Timeline of the Kashmir conflict

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The following is a timeline of the Kashmir conflict, a territorial conflict between India, Pakistan and, to a lesser degree, China. India and Pakistan have been involved in four wars and several border skirmishes over the issue.

1846–1945: Princely state

  • 16 March 1846 (1846-03-16): Princely state of Jammu and Kashmir was created with the signing of the Second Treaty of Amritsar between the British East India company and Raja Gulab Singh of Jammu. It was an addendum to the Treaty of Lahore, signed one week earlier, which gave the terms of surrender of the Sikh Darbar at Lahore to the British. The Sikhs could not pay part of the demand made by the British; Gulab Singh paid Rs 7,500,000 on their behalf, and in return received Kashmir Valley, part of the Sikh territories, to add to Jammu and Ladakh already under his rule. Gulab Singh accepted overall British sovereignty. Kashmir Valley was a Muslim-majority[1][2] region speaking the Kashmiri language and had a distinct culture called Kashmiriyat.
  • 10 May 1857 (1857-05-10) – 1 November 1858 (1858-11-01): India's First War of Independence.
  • 2 August 1858 (1858-08-02): End of Company rule in India.
  • 20 April 1927 (1927-04-20):
    Hereditary State Subject order, granting special privileges to the state subjects for jobs and residence in the state. According to the order an "outsider" could gain state subject status "after the age of 18 on purchasing immovable property under permission of an ijazatnama and on obtaining a rayatnama after ten years continuous residence in the Jammu and Kashmir State".[3][4]
  • 1931 (1931): The movement against the Maharaja Hari Singh began and was brutally suppressed by the State forces. Hari Singh was part of a Hindu Dogra dynasty which ruled over a majority Muslim State. The predominantly Muslim population was kept poor, illiterate and inadequately represented in the State's services.[5]
  • April 1932 (1932-04): The Glancy Commission appointed by the Maharaja recommended the establishment of a legislative assembly, called the Praja Sabha. It would have 75 members, with 15 official representatives, 33 elected representatives and the remaining seats held by the Maharaja's nominees. Of the 33 elected seats, 21 would be reserved for Muslims, 10 for Hindus and 2 for Sikhs.[6][7] The Maharaja accepted these recommendations but delayed implementation, leading to protests in 1934. The Maharaja granted a constitution providing a legislative assembly for the people, but it was powerless.
  • June 1932 (1932-06): The All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference was founded by Sheikh Abdullah in collaboration with Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas to fight for the rights of the State's Muslims.[8][6]
  • September 1934 (1934-09): The first elections for the Praja Sabha (the state's legislative assembly) were held. The Muslim Conference won 16 of the 21 seats reserved for Muslims, but lost two of them to the Liberal Group, which had the majority in the assembly.[9] Soon afterwards, the younger leaders of the Muslim Conference pleaded for broadening the party to include all the people of the state.[10]
  • 1937 (1937): Sheikh Abdullah met with Jawaharlal Nehru for the first time.[11][relevant?]
  • May 1938 (1938-05): The second election for the state's Legislative Assembly was held. The Muslim Conference won all 19 contested seats.[12] Two independent candidates that won were said to have joined the Muslim Conference afterwards.[13]
  • June 1939 (1939-06): Under Sheikh Abdullah's leadership, the Muslim Conference changed its name to
    All India States Peoples Conference, a Congress-allied group of movements in princely states.[14]
  • 23 March 1940 (1940-03-23): The
    Iqbal Park, Lahore
    . The resolution demanded the establishment of an independent state comprising all regions with Muslim majorities. The letter "K" in the name "Pakistan" represented Kashmir.
  • 1941 (1941): Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas left the National Conference and revived the old Muslim Conference. The Muslim Conference became a client of the Jinnah-led Muslim League.[15]
  • 1941 (1941): 71,667 Kashmiris joined the British Indian Army for World War II; seven-eighths of them were Muslim, mainly from the Poonch-Mirpur area.[11]
  • April 1944 (1944-04): Sheikh Abdullah proposed a Naya Kashmir (New Kashmir) programme to the Maharaja, calling for a constitutional monarchy.[16]
  • 1944 (1944):
    Mohammad Ali Jinnah visited Kashmir during the summer, supporting the Muslim Conference in preference to the National Conference.[11]

1946–1947: Kashmir unrest and accession

1946

Early 1947

April 1947

May 1947

June 1947

July 1947

  • July 1947 (1947-07): The Maharaja forced the disarming of demobilised soldiers in Poonch and Mirpur. Muslims complained that the arms they deposited with the police were distributed to Hindus and Sikhs for self-defence.[24]
  • 3 July 1947 (1947-07-03): Vallabhbhai Patel wrote to the Maharaja to allay his fears of ill-will from the Indian National Congress. Patel encouraged him to visit Delhi for discussions. The receipt of the letter was followed by detailed discussions between the Maharaja and Gopal Das. By 14 July, the Maharaja is reported to have decided on declaring general amnesty to all political prisoners and dismissing the Prime Minister Ram Chandra Kak.[36][37][38][35]
  • 11 July 1947 (1947-07-11): Muhammad Ali Jinnah advised the Muslim Conference acting president Choudhry Hamidullah to support the Maharaja's wish for independence.[39] Jinnah also issued a press statement to the effect that, if Kashmir opted for independence, Pakistan would have friendly relations with it.[40]
  • 19 July 1947 (1947-07-19): At a convention of the Muslim Conference workers in Srinagar, followers of Acting President Choudhry Hamidullah supported independence for the state, and those of Mirwaiz Yousuf Shah supported accession to Pakistan. The eventual compromise resolution requested the Maharaja to declare the "internal autonomy" of the state and accede to Pakistan for defence, foreign affairs and communications. Jinnah's personal secretary
    K. H. Khurshid assured the Maharaja that Pakistan would not "take away an iota of his power".[40][41]
  • 23 July 1947 (1947-07-23): State's Prime Minister Ram Chandra Kak visited Delhi for 5 days, meeting Mountbatten and the political leaders of Congress and Muslim League. He explained that the State had decided not to accede to either Dominion.[32]

August 1947

September 1947

October 1947

November 1947

December 1947

  • December 1947 (1947-12): Liaquat Ali Khan visited the Azad staging areas in the Sialkot District and was enraged by the reports of atrocities narrated by the Azad rebels. He issued a renewed call to arms.[138][139]
  • 4 December 1947 (1947-12-04): The British Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army sanctioned military involvement in the Kashmir War. One million rounds of ammunition and twelve volunteer officers were provided.[140]
  • 8 December 1947 (1947-12-08): A meeting between Nehru and Liaquat Ali Khan, along with ministers and Lord Mountbatten, was deadlocked. Mountbatten proposed that the UN be invited to break the deadlock.[141]
  • 15 December 1947 (1947-12-15) – 20 December 1947 (1947-12-20): Indian forces lost ground and Nehru contemplated escalating the war across the international border to strike against the raider's bases, but decides against it.[142]
  • 20 December 1947 (1947-12-20): Mountbatten recommended India take the matter to the UN, where he says it would have a "cast-iron case". He believed the UN would promptly direct Pakistan to withdraw. The proposal was discussed in the Indian Cabinet.[143]
  • 22 December 1947 (1947-12-22): Nehru handed Liaquat Ali Khan a formal letter demanding that Pakistan deny assistance to the raiders.[144]
  • 24 December 1947 (1947-12-24): Indian forces were evicted from Jhangar by rebels. However, they repelled the attack on Nowshera by 27 December. India reinforced Kashmir by an additional brigade.[145]
  • 27 December 1947 (1947-12-27): British Commonwealth Minister Philip Noel-Baker considered it a "political miscalculation" by India that the UN Security Council would condemn Pakistan as an aggressor. The events before Kashmir's accession would also come into play. He predicted that the question of plebiscite would be the focus of the Security Council.[146][147]
  • 28 December 1947 (1947-12-28) – 30 December 1947 (1947-12-30): Mountbatten urged Nehru "to stop the fighting and to stop it as soon as possible". Exchanges between Mountbatten and Nehru were passed on to the British government, which was advised that any Indian defeat in the Kashmir valley would immediately lead to a broader war. Prime Minister Attlee warned Nehru that opening a broader war would jeopardise India's case in the UN. Britain alerted the US, which requested clarifications from the Indian government.[145][148]
  • 31 December 1947 (1947-12-31): India referred the Kashmir problem to the UN Security Council.
  • 31 December 1947 (1947-12-31): The British
    Commonwealth Relations Office (CRO) asked its permanent representative at the UN, Alexander Cadogan, about the validity of Indian claims. Cadogan responded that India was entitled to charge Pakistan as an aggressor under Article 35 and to take measures for self-defence under Article 51, including "pursuing invaders into Pakistan".[149]

1948: War and diplomacy

January 1948

February–April 1948

  • 3 February 1948 (1948-02-03): India requested an adjournment of the Security Council discussions. The Indian Cabinet was said to be in favour of withdrawing the UN referral unless greater consideration was shown to India's complaints.[157]
  • 9 February 1948 (1948-02-09) – 11 February 1948 (1948-02-11): Gilgit rebels attacked Skardu. The State forces at Skardu defended it for almost six months afterwards.[150] No reinforcements were possible due to closure of the Zoji La pass by winter snows. The Ladakhis appealed to Nehru for help.[158]
  • 12 February 1948 (1948-02-12): Security Council discussions were adjourned.[157]
  • 27 February 1948 (1948-02-27) – 28 February 1948 (1948-02-28): Serious differences arose between the US and UK delegations in their approach to the Kashmir resolution. The US insisted on Pakistan's obligation to stop the assistance to the raiders, favoured keeping the interim government of Kashmir in place, and limited the role of the UN commission to the conduct of the plebiscite. However, the US refrained from making its views public.[159]
  • 27 February 1948 (1948-02-27): The Commonwealth Affairs Committee of the British Cabinet discussed the Kashmir question for the first time. Patrick Gordon Walker, the Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Commonwealth Relations, disagreed with Noel-Baker and proposed a 'completely neutral' attitude on the part of the UK. The committee formulated a new approach, overriding Noel-Baker.[160]
  • 7 March 1948 (1948-03-07): A small group of Indian troops crossed through the treacherous Zoji La pass, reaching Leh with guns and ammunition to raise a local volunteer force.[158]
  • 10 March 1948 (1948-03-10): : Security Council deliberations resumed.[161]
  • 18 March 1948 (1948-03-18): The Republic of China, as the current Chair of the Security Council, tabled a resolution in three parts: restoration of peace by calling upon Pakistan to withdraw the raiders, request that India appoint a plebiscite administration with UN-nominated directors, and a request that India broaden the interim government with representatives from all major political groups.[162]
  • 21 March 1948 (1948-03-21): UN Security Council passed
    United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan (UNCIP). Both India and Pakistan rejected the resolution but promised to work with the Commission.[163]

May 1948

July 1948

  • 5 July 1948 (1948-07-05): UNCIP arrived in the subcontinent. In Karachi, it was told by Pakistan that three brigades of regular Pakistan Army were operating in Kashmir, a "bombshell" of news according to Josef Korbel. In Delhi, the Commission was told that it needed to recognize the aggression by Pakistan. The Commission broached the possibility of partition, considered favourably by India but rejected by Pakistan.[166]
  • 6 July 1948 (1948-07-06): In response to an appeal by the UNCIP, India limited its operations to clearing the land route to Leh and relieving Poonch.[167]

August–December 1948

  • 13 August 1948 (1948-08-13): UNCIP adopted its first resolution on Kashmir, fine-tuning the April resolution of the Security Council to take into account objections by both India and Pakistan. Pakistan's aggression was indirectly acknowledged by asking for its withdrawal as the first step. The resolution was accepted by India, but effectively rejected by Pakistan.[168]
  • 14 August 1948 (1948-08-14): State forces at Skardu fell after eight months of siege.[169]
  • 21 September 1948 (1948-09-21): After sustained negotiations with India and Pakistan, UNCIP left for Zurich to write an interim report to the UN Security Council.[170]
  • 1 November 1948 (1948-11-01): Zoji La pass was recaptured by India.[167]
  • 15 November 1948 (1948-11-15): Dras was recaptured.[167]
  • 20 November 1948 (1948-11-20): Two Indian columns linked at Poonch, relieving the pressure on the garrison.[167]
  • 23 November 1948 (1948-11-23): Kargil was recaptured.[167]
  • 14 December 1948 (1948-12-14): A major attack was made by the regular Pakistan army on the Indian line of communications at Beripattan-Nowshera.[167]

1949–1962: Plebiscite conundrum

1949

1950

  • May 1950 (1950-05): UN mediator, Sir Owen Dixon, arrived in the subcontinent.[178]
  • July 1950 (1950-07): India–Pakistan summit in the presence of Owen Dixon failed to make progress. After the summit, Dixon received a tentative proposal from Nehru for "partition cum plebisicte": plebiscite to be held in the Kashmir Valley and the remaining state to be partitioned as per prevailing control.[178]
  • August 1950 (1950-08): Liaquat Ali Khan accepted the partition-cum-plebiscite principle provided India agreed to put the state under neutral administration. India rejected any idea of replacing the National Conference administration. Dixon reported failure.[178]
  • 1950 (1950): At the end of the year, Jehadist rhetoric inflamed Pakistan and continued into 1951.[179]

1951

  • June 1951 (1951-06): India moved troops to the India–Pakistan border in response to the rhetoric from Pakistan. A military stand-off ensued. Pakistan regarded India's behaviour as "aggressive".[179] Liaquat Ali Khan displayed a clenched fist in defiance.[180]
  • September 1951 (1951-09) – October 1951 (1951-10): Elections were held for the Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir, with 75 seats allocated to the Indian-administered part of Kashmir and 25 seats reserved for the Pakistan-administered part. Sheikh Abdullah's National Conference won all 75 seats in a rigged election.[181] The UN Security Council passed Resolution 91 to the effect that such elections did not substitute a plebiscite.[173][non-primary source needed]

1952

  • October 1951 (1951-10): Jammu Praja Parishad became an affiliate of the newly founded Bharatiya Jana Sangh, the precursor of the Bharatiya Janata Party.[182]
  • November 1951 (1951-11): The Constituent Assembly passed legislation stripping the Maharaja of all powers and making the government answerable to the Assembly.[183]
  • January 1952 (1952-01) – June 1952 (1952-06): Jammu Praja Parishad renewed agitation and called for the full integration of the state with India. The army was called to impose order and several hundred activists were imprisoned. Jana Sangh and other Hindu nationalist parties staged a demonstration outside the Indian Parliament in support of the Praja Parishad.[184]
  • January 1952 (1952-01) – June 1952 (1952-06): Sheikh Abdullah veers around to the position of demanding self-determination for Kashmiris, having previously endorsed accession to India (c.1947). In his Ranbirsinghpura speech in April, he questioned the state's continued accession to India.[184][185][186]
  • June 1952 (1952-06): State Constituent Assembly considered a proposal for abolishing the hereditary monarchy.[187]
  • July 1952 (1952-07): Sheikh Abdullah signed the
    Delhi Agreement with the Indian government on Centre-State relationship,[188] which provided for the autonomy of the State within India and the autonomy for regions within the State.[185]
  • November 1952 (1952-11): The Constituent Assembly adopted a resolution which abolished the monarchy and replaced it with an elected Sadar-i-Riyasat (Head of State). The Prince Regent Karan Singh was elected to the position.[189]
  • November 1952 (1952-11):
    Jana Sangh and other Hindu nationalist parties launched a parallel agitation in Delhi, which supported the Praja Parishad.[190][191] Two days after a Hartal (Voluntary shutdown protest) in Jammu, Praja Parishad president Prem Nath Dogra and general secretary Sham Lal Sharma were arrested.[192][193]

1953

1954

  • February 1954 (1954-02): The Constituent Assembly, under the leadership of Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad, passed a resolution ratifying the accession of Kashmir to India.[208][209]
  • May 1954 (1954-05): Pakistan and US signed a mutual defence assistance agreement. Nehru withdrew the plebiscite offer to Pakistan.
    better source needed
    ]

1955–1957

1959–1962

  • 1959 (1959): China annexed Tibet. Tensions rose between China and India on the issue of the boundary between Tibet and India, especially in Aksai Chin.
  • 1962 (1962): Elections were held for the second Legislative Assembly. The National Conference won 68 of the 74 seats.[217]

1963–1987: Rise of Kashmiri nationalism

1963–1969

1970–1979

1980–1986

1987–present: Kashmir Insurgency

1987–1989

1990–1999

  • January 1990 (1990-01): Jagmohan was appointed Governor. Farooq Abdullah resigned.
  • 20 January 1990 (1990-01-20): An estimated 100 people were killed when a large group of unarmed protesters were fired upon by Indian troops at the Gawkadal bridge. This incident provoked an insurgency by the entire population.[251]
  • 1 March 1990 (1990-03-01): An estimated one million took to the streets and more than 40 people were killed in police firing.[251]
  • 13 February 1990 (1990-02-13): Lassa Kaul, director of Srinagar Doordarshan, was killed by the militants for implementing pro-Indian media policy.
  • February 1990 (1990-02) – March 1990 (1990-03): Though the JKLF tried to explain that the killings of Pandits were not communal, the murders caused a scare among the minority Hindu community. The rise of new militant groups and unexplained killings of members of the community contributed to an atmosphere of insecurity for the Kashmiri Pandits. Joint reconciliation efforts by members from Muslim and Pandit communities were actively discouraged by Jagmohan.[252]
  • 1990 (1990) – present: An officially estimated 10,000 Kashmiri youths crossed into Pakistan for training and procurement of arms. Indigenous and foreign militant groups besides pro-India renegade militants proliferated through the 1990s with an estimated half a million Indian security forces deployed in the Kashmir Valley. Increasing violence and human right violations by all sides led to tens of thousands of civilian casualties.[253][254][255]
  • 28 December 1991 (1991-12-28): The
    Union Territory in Kashmir for Kashmiri Hindus, known as Panun Kashmir. The day is referred to as Homeland Day.[256][257][258]
  • 1998 (1998) – present:
    Operation Sadbhavana (Goodwill) launched officially by the Indian army in Jammu and Kashmir.[259][260][261][262]
  • 3 May 1999 (1999-05-03) – 26 July 1999 (1999-07-26): Kargil War
  • 13 July 1999 (1999-07-13): Terrorist entered to a residential complex of the Indian Border Security Forces and taken 12 hostages, after killing three officials. The hostages were freed at the next day.[263]

2001–2009

  • 14 July 2001 (2001-07-14) – 16 July 2001 (2001-07-16): General Pervez Musharraf and Atal Bihari Vajpayee met for peace talks.
  • October 2001 (2001-10): : Kashmiri assembly in Srinagar was attacked, 38 fatalities.
  • December 2001 (2001-12): The Indian Parliament in New Delhi was attacked.
  • 11 September 2002 (2002-09-11): : Mushtaq Ahmed Lone, the Kashmir Law Minister was shot dead at an election rally in Kupwara, India, by armed terrorist diseguised with burkas, killing two of the minister´s bodyguardas and wounding five people more, for the attack, Lashkar-e-Taiba, Al Barq and Al-Arifeen each claimed the attack.[264][265] Eight days later, militants shot a civilian worker Azad Ahad Khan in Srinagar, died from his wounds in a hospital.[266]
  • April 2003 (2003-04) – May 2003 (2003-05):
    Pir Panjal found and more than 60 terrorists killed.[267][268][269][270]
  • 2 May 2003 (2003-05-02): India and Pakistan restored diplomatic ties.
  • 11 July 2003 (2003-07-11): : Delhi-Lahore bus service resumed.
  • 1 April 2004 (2004-04-01): An explosive device blats at a government building in Srinagar, wounding one employer,trying to boicot the coutrywide elections in the region.[271]
  • 24 September 2004 (2004-09-24): Prime Minister
    Musharraf
    met in New York during UN General Assembly.
  • 16 November 2005 (2005-11-16): Four civilians were killed and forty five were wounded, when a car bomb blasts near a bank branch in Lal Chowk, Srinagar. Al-Arifeen claimed the attack in a telephone call to the Kashmir News Service.[272][273]
  • July 2006 (2006-07): Second round of Indo-Pakistani peace talks were held.
  • 22 August 2008 (2008-08-22): Following
    2008 Kashmir unrest, hundreds of thousands of Muslims marched in Srinagar for independence, the largest protest against Indian rule in over a decade.[274]

2010–2018

2019–present

See also: 2019–2021 Jammu and Kashmir lockdown

See also

References

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Bibliography

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Kashmir_conflict&oldid=1227485905"