Veneto

Coordinates: 45°44′00″N 11°51′00″E / 45.73333°N 11.85000°E / 45.73333; 11.85000
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the region of Northern Italy. For other uses, see Veneto (disambiguation) and Venetia.

Veneto
Vèneto (Venetian)
Venetia
Region
ISO 3166 code
IT-34
HDI (2021)0.903[2]
very high · 8th of 21
NUTS RegionITD
Websitewww.regione.veneto.it
Venice, the primary tourist destination and the capital of Veneto
Lake Alleghe near Belluno
Cortina d'Ampezzo
The Piave River
The Venetian Lagoon at sunset

Veneto (US: /ˈvɛnətoʊ, ˈveɪn-/ VEN-ə-toh, VAYN-,[3] Italian: [ˈvɛːneto])[4][5] or the Venetia[4] is one of the 20 regions of Italy, located in the north-east of the country. It is the fourth most populous region in Italy, with a population of about five million. Venice is the region's capital and the largest city.

Veneto was part of the

merged with the Kingdom of Italy in 1866, as a result of the Third Italian War of Independence and of a plebiscite
.

Besides Italian, most inhabitants also speak Venetian.[6][7][8] Since 1971, the Statute of Veneto has referred to the region's citizens as "the Venetian people".[9][10] Article 1 defines Veneto as an "autonomous Region", "constituted by the Venetian people and the lands of the provinces of Belluno, Padua, Rovigo, Treviso, Venice, Verona and Vicenza", while maintaining "bonds with Venetians in the world". Article 2 sets forth the principle of the "self-government of the Venetian people" and mandates the Region to "promote the historical identity of the Venetian people and civilisation". Despite these affirmations, approved by the Italian Parliament, Veneto is not among the autonomous regions with special statute, unlike its north-eastern and north-western neighbours, Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol respectively.

Veneto is home to a notable nationalist movement, known as Venetian nationalism or Venetism. The region's largest party is Liga Veneta, a founding component of Lega Nord. The current President of Veneto is Luca Zaia (Liga Veneta–Lega Nord), re-elected in 2020 with 76.8% of the vote. An autonomy referendum took place in 2017: 57.2% of Venetians turned out, 98.1% voting "yes" to "further forms and special conditions of autonomy".

Having been for a long period in history a land of mass emigration, Veneto is today one of the greatest immigrant-receiving regions in the country, with 487,493 foreigners (9.9% of the regional population; January 2018), notably including Romanians (25.2%), Moroccans (9.3%), Chinese (7.1%), Moldovans (7.0%) and Albanians (6.9%).[11][12]

Geography

Geomorphology

Relief map of Veneto

Veneto is the 8th largest region in Italy, with a total area of 18,398.9 km2 (7,103.9 sq mi). It is located in the north-eastern part of Italy and is bordered to the east by Friuli-Venezia Giulia, to the south by Emilia-Romagna, to the west by Lombardy and to the north by Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol. In its northernmost corner it also borders Austria.

The north–south extension of Veneto is 210 km (130 mi) from the Austrian border to the mouth of the River Po. By area, 29% of its surface is mountainous (Carnic Alps, eastern Dolomites and Venetian Prealps). The highest massif in the Dolomites is the Marmolada-massif at 3,342 m (10,965 ft). Other dolomitic peaks are the Tre Cime di Lavaredo and the Pale di San Martino. The Venetian Prealps are not as high and range between 700 m (2,300 ft) and 2,200 m (7,200 ft). A distinctive landmark of the Pre-alps are the cave formations, including chasms and sink holes; the Spluta Della Preta, situated in the Monti Lessini chain in the province of Verona, has an explored depth of 985 m (3,232 ft), being the deepest cave in Italy. Fossil deposits are also abundant there.

The

Montello, which constitute the remaining 14% of the territory. The plain itself is subdivided into the higher plain (gravel-strewn and not very fertile) and the lower plain (rich in water sources and arable terrain). The lower plain is both a mainstay of agricultural
production and the most populated part of the region.

The Adige in Verona

Several rivers flow through the region: the Po, Adige, Brenta, Bacchiglione, Livenza, Piave, and Tagliamento. The eastern shore of the largest lake in Italy, Lake Garda, belongs to Veneto. The coastline covers approximately 200 km (120 mi), of which 100 km (62 mi) are beaches.

The coasts of the Adriatic Sea are characterised by the Venetian Lagoon, a flat terrain with ponds, marshes and islands. The Po Delta to the south features sandbars and dunes along the coastline. The inland portion contains cultivable land recently reclaimed by a system of canals and dykes. Fish ponds have been created there as well. The delta and the lagoon are a stopping-point for migratory birds.

Veneto's morphology is characterised by its:[13]

  • mountains (montagna): 5,359.1 km2 (2,069.2 sq mi), (117 comuni being classified as mountainous);
  • hills (collina): 2,663.9 km2 (1,028.5 sq mi), (120 hilly comuni);
  • and plains (pianura): 10,375.9 km2 (4,006.2 sq mi), (344 comuni mostly situated in the Po Valley).
Further information: Monte Pastello, Monte Rusta, and Rocca Pendice

Climate

The climate changes significantly from one area to another: while it is continental on the plains, it is milder along the Adriatic coast; around the

Asiago plateau
.

History

Venetic period

Between the 2nd and 1st millennium BC, the region was inhabited by the Euganei. According to ancient historians, who perhaps wanted to link Venetic origins to legend of Roman origins in Troy, the Veneti (often called the Palaeoveneti) came from Paphlagonia in Anatolia at the time of the Fall of Troy (12th century BC), led by prince Antenor, a comrade of Aeneas. Other historians link Venetic origins with Celts.

In the 7th–6th centuries BC the local populations of Veneto entered into contact with the Etruscans and the Greeks. Venetic culture reached a high point during the 4th century BC. These ancient Veneti spoke Venetic, an Indo-European language akin to, but distinct from Latin and the other Italic languages. Meanwhile, the Veneti prospered through their trade in amber and breeding of horses. Este, Padua, Oderzo, Adria, Vicenza, Verona, and Altino became centres of Venetic culture. Over time, the Veneti began to adopt the dress and certain other customs of their Celtic neighbours.

The Tetrarchs were the four co-rulers who governed the Roman Empire as long as Diocletian's reform lasted. Here they are portrayed embracing, in a posture of harmony, in a porphyry sculpture dating from the 4th century, produced in Anatolia, located today on a corner of St Mark's Basilica in Venice.

Roman period

During the 3rd century BC, the Veneti, together with the Cenomani Celts on their western border, sided with the Romans, as Rome expanded and struggled against the Insubres and Boii (Celts). During the Second Punic War (218 – 202 BC), the Veneti even sent a contingent of soldiers to fight alongside the Romans against Hannibal and the invading Carthaginians. These Venetians were among those slaughtered at the Battle of Cannae (216 BC).

In 181 BC a Roman

Lucius Manlius Acidinus founded a Latin colony at Aquileia as a base to protect the territory of the Veneti from incursions of the hostile Carni and Histri. From then on, Roman influence over the area increased. In 169 BC 1,500 more colonising families were sent by Rome to Aquileia. In 148 BC the Via Postumia was completed connecting Aquileia to Genoa. In 131 BC, the Via Annia joined Adria to Patavium (modern Padua
) to Altinum to Concordia to Aquileia.

The Roman Republic gradually transformed its alliance with the Veneti into a relationship of dominance. After the 91 BC Italic rebellion, the cities of the Veneti, together with the rest of Transpadania, were granted partial rights of Roman citizenship according to the Lex Pompeia de Transpadanis. Later in 49 BC, by the Lex Roscia granted full Roman citizenship to the Veneti. The Via Claudia would be completed in AD 46 to connected Altinum, Tarvisium (modern Treviso), Feltria (modern Feltre), and Tridentum (modern Trento). From Tridentum it continued northwards to Pons Drusus and further to Augusta Vindelicorum (modern Augsburg), and southwards from Trento to Verona and Mutina (modern Modena).

After the

Roman Civil War, the lands of the Veneti, together with the rest of Cisalpine Gaul, ceased to be a province. Between 8 and 6 BC, Augustus reorganized Italia into 11 regions. The territory of modern Veneto along with Istria, modern Friuli and Trentino-Alto Adige and eastern Lombardy (including its cities of Mantua, Cremona, Brescia, and Sondrio) became Region X (Venetia et Histria). Aquileia, although not officially the capital was the chief municipium of the region.[14] Meanwhile, under the Pax Romana, Patavium developed into one of the most important cities of northern Italy. Other Venetic cities such as Opitergium (modern Oderzo), Tarvisium, Feltria, Vicetia (modern Vicenza), Ateste (modern Este), and Altinum (modern Altino) adopted the Latin language and the culture of Rome. By the end of the 1st century AD Latin had displaced the original Venetic language
.

In 166 AD the

Grado in the east and Venice more to the west. On the heels of the Huns came the Ostrogoths who not only invaded, but also settled down in the region, especially near Treviso where the penultimate king Totila was born.[15]

During the mid-6th century, Justinian reconquered Venetia for the Eastern Roman Empire. An Exarch was established at Ravenna while a military tribune was set up in Oderzo. Greek-Byzantine rule did not last long. Starting in 568 AD, the Lombards crossed the Julian Alps. These invaders subdivided the territory of Venetia into numerous feuds ruled by Germanic dukes and counts, essentially creating the division of Veneto from Friuli.

The invasion provoked another wave of migration from the mainland to the Byzantine controlled coast and islands. In 643 AD the Lombards conquered the Byzantine base at Oderzo and took possession of practically all of Veneto (and Friuli) except for Venice and Grado. The 36 Lombard duchies included the Venetian cities of Ceneda, Treviso, Verona, and Vicenza. A reminder of Lombard rule can be seen in the place names beginning with the word Farra.

The Horses of Saint Mark, brought as loot from Constantinople in 1204.

Middle Ages

By the middle of the 8th century, the Franks had assumed political control of the region and the mainland of Veneto became part of the Carolingian Empire. Though politically dominant, these Germanic invaders were gradually absorbed into the Venetian population over the centuries. In the late 9th century, Berengar, Margrave of the March of Friuli was elected king of Italy. Under his tumultuous reign, the March of Friuli was absorbed into the March of Verona so that Verona's territory contained a large portion of Roman Venetia.

In the 10th century, the mainland of Veneto, after suffering raids from the

Slavs, was incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire. Gradually, the communes of the mainland grew in power and wealth. In 1167 an alliance (called the Lombard League) was formed among the Venetian cities such as Padua, Treviso, Vicenza, and Verona with other cities of Northern Italy to assert their rights against the Holy Roman Emperor
.

The Second Treaty of Constance in 1183 confirmed the Peace of Venice of 1177 in which the cities agreed to remain part of the Empire as long as their jurisdiction over their own territories was not infringed upon. The league was dissolved at the death of Emperor Frederick II in 1250. This period also witnessed the founding of the second oldest university in Italy, the University of Padua founded in 1222. Around this time, Padua also served as home to St. Anthony, the beloved Saint called simply "il Santo" ("the Saint") by the inhabitants of the town.

Venetian Republic

Main articles: Republic of Venice and History of the Republic of Venice
An 18th-century view of Venice by Canaletto.

As the barbarians were interested in the wealth of the mainland, part of the Venetian population sought refuge on some of the isolated and unoccupied islands in the lagoon, from which the city of Venetiae or Venice was born. After a period of Byzantine domination in 8th century, Venice became an independent maritime Republic ruled by its elected doge.

The Republic became a commercial superpower and its influence lasted through the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. In fact, the Venetian Republic enjoyed 1100 years of uninterrupted influence throughout the Mediterranean. By the 16th century, the Venetian Republic dominated Veneto, Friuli, parts of Lombardy and Romagna, Istria, Dalmatia, the Ionian Islands of Corfu, Cefalonia, Ithaca and Zante. From the 13th to 17th centuries, it held the island of Crete and from the mid-15th to mid-16th century, the island of Cyprus.

Venetian mainland holdings led to Venetian involvement in European and in particular, Italian politics. Cities had to be fortified, two impressive examples are Nafplio in Peloponnese and Palmanova in Friuli. The wise rule and prosperity brought by the "Serenissima" (most serene republic) made the cities of the terra firma willing subjects. Eastern Islands served as useful ports for Venetian shipping. However, as the Ottoman Empire grew more powerful and aggressive, Venice was often put on the defensive. Ottoman control of the eastern Mediterranean and the discoveries of sea routes to Asia around Africa and of the Americas had a debilitating effect on the Venetian economy.

In 1797,

Napoleon invaded the territory of the Venetian Republic. Overwhelmed by more powerful forces, Doge Ludovico Manin resigned and retired to his villa at Passariano in Friuli and the thousand year old Republic disappeared as an independent state. This proved very unpopular in the mainland cities where sympathies were strong with the Republic of Venice. By the Treaty of Campoformio signed on 17 October 1797, part of the Venetian mainland was handed over to Francis II of the Holy Roman Empire and a western part was annexed to the French backed Cisalpine Republic
. The territory soon reverted to Napoleon in 1801.

Habsburg rule

In 1805–1806, Veneto was conquered by Napoleon's armies and included in the Kingdom of Italy. During 1809, the region revolted against the French-Italian rule,[16] supporting the advancing Austrian troops during the War of the Fifth Coalition. It was mainly a peasant revolt, less organised than the nearby Andreas Hofer's revolt, while urban national guard troops fought on the French-Italian side. After the Congress of Vienna, 1814–1815, Venetia was the eastern half of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, a separate kingdom of the Austrian Empire.

During the 1848

Siege of Venice ended.[17]

The Austrian imperial government was unpopular among upper and middle classes because of

Emperor Franz Joseph into neo-absolutism after 1848, and for not granting Lombardo–Venetia any real autonomy (it was considered less than a puppet state
). At the same time, it was appreciated for the efficient and honest administration, especially among lower classes, after 1848–1849 there was no revolt against the Austrian rule.

United Italy

See also:
Castel Brando in Cison di Valmarino, Treviso
.

Venetia remained under Austrian control until the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, when the Kingdom of Italy joined on the Prussian side and was promised Venetia in exchange for its assistance. Austria offered to sell Venetia to Italy, but the Italians refused, seeing it as a dishonourable act. This caused another southern front for Austria, the Third Italian War of Independence.

Once the wars ended, the Treaty of Vienna ceded the region to neutral France, but left the fortresses under Austrian control for a time. Following protests, the Austrians left and the French ceded it to Italy on 20 October. A referendum – where only 30% of the adult population voted as was custom in the period, and did so under government pressure[18] – was held on 21–22 October and ratified the handover. There was a 99.99% majority for Italy.[19][20][21] During the fascist era, due to the nationalist policy the Venetian language, as other local languages, was banned in public spaces.[22]

Due to uneven economic development reducing many to poverty, the 19th century and the first half of the 20th became a period of emigration. Millions of Venetians left their homes and their native land to seek opportunities in other parts of the world. Many settled down in South America, especially in Brazil; others in Australia, Canada, and the United States of America. After the Second World War, many Venetians emigrated to Western European countries. In many of these places, their descendants have maintained the use of their ancestral Venetian dialects.

Those who remained in Veneto would experience the turmoil of two

Battle of the Piave River prevented their troops from advancing further and was celebrated in La Leggenda del Piave. Between 24 October and 3 November 1918, Italy launched the decisive Battle of Vittorio Veneto. The battle's outcome assured Italy's victory. The Armistice of Villa Giusti which ended warfare between Italy and Austria-Hungary in World War I, was signed at Villa Giusti
near Padua.

Between 1943 and 1945, Veneto belonged to the

Prealpine Operations Zone. Many towns in the region were bombed by the Allies during the Second World War. The most hit were Treviso and Vicenza, as well as the industrial area around Marghera
.

Government and politics

Main article: Politics of Veneto

Veneto is a

semi-presidential representative democracy. The President of Veneto, colloquially nicknamed Governor or even Doge in remembrance of Venice's traditional head of state, is also the head of the Regional Government. Legislative power is exerted by the Regional Council, the local parliament. The Statute (i.e. the law establishing and regulating the regional institution, which was first promulgated on 22 May 1971), uses the term "people" for Venetians, but, like in the case of Sardinians, this is not a legal recognition of any differences from other Italian citizens. Moreover, the region is not granted a form of autonomy comparable to that of neighbouring Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol.[23]
This is the reason why many municipalities have held referendums in order to be united to these regions.

Traditionally a very Catholic region, Veneto was once the heartland of Christian Democracy, which won a record 60.5% of the vote in the 1948 general election, polled above 50% in each and every general and regional election until 1983 and governed the region since its establishment in 1970 to 1994. After that, Veneto has been a stronghold of the centre-right coalition, which has governed the region since 1995, first under President Giancarlo Galan (Forza Italia/The People of Freedom) and, since 2010, Luca Zaia (Liga Veneta–Lega Nord). In the 2020 regional election Liga Veneta–Lega Nord won a combined 61.5% of the vote (sum of party list and Zaia's personal list), followed by the three main Italian parties of the time, the Democratic Party (11.9%), the Brothers of Italy (9.6%) and Forza Italia (3.6%).

According to Robert D. Putnam, the "institutional performance" of Veneto's regional government is higher than average in Italy and Veneto belongs to the "civic North".[24]

Venetian nationalism

special statute or even independence, and promoting Venetian culture, language and history.[25] This is the political background in which the Liga Veneta was launched in 1980. Other regionalist/nationalist groupings, including Liga Veneta Repubblica, North-East Project and the avowed separatist Veneto State, Venetian Independence and Plebiscito.eu, emerged but they have never touched the popularity of Liga Veneta, which was a founding member of Lega Nord
in 1991.

Venetian Independence and other alike groups have been long proposing a referendum on the independence of Veneto from Italy. After the Regional Council approved a resolution on self-determination (with an explicit reference to a referendum) in November 2012,[26][27] a referendum bill was proposed in April 2013.[28]

Plebiscite 2013 organised an online referendum, with no official recognition, for 16–21 March 2014.[29][30][31] According to organisers, turnout was 63.2% (2.36 million voters) and 89.1% of participants (56.6 of all eligible voters) voted yes.[32][33] Several news sources, however, contested these results, saying that participants were at most 135,000 (3.6% of eligible voters) based on public independent web traffic statistics.[34][35][36]

On 22 October 2017 an official autonomy referendum took place in Veneto: 57.2% of Venetians participated and 98.1% voted "yes".

Administrative divisions

Veneto's provinces.

Veneto is divided into the Metropolitan City of Venice and 6 provinces and also divided in 581 municipalities.[13][37] Of the seven provinces of the region, the Province of Padua is the most populous and has the greatest density, with 424. 81 persons per km2, reaching 2268. 58 in the city of Padua. In contrast the capital city, Venice, has a moderate density of 646. 71.[37] The province of least density is Belluno (58. 08), which is the largest in area and the most mountainous.

Metropolitan city and provinces

Province Abbrev. Area (km2) Population Density (inh./km2)
Belluno BL 3,678 213,059 57.9
Padua PD 2,141 905,112 422.8
Rovigo RO 1,789 245,598 137.3
Treviso TV 2,477 865,194 349.3
Venice VE 2,463 841,609 341.7
Verona VR 3,121 889,862 285.1
Vicenza VI 2,722 848,642 311.8

Largest municipalities

Pos. Municipality Inhabitants (inh.) Area (km2) Density (inh./km2) Elevation (m
amsl
) 		Province
1 Verona 259,608 206.63 1,269.9 59 VR
2 Venice 259,150 412.54 651.4 1 VE
3 Padua 209,696 92.85 2,258.4 12 PD
4 Vicenza 113,969 80.54 1,415.1 39 VI
5 Treviso 81,665 55.50 1,741.4 15 TV
6 Rovigo 51,378 108.55 473.3 6 RO
7 Chioggia 50,880 185.20 274.7 2 VE
8 Bassano del Grappa 42,237 46.79 902.7 129 VI
9 San Donà di Piave 41,827 78.73 505.2 3 VE
10 Schio 38,779 67.04 578.4 200 VI

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1871 2,196,000—    
1881 2,346,000+6.8%
1901 2,580,000+10.0%
1911 3,009,000+16.6%
1921 3,319,000+10.3%
1931 3,487,000+5.1%
1936 3,566,000+2.3%
1951 3,916,506+9.8%
1961 3,845,039−1.8%
1971 4,121,997+7.2%
1981 4,343,668+5.4%
1991 4,379,424+0.8%
2001 4,526,335+3.4%
2011 4,855,904+7.3%
20214,847,745−0.2%
Source:
ISTAT

The region has about 4.8 million inhabitants, ranking Veneto as the fifth most populated region in Italy. Veneto has one of the highest population densities among the Italian regions (265 inhabitants per km2 in 2008). This is particularly true in the provinces of Padua, Venice and Treviso, where the inhabitants per km2 are above 300. Belluno is the least densely populated province, with 57 inhabitants per km2.

Like the other regions of Northern Italy and Central Italy, though with a certain time lag, Veneto has been experiencing a phase of very slow population growth caused by the dramatic fall in fertility. The overall population has so far been increasing – though only slightly – due to the net immigration started at the end of the 1980s, after more than 20 years of massive exodus from the poorer areas of the region.

Immigration and ethnicity

The largest resident foreign-born
groups on 31 December 2019[38]
Nationality Population
 Romania 124,533
 Morocco 44,837
China 34,777
 Albania 32,376
 Moldova 31,052
 Bangladesh 17,517
 Ukraine 16,207
 India 15,634
 Nigeria 14,363
 Sri Lanka 13,031

Nearly 3 million Venetians left their country between 1861 and 1961 to escape poverty.

Southern Brazil such as Nova Schio, Nova Bassano, Nova Bréscia, Nova Treviso, Nova Veneza, Nova Pádua and Monteberico indicate the Venetian origin of their inhabitants.[40] In recent years, people of Venetian descent from Brazil and Argentina have been migrating to Italy.[41]

Due to the impressive

national institute of statistics ISTAT estimated that 403,985 foreign-born immigrants live in Veneto, equal to 8.3% of the total regional population.[42]

Religion

St Mark's Basilica, the seat of the Patriarch of Venice.

Veneto converted to

Istrian peninsula all refused to condemn the Three Chapters leading to the churches of Veneto to break communion with the Church of Rome.[43] The invasion of the non-Catholic Lombards in 568 only served to prolong the schism until 606 and then finally 699 when the Synod of Pavia definitively ended the schism.[44]

In 2004, over 95% of the population claimed to be Roman Catholic. The region of Veneto along with the regions of Friuli and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol form the ecclesiastical region of Triveneto under the Patriarchate of Venice. The Patriarchate of Venice is an archdiocese and metropolitan see of an ecclesiastical region which includes suffragan episcopal sees of Adria-Rovigo, Belluno-Feltre, Chioggia, Concordia-Pordenone, Padua, Treviso, Verona, Vicenza, and Vittorio Veneto.[45]

The

Laurence
, a nobleman of the Giustiniani family.

During the 20th century the patriarchs were usually appointed

cardinal, and three cardinal patriarchs, Giuseppe Sarto, Angelo Roncalli, and Albino Luciani, were elected pope: Pius X, John XXIII, and John Paul I, respectively. The Patriarchate of Venice claims St. Mark
the Evangelist as its patron. The same saint, symbolised by a winged lion, had become the typical symbol of the Venetian Republic and is still represented on many civic symbols.

Economy

Under Austrian rule, Veneto's agriculturally-based economy suffered, which later led to mass emigration. But, since the 1970s it has seen impressive development, thanks to the so-called "Veneto development model" that is characterised by strong

export-oriented entrepreneurship in traditional economic sectors (€64.47 billion of exports in 2019 [46]) and close social cohesion[47] – making it actually the third richest region in terms of total GDP (€166.4 billion) after Lombardy and Lazio.[48][49]

Geography and historical events have determined the present social and economic structure of the region, centred on a broad belt running from east to west. The plain and the Alpine foothills are the most developed areas in contrast to the Po delta and the mountainous areas, with the exception of the surroundings of Belluno. This is why the Alps and the province of Rovigo are suffering more than other areas, from a trend of declining and ageing population.

Agriculture

Though its importance has been decreasing for the past 20–30 years, agriculture continues to play a significant role in the regional economy. The

market gardening, fruit-growing and vine-growing throughout the plain and the foothills, requiring very much handicraft. In the south and in the extreme east of the region, grain crops are more common and land holdings are larger than in the rest of the region; mechanisation is more advanced here. The cattle stock, although declining, still represented 15% of the national stock.[50] Fishing
is also still important in coastal areas.

The main agricultural products include

Amarone della Valpolicella
, a wine from the hills around Verona, is made with high-selected grapes and is among the more expensive red wines in the world.

Industry

In the last 30–40 years industrialisation transformed the appearance of the landscape, especially in the plains.

The regional industry is especially made of small and medium-sized businesses, which are active in several sectors: food products, wood and furniture, leather and footwear, textiles and clothing, gold jewelry, but also chemistry, metal-mechanics and electronics. This has led to the establishment of a strongly export-orientated system of industries.

Typical of Veneto is the partition of the territory into industrial districts, which means that each area tends to specialise in a specific sector. The province of Venice hosts large metallurgical and chemical plants in Marghera and Mestre, but is also specialised in glass handicraft (Murano). The province of Belluno hosts the so-called eyeglasses district, being the largest world manufacturer Luxottica a firm domiciled at Agordo. Other important firms are Safilo, De Rigo, Marcolin.

Golden Goose, Calzedonia, Pal Zileri, Dainese, Lotto, Marzotto, Tecnica Group
are all Venetian brands.

Other large Venetian companies are

De'Longhi, Fedrigoni, Laverda, Permasteelisa, Pinarello, Wilier Triestina, Zamperla
.

During the last 20 years, a large number of Venetian companies relocated their plants (especially the most dangerous and polluting productions) in Eastern Europe, especially Romania. The Romanian city of Timișoara is also called "the newest Venetian province".[51]

Tourism

The Punta San Vigilio on the Lake Garda

Although being a heavily industrialised region, tourism is one of its main economic resources; one-fifth of Italy's foreign tourism gravitates towards Veneto, which is the first region in Italy in terms of tourist presence, attracting over 60 million visitors every year, second after Emilia-Romagna in terms of hotel industry structures; the business volume of tourism in Veneto is estimated to be in the vicinity of 12 billion Euros.[52]

Veneto has many small and picturesque villages, 11 of them have been selected by I Borghi più belli d'Italia (English: The most beautiful Villages of Italy),[53] a non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest,[54] that was founded on the initiative of the Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities.[55]

Statistics

Historical GDP

A table which shows Veneto's GDP growth:[56]

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2015
Gross Domestic Product (million €) 111,713.5 116,334.1 118,886.3 124,277.6 130,715.9 133,488.0 138,993.5 166,400
GDP per capita (PPP) (€) 24,842.9 25,742.2 26,108.2 26,957.1 27,982.2 28,286.7 29,225.5 33,500

Economic sectors

The main sectors in the economy of Veneto are:

Economic activity GDP product % sector (region) % sector (Italy)
Primary (agriculture, farming, fishing) €2,303.3 1.66% 1.84%
Secondary (industry, processing, manufacturing) €34,673.6 24.95% 18.30%
Constructions €8,607.7 6.19% 5.41%
Tertiary (Commerce, hotels and restaurants, tourism, (tele)communications and transport) €28,865.8 20.77% 20.54%
Financial activities and real estate €31,499.4 22.66% 24.17%
Other types of services €19,517.2 14.04% 18.97%
VAT and taxes €13,526.4 9.73% 10.76%
GDP of Veneto (2020) €163 billion

Unemployment rate

The unemployment rate stood at 5.8% in 2020 and was lower than the national average.[57] However, Veneto was along with Liguria the only northern region where the unemployment rate increased between 2017 and 2018.[58][59]

Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
unemployment rate
(in %) 		4.1% 3.4% 3.4% 4.7% 5.7% 4.9% 6.4% 7.6% 7.5% 7.1% 6.8% 6.3% 6.4% 5.7% 5.8%

Culture

See also: List of museums in Veneto

Art and architecture

Kiss of Judas by Giotto, in Padua.

The Middle Ages stimulated the creation of monumental works such as the complex of churches on the island of Torcello, in the Venetian lagoon, with the Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta founded in 639, its bell tower erected in the 11th century and the adjacent Martyrium of Santa Fosca built around the 1100, notable for the mosaics. They saw the construction of the

Basilica of San Zeno Maggiore in Verona, which was Veneto's main centre for that esthetic movement and we note, by the mixture of styles that Verona was an important crossroads to the north of Europe
. Examples of
Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari and that of Santi Giovanni e Paolo, are the Scaliger Tombs in the historical centre of Verona
.

While in Veneto

Cathedral of Padua and those of Altichiero in the Basilica of Saint Anthony
.

Giorgione's The Tempest.

After a phase of development of

Giovanni Bellini, Cima da Conegliano, Pordenone
laid the foundations for what would be the age of Venetian painting.

Church of St. Anastasia
.

The Prato della Valle in Padua, a work of Italian Renaissance architecture.

In the first phase with Carpaccio and Bellini, the influences of international painting were still evident and the references to

Venetian school rather than other traditions. Giorgione's enigmatic style infused his work with allegory, and he created his paintings with less reliance on a preparatory drawing than previous painters. This innovation was looking for the imitation of natural phenomena by creating atmospheres with the colours and shifting the emphasis from the pursuit of artistic perfection. The storm (1506–1508), now in the Accademia
in Venice, is an example of this use of colour, where the mixture colour and texture continue indefinitely without preparatory drawing for the painting work gives a special atmosphere.

Titian, born in Belluno Pieve di Cadore, brought forward the use of this technique without pictorial design, creating masterpieces such as the Assumption of the Virgin (1516–1518),[60] an altar made by imposing visible sizes on the main altar of the Basilica of Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari in Venice, a work whose suggestion is due to the use of colour. At the end of his long life, he had acquired fame and commissions across the continent.

San Giorgio Maggiore
houses a huge canvas by him depicting the Last Supper.

Paolo Veronese (1528–1588) was about as prolific as Tintoretto, with works that celebrated the Venetian state,[62] as well as decorating houses of Venetian nobles. He decorated large portions of the Palazzo Ducale and the decoration of many villas Palladian, including Villa Barbaro.

Jacopo Bassano (1517–1592) and Lorenzo Lotto were active in the mainland, and reflected some of the influences of Milanese painters with the introduction of images taken from real life, enriched by a touch of drama.

Villa Cornaro.

In architecture,

Forum Romanum
, and bringing all campaign activities to gravitate in front of the villa itself.

Antonio Canova's Psyche Revived by Love's Kiss.

The research style of Palladio has created an architectural movement called

Palladianism, which has had strong following in the next three centuries, inspiring architects, some of them his direct students, including Vincenzo Scamozzi, after the death of the teacher who completed several works, including the first Teatro Olimpico in Vicenza
.

The Church of Santa Maria della Salute in Venice

The 18th-century

Girolamo Mengozzi Colonna
.

Sculptors include

Gaspare Gozzi; the poets Alessandro Labia and George Whisker; and composers Benedetto Marcello and Antonio Vivaldi
.

old master painters of that period. Perspective
played a central role in Tiepolo's representations, and was forced beyond the usual limits in his ceiling decorations depicting levitating figures viewed from below.

Another peculiar feature of Venetian art is

Canaletto (1697–1768) and Francesco Guardi (1712–1793) the two leading figures. Canaletto's rigorous perspective studies make for an almost "photographic" reality, in contrast to Guardi's more subjective capriccios
.

Antonio Canova (1757–1822), born in Possagno, was the greatest of the neoclassical artists.[64] The Temple of Possagno, which he designed, financed, and partly-built himself,[65] is among landmarks of neo-classical architecture. His most important works include Psyche Revived by Love's Kiss and The Three Graces.

After the fall of the Republic of Venice in 1796, every city in Veneto created its own form of art. Important was, however, the role of Accademia di Belle Arti in Venice, who was able to attract many young artists from the surrounding territory.

Among the many artists which were important in modern ages were

Frederick Zandomeneghi, who deviates from the tradition of Venetian colouring to venture in a style similar to French impressionism, and finally Luigi Nono
, whose works feel realistic, even if, in addition to painting genre scenes, includes portraits of finity for psychological enhancement.

Education

Veneto hosts one of the oldest universities in the world, the

OECD investigations[66]
show that school education achievements in North-Eastern Italy (whose population comes mainly from Veneto) are the highest in Italy. In 2003 the university had approximately 65,000 students.

Language

Main article: Venetian language

Most of the people of Veneto speak Italian, along with widespread usage of local varieties of the Venetian language. Within Venetian there are distinct sub-groups centered on the major cities, and distinctions are also found between rural and urban dialects and those spoken in northern mountainous areas and on the plain.[67]

Venetian dialects are classified as Western Romance. Linguists identify five major types of Venetian: an Eastern or Coastal (Venice) group, a Central (Padua, Vicenza, Polesine) group, a Western (Verona) group, a North-Central (Treviso) group, and a Northern (Belluno, Feltre, Agordo, Cadore, Zoldo Alto) group of dialects. All dialects are mutually intelligible to varying degrees, are descended from Vulgar Latin and influenced to varying degrees by Italian. Venetian is first attested as a written language in the 13th century. It is also spoken outside of Veneto, such as in Friuli-Venezia Giulia (including in Trieste, see Triestine dialect), Istria in Croatia and Slovenia and Dalmatia in Croatia, Brazil (Talian dialect) and Mexico (Chipilo Venetian dialect).

The language of Venice enjoyed substantial prestige in the days of the

Mediterranean. Notable Venetian-language authors include the playwrights Carlo Goldoni (1707–1793) and Carlo Gozzi (1720–1806), while Ruzante (1502–1542) is best known for his rustic comedies "cast in mainland peasant Pavan 'Paduan'".[68]

Ladin, also Romance, is spoken in parts of the province of Belluno, especially in the municipalities of Cortina d'Ampezzo, Livinallongo del Col di Lana and Colle Santa Lucia, while Cimbrian (Germanic) is spoken in two villages (Roana and Giazza respectively) of the Seven Communities and the Thirteen Communities. These are two historical groups of villages of Cimbric origin, which for a long time formed two distinct "commonwealths" under the rule of the Republic of Venice, among others. Furthermore, in the area around Portogruaro people speak Friulian.

As the region does not enjoy a special status of autonomy, minority languages are not granted any form of official recognition. A motion to recognise Venetian as an official regional language has been approved by the regional Parliament.[69]

Literature

Main article: Venetian literature

Ruzante. It then reached its zenith in the 18th century, thanks especially to dramatist Carlo Goldoni. Subsequently, literary production in Venetian declined, following the collapse of the Republic of Venice. Nevertheless, during the 20th century there was a literary revival featuring lyrical poets such as Biagio Marin
of Grado.

Cuisine

Main article: Venetian cuisine
A Golden bottle of Prosecco

Cuisine is an important part of the culture of Veneto, and the region is home to some of the most recognisable dishes, desserts and wines in Italian, European and worldwide cuisine.

Wines and drinks

Main article: Venetian wine

Veneto is an important wine-growing area producing:

pressed grapes is distilled to produce grappa
or graspa, as it is called in the local language.

Prosecco is a dry sparkling wine.[70][71] It is made from the glera grape, a white grape formerly known as Prosecco,[72] which is traditionally grown in an area near Conegliano and Valdobbiadene, in the hills north of Treviso.[70] The name of Prosecco is derived from the northern Italian village of Prosecco (Trieste), where this grape variety is believed to have originated.[71][73]

Spritz, in the Venetian language also called "spriss" or "spriseto" depending on the area, usually consists of equal parts of sparkling wine, Aperol and sparkling water. Campari may also be used instead of Aperol.

Cheeses

Asiago cheese and crackers

Cheeses of Veneto include:

PDO
).

Salamis and meats

The

PDO) is obtained from the fresh meat
of a top breed of adult hogs. The aroma is delicate, sweet and fragrant.

Vegetables

Protected Geographical Status
.

Desserts

tiramisù

savoiardi and chocolate) originates from Veneto.[74][75][76]

Festivals

Each town, often every quarter, has its patron saint whose feast day is solemnly celebrated. Many other festivals are closely linked to the religious calendar. Among these:

  • Carnival of Venice celebrated the Tuesday before Ash Wednesday;
  • Panevin celebrated around Epiphany;
  • Pasqua (Easter Sunday);
  • Saint Mark's feast day (25 April);
  • La Sensa (Ascension Thursday);
  • San Giovanni Battista (24 June);
  • La festa del Redentór (mid July);
  • Vendemmia (grape harvest in September);
  • San Nicolò de Bari (St. Nicholas, 6 December);
  • Nadàl (Christmas)

Music

Main articles: Music of Veneto and Music of Venice

Veneto, and in particular Venice and Verona, are important Italian musical centres, home to a vibrant musical life.

The city of Venice in Italy has played an important role in the development of the music of Italy. The Venetian state—i.e. the medieval Maritime Republic of Venice—was often popularly called the "Republic of Music", and an anonymous Frenchman of the 17th century is said to have remarked that "In every home, someone is playing a musical instrument or singing. There is music everywhere."[77]

In

Padova, musical ensembles such as the Amici della Musica di Padova, the Solisti Veneti and the Padova-Veneto Symphony are found. Concerts are often held in the historic Loggia Comaro, built in 1524. As well, the city is the site of the Teatro delle Maddalene, the Teatro delle Grazie, the Giuseppe Verdi Theater, and the Cesare Pollini
music conservatory.

Rovigo is the site of the Teatro Sociale, built in 1819. In the 20th century it was the venue for the career beginnings of Tullio Serafin, Beniamino Gigli and Renata Tebaldi. The town of Rovigo is also the site of the Francesco Vanezza music conservatory.

The city of Verona is the site of the Roman amphitheater known as the "Arena" which has been hosting musical events since the 16th century, but more recently the spectacular outdoor staging of Verdi's Aida, an event staged for the first time in 1913. The city also has the Felice Evaristo Dall'Abaco music conservatory;

Musicians and composers

Antonio Salieri
Antonio Vivaldi

See also

Main article: List of people from Veneto

Theatres

Teatro La Fenice
Teatro Salieri

Tourism

Cities

UNESCO World Heritage Sites

UNESCO World Heritage Sites[78]
Name and description Image
L'Orto Botanico di Padova

Inserted by UNESCO in 1997. It is the world's oldest academic botanical garden that is still in its original location. (Officially, the oldest university botanical garden is the Orto botanico di Pisa, which was founded in 1544; however, that garden was relocated twice and has only occupied its current, and now-permanent, location since 1591.) It is located in Padua, Italy and was founded in 1545. The garden, affiliated with the University of Padua, currently covers roughly 22,000 square metres (240,000 square feet) and has special collections.

Orto Botanico di Padova
Padua's Fourteenth Century Frescoes

They have been added in 2021. They are Padua's second world heritage site.

Verona

Verona was inscribed in the year 2000. One of the seven provincial capitals in the region. It is one of the main tourist destinations in north-eastern Italy, thanks to its artistic heritage, several annual fairs, shows and operas, such as the lyrical season in the Arena, the ancient amphitheatre built by the Romans.

Ponte Pietra
,Verona
City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto

The city of

Palladian Villas of Veneto, in the surrounding area, and the renowned Teatro Olimpico (Olympic Theatre) have both been enlisted as UNESCO World Heritage Sites since 1994 (extended in 1996).[80]
The Palazzo Chiericati in Vicenza
Venice and its Lagoon

The city and its lagoon were inscribed in 1987. With a population of 271,367 (census estimate 1 January 2004). Together with

Luigi Barzini, writing in The New York Times, described it as "undoubtedly the most beautiful city built by man".[81] Venice has also been described by the Times Online as being one of Europe's most romantic cities.[82]
San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice
Dolomites

They were inscribed in 2009. They are located for the most part in the province of

Piave valley (Pieve di Cadore) in the east. The northern and southern borders are defined by the Puster Valley and the Sugana Valley (Val Sugana). But the Dolomites spread also over the Piave river (Dolomiti d'Oltrepiave) to the east; and far away over the Adige river to the west is the Brenta Group (Western Dolomites); there is also another smaller group called Piccole Dolomiti (Small Dolomites) located between the Provinces of Trento and Vicenza
(see the map).

Il Pomagagnon
Peschiera del Garda

The town is encircled by massive

defensive systems that are a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 9 July 2017.[83]
Porta Verona
Prosecco Hills of Conegliano and Valdobbiadene

It was added to the Unesco list in 2019.

Prosecco Hill in Conegliano
Pile Dwellings Sites

Found in the province of Verona, one near Peschiera del Garda and one at Tombolo. There is also one in the province of Padua at Arquà Petrarca

Palladian Villas of Veneto

Villa Barbaro
Villa Capra "La Rotonda"
Villa Badoer
Villa Malcontenta
Villa Pisani (Bagnolo)

Palladian
villas included in the site was expanded to include those in other parts of Veneto. The site was given its present name.

The term villa was used to describe a country house. Often rich families in Veneto also had a house in town called a palazzo. In most cases the owners named their palazzi and villas with the family surname, hence there is both a Palazzo Chiericati in Vicenza and a Villa Chiericati in the countryside, similarly there is a Palazzo Foscari in Venice and a Villa Foscari in the countryside. Somewhat confusingly there are multiple Villas Pisani, including two by Palladio.

There are these sorts of villas all over the Venetian plain, but especially in the provinces of Treviso, Padua, Vicenza and Venice. The date of construction of these villas ranges from the 15th to the 19th century. There are approximately five thousand Ville Venete, of which 1,400 are declared of historical and monumental interest.

Apart from the numerous Palladian villas, of which 24 are protected by UNESCO, there are many villas spread across Veneto, mainly from the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. Many of them are museums, public institutions or private residences. The 24 Palladian villas which are part of UNESCO:

Amongst these, Villa Trissino (Cricoli) is not regarded a Palladian villa, but is also an important country house.

Parks

Lakes

The area of

Garda (VR), Torri del Benaco and Malcesine
, are resorts.

Mountains

Cortina d'Ampezzo is situated in the province of Belluno and is one of the most exclusive mountain locations in Europe together with Kitzbühel in Austria and St. Moritz in Switzerland. It was scene of the 1956 Winter Olympics and will host once again in 2026 alongside Milan. To the north there are the Tre Cime di Lavaredo, said to be a symbol of the Italian Dolomites.

Other landmark places are:

Thermal baths

The

thermal baths of Abano Terme are an important tourist attraction. Montegrotto Terme and Recoaro Terme
are other resorts.

Beaches

Lido is an 11-kilometre-long sandbar, visited by many tourists every summer
.

Jesolo is one of the most important seaside resorts on the Adriatic coast, just a few kilometres far from Venice. Every year Jesolo gives accommodation to over 4.5 million tourists.

Caorle has often received awards for one of the cleanest beaches in Italy. Bibione, Eraclea and Sottomarina are resorts too. Albarella island is a private island on the Lido. Alberoni Beach is set in a nature reserve.

Sister regions

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Veneto

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General bibliography

Further reading

External links

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