirmed "we'll help you and make it the capital of Khalistan" and claimed Bhutto wanted revenge over Bangladesh.[100]
The separatist
By the mid-1990s, the insurgency petered out, with the last major incident being theSee also
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Q. Is it clear which "foreign hand" is driving this entire nexus? A. Evidence gathered by the police and other agencies points to the ISI as the key perpetrator of extremism in Punjab. (Amarinder Singh Indian Punjab Chief Minister)
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