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A timeline of atomic and subatomic physics.
Antiquity 6th - 2nd Century BCE Kanada (philosopher) proposes that
anu is an indestructible particle of matter, an "atom"; anu is an abstraction and not observable.
[1] 430 BCE[2] Democritus speculates about fundamental indivisible particles—calls them "atoms " The beginning of chemistry The age of quantum mechanics 1887 of light
1896 will be able to demonstrate in 1922 the 'particle' aspect of electromagnetic radiation.
1900 gamma-rays
while studying uranium decay
1900 Johannes Rydberg refines the expression for observed hydrogen line wavelengths
1900 blackbody radiation law
1902 Philipp Lenard observes that maximum photoelectron energies are independent of illuminating intensity but depend on frequency
1905 Albert Einstein explains the photoelectric effect
1906 atomic weight
of the element
1909 Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden discover large angle deflections of alpha particles by thin metal foils
1909 Ernest Rutherford and Thomas Royds demonstrate that alpha particles are doubly ionized helium atoms
1911
1908-1911
1911 Ștefan Procopiu measures the magnetic dipole moment of the electron
1912 X-rays
1912 Walter Friedrich and Paul Knipping diffract X-rays in zinc blende
1913 for strong X-ray reflection
1913 Henry Moseley shows that nuclear charge is the real basis for numbering the elements
1913 Niels Bohr presents his quantum model of the atom [3]
1913
1913 Johannes Stark demonstrates that strong electric fields will split the Balmer spectral line series of hydrogen
1914 Gustav Hertz
observe atomic excitation
1914 Ernest Rutherford suggests that the positively charged atomic nucleus contains protons [4]
1915 Bohr atomic model
with elliptic orbits to explain relativistic fine structure
1916 Gilbert N. Lewis and Irving Langmuir formulate an electron shell model of chemical bonding
1917 Albert Einstein introduces the idea of stimulated radiation emission
1918 Ernest Rutherford notices that, when scintillation detectors showed the signatures of
hydrogen
1921 Alfred Landé introduces the Landé g-factor
1922 Arthur Compton studies X-ray photon scattering by electrons demonstrating the 'particle' aspect of electromagnetic radiation.
1922 Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach show "spin quantization "
1923 Auger process
1924 Louis de Broglie suggests that electrons may have wavelike properties in addition to their 'particle' properties; the wave–particle duality
1924 interatomic force
law
1924 Santiago Antúnez de Mayolo proposes a neutron.
1924
1925 Wolfgang Pauli states the quantum exclusion principle for electrons
1925 George Uhlenbeck and Samuel Goudsmit postulate electron spin
1925 )
1925 Werner Heisenberg , Max Born , and Pascual Jordan formulate quantum matrix mechanics
1926 Erwin Schrödinger states his nonrelativistic quantum wave equation and formulates quantum wave mechanics
1926 Erwin Schrödinger proves that the wave and matrix formulations of quantum theory are mathematically equivalent
1926 Oskar Klein and Walter Gordon state their relativistic quantum wave equation, now the Klein–Gordon equation
1926 Enrico Fermi discovers the spin–statistics connection, for particles that are now called 'fermions', such as the electron (of spin-1/2 ).
1926 Paul Dirac introduces Fermi–Dirac statistics
1926 Gilbert N. Lewis introduces the term "photon ", thought by him to be "the carrier of radiant energy . "[5] [6]
1927 Clinton Davisson , Lester Germer , and George Paget Thomson confirm the wavelike nature of electrons[7]
1927 Werner Heisenberg states the quantum uncertainty principle
1927 Max Born interprets the probabilistic nature of wavefunctions
1927 Walter Heitler and Fritz London introduce the concepts of valence bond theory and apply it to the hydrogen molecule.
1927
1927
1928 Chandrasekhara Raman
studies optical photon scattering by electrons
1928 Paul Dirac states the Dirac equation
1928 for a Coulomb potential
1928 Friedrich Hund and Robert S. Mulliken introduce the concept of molecular orbital
1929 Oskar Klein discovers the Klein paradox
1929 Oskar Klein and Yoshio Nishina derive the Klein–Nishina cross section for high energy photon scattering by electrons
1929 for the Coulomb scattering of relativistic electrons
1930 Paul Dirac introduces electron hole theory
1930 Erwin Schrödinger predicts the zitterbewegung motion
1930 dipole moments
between molecules
1931 John Lennard-Jones proposes the Lennard-Jones interatomic potential
1931 Frédéric Joliot
observe but misinterpret neutron scattering in paraffin
1931 Wolfgang Pauli puts forth the neutrino hypothesis to explain the apparent violation of energy conservation in beta decay
1931 Linus Pauling discovers resonance bonding and uses it to explain the high stability of symmetric planar molecules
1931 exist
1931 Harold Urey discovers deuterium using evaporation concentration techniques and spectroscopy
1932 John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton split lithium and boron nuclei using proton bombardment
1932 James Chadwick discovers the neutron
1932 Werner Heisenberg presents the proton–neutron model of the nucleus and uses it to explain isotopes
1932
1933 Landau–Zener transition
1933 Max Delbrück suggests that quantum effects will cause photons to be scattered by an external electric field
1934 phosphorus-30
1934 may be possible
1934 Enrico Fermi publishes a very successful model of beta decay in which neutrinos were produced.
1934 )
1934 Enrico Fermi suggests bombarding uranium atoms with neutrons to make a 93 proton element
1934 light
is emitted by relativistic particles traveling in a nonscintillating liquid
1935 Hideki Yukawa presents a theory of the nuclear force and predicts the scalar meson
1935 EPR paradox
1935 Henry Eyring develops the transition state theory
1935 Niels Bohr presents his analysis of the EPR paradox
1936 Alexandru Proca formulates the relativistic quantum field equations for a massive vector meson of spin-1 as a basis for nuclear forces
1936 Eugene Wigner develops the theory of neutron absorption by atomic nuclei
1936 Hermann Arthur Jahn and Edward Teller present their systematic study of the symmetry types for which the Jahn–Teller effect is expected[8]
1937 Carl Anderson proves experimentally the existence of the pion predicted by Yukawa's theory.
1937 Hans Hellmann finds the Hellmann–Feynman theorem
1937 Seth Neddermeyer , Carl Anderson , J.C. Street, and E.C. Stevenson discover muons using cloud chamber measurements of cosmic rays
1939 Richard Feynman finds the Hellmann–Feynman theorem
1939 thermal neutrons and discover
barium
1939 Lise Meitner and Otto Robert Frisch determine that nuclear fission is taking place in the Hahn–Strassmann experiments
1942 Enrico Fermi makes the first controlled nuclear chain reaction
1942 Ernst Stueckelberg introduces the propagator to positron theory and interprets positrons as negative energy electrons moving backwards through spacetime Quantum field theory The formation and successes of the Standard Model See also References
^ Narayan, Rupa (2013). Space, Time and Anu in Vaisheshika (PDF) . Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA. . . ^ Gilbert N. Lewis. Letter to the editor of Nature (Vol. 118, Part 2, December 18, 1926, pp. 874–875).
^ The origin of the word "photon" ^ The Davisson–Germer experiment, which demonstrates the wave nature of the electron ^ A. Abragam and B. Bleaney. 1970. Electron Parmagnetic Resonance of Transition Ions, Oxford University Press: Oxford, U.K., p. 911
. ^ Richard Feynman; QED . Princeton University Press: Princeton, (1982)
^ Richard Feynman; Lecture Notes in Physics . Princeton University Press: Princeton, (1986)
. . . ^ a b Frank Wilczek (1999) "Quantum field theory ", Reviews of Modern Physics 71: S83–S95. Also doi=10.1103/Rev. Mod. Phys. 71.. The first chapter (pp. 1–40) of Weinberg's monumental treatise gives a brief history of Q.F.T., pp. 608. , pp. 489. ^ * Gerard 't Hooft (2007) "The Conceptual Basis of Quantum Field Theory " in Butterfield, J., and John Earman , eds., Philosophy of Physics, Part A . Elsevier: 661-730.
Written by a former Einstein assistant at Princeton, this is a beautiful detailed history of modern fundamental physics, from 1895 (discovery of X-rays) to 1983 (discovery of vectors bosons at C.E.R.N.) ^ "Press Release: The 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry" . 12 October 1999. Retrieved 30 June 2013 .
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