Hardoi district
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Hardoi district | ||
---|---|---|
Vidhan Sabha constituencies 8 | | |
Area | ||
• Total | 5,947 km2 (2,296 sq mi) | |
Population (2011)[1] | ||
• Total | 4,092,845 | |
• Density | 690/km2 (1,800/sq mi) | |
• Urban | 541,806 | |
Demographics | ||
• Literacy | 50% | |
• Sex ratio | 856 | |
Time zone | UTC+05:30 (IST) | |
Website | hardoi |
Hardoi district is a
As of the
History
The present-day Hardoi district was created by the British after their takeover of Awadh in 1856.
In the following centuries, the administrative setup in the area underwent various changes.[3] The pargana of Balamau was formed out of Sandila around the end of Akbar's reign, and it included an area of 42 villages cleared from the jungle by a Kurmi named Balai.[3] The pargana of Barwan was also established at an early date, being split off from Sandi.[3] Kalyanmal became a separate pargana during the reign of Aurangzeb, when a fort was built there; it had previously been part of Gundwa.[3] Shahabad became a pargana in 1745, almost 70 years after the town itself was established; it was split off from the pargana of Pali.[3] Pachhoha was separated from Pali to become a pargana in about 1840.[3] The pargana of Katiari was formed in the early 1800s by taking some areas belonging to Sandi and some belonging to Pali, and the small pargana of Saromannagar was created in 1803 from parts of Pali and parts of Sara.[3] Mansurnagar was created in 1806 from parts of Sara and Gopamau.[3] Bangar was split off from Bilgram in 1807, when the lowlands (kachh) and uplands (bangar) of Bilgram were separated.[3] Finally, Barwar-Anjana was entirely dismantled in 1703 and replaced with 9 smaller parganas, including Pindwara, Pihani, and Alamnagar.[3]
Under the
Hardoi district was first formed after the British annexed Awadh in February 1856, and it was originally called Mallanwan district because its headquarters were at Mallanwan.[3] After the 1857 uprising the seat was moved to Hardoi due to its more central location.[3] At that time, Hardoi district consisted of four tehsils: Shahabad, Hardoi, Bilgram, and Sandila.[3] Shahabad tehsil contained eight parganas: Shahabad, Pali, Pachhoha, Saromannagar, Barwan, Mansurnagar, Alamnagar, and Pindarwa-Pihani.[3] Hardoi tehsil contained the parganas of Bangar, Gopamau, Sara, and Bawan.[3] Bilgram tehsil contained the parganas of Bilgram, Mallanwan, Kachhandao, Sandi, and Katiari; and finally, Sandila tehsil comprised the four parganas of Sandila, Gundwa, Kalyanmal, and Balamau.[3] In 1869, Sara pargana was divided into Sara North and Sara South, and Sara North was transferred into Shahabad tehsil, while at the same time Barwan was transferred into Hardoi tehsil.[3]
Geography
Hardoi is the westernmost district of Awadh.[3] Its eastern border is formed by the Gomti River, which separates it from Sitapur and Lakhimpur Kheri districts.[3] To the south, it borders Lucknow and Unnao districts.[3] On the west, its border is formed partly by the Sendha river until it joins the Ramganga, and then the district border cuts south to the Ganges, which then forms the western boundary the rest of the way.[3]
There are two main geographic divisions of Hardoi district: the kachh or lowlands in the west and the bangar or uplands in the east.[3] The dividing line between them is a high bank of barren sandhills on the east side of the Garra basin, running north–south in the western part of the district.[3]
In the east, a broad upland belt with sandy soil overlooks the Gomti.
Further west is the Sai valley, which consists of alternating patches of loamy and clayey soil.[3] There are many depressions and jhils, stretches of barren usar land, and, historically, scattered patches of dhak jungle.[3] Especially in the north, the banks of the Sai were in many places heavily forested.[3] Further south, both banks of the Sai are high and sandy, although here it is much more fertile than along the Gomti.[3] Between them and the river itself, there are narrow strips of tarai lowlands, vulnerable to flooding.[3]
The western border of the bangar uplands is formed by another high bank of barren sandhills, which mark the eastern part of the Garra basin and may have once done the same for the Ganges.[3] This bank is narrow, scoured by many ravines, and slopes steeply down to the kachh lowlands on the west.[3] These lowlands are traversed by many rivers and streams, and they are prone to flooding and often covered by marshes.[3] Continuing westward, the final river that crosses the kachh is the mighty Ganges, whose course often shifts around in its extremely wide bed.[3] The annual floods cover this entire lowlying area, depositing a sandy soil which is less conducive to agriculture than the more loamy deposits of the Garra and Ramganga.[3]
Hardoi district was once heavily wooded, especially in the upland areas, but by the turn of the 20th century much of this had been cleared, mostly since the 1870s.
Geology
The geology of Hardoi district is fairly unremarkable, with most of the district being covered in Gangetic alluvium like the rest of the Awadh region.[3] In the eastern parts of the district, the surface soil is a reddish clay with an average depth of about 8 feet.[3] Below that is black clay, which is 2 to 10 feet deep.[3] Below that is sandy soil, either grey, white, or yellow and unmixed with clay.[3] In the Sai basin, the sandy layer is closer to the surface; above it is sandy clay, and at the top is a thin layer of yellow clay.[3] For three miles on either side of the Sai, the surface is pure sand.[3] Around the jhils near Pipri, the bottom sandy layer gives way to a bluish, sandy clay, possibly marking an ancient river channel.[3]
Wildlife
The blackbuck is a common site all throughout the district, especially in the area around Gopamau and along the sandy banks of the Gomti.[3] wolves are also sometimes seen in the ravines along the Gomti and other rivers in the district, but not in especially large numbers.[3] Nilgais are most common in the tamarisk jungles around Dharampur between the Ganga and Ramganga, but they are also found in the larger dhak jungles to the east and northeast.[3] Rarely, leopards are seen in the jungles north of Pihani.[3] The chital, or spotted deer, was once fairly common in the area, but by the early 20th century it had "practically disappeared".[3] The four-horned antelope was also formerly native to the area, but the last one known was shot by hunters in 1865.[3] Jackals and hares are very common.[3]
Common birds in the district include the
Economy
In 2006 the
Divisions
Hardoi district is divided into five
The district has 13 towns, including 7
Town name | Classification | Tehsil | Population (in 2011) |
---|---|---|---|
Shahabad | Nagar Palika Parishad |
Shahabad | 80,226 |
Pihani | Nagar Palika Parishad | Shahabad | 36,014 |
Pali | Nagar Panchayat |
Sawayajpur | 18,708 |
Gopamau | Nagar Panchayat | Hardoi | 15,526 |
Hardoi | Nagar Palika Parishad | Hardoi | 197,029 |
Sandi | Nagar Palika Parishad | Bilgram | 26,007 |
Bilgram | Nagar Palika Parishad | Bilgram | 29,768 |
Madhoganj | Nagar Panchayat | Bilgram | 11,523 |
Mallawan | Nagar Palika Parishad | Bilgram | 36,915 |
Kursath | Nagar Panchayat | Bilgram | 5,924 |
Kachhauna Patseni | Nagar Panchayat | Sandila | 15,647 |
Beniganj | Nagar Panchayat | Sandila | 10,173 |
Sandila | Nagar Palika Parishad | Sandila | 58,346 |
This district is a district of the Lucknow Commissionary in Uttar Pradesh Province of India, it is situated in between 26-53 to 27-46 north latitude and 79-41 to 80-46 east longitude. Its north border touches
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
---|---|---|
1901 | 1,092,236 | — |
1911 | 1,120,542 | +0.26% |
1921 | 1,083,727 | −0.33% |
1931 | 1,126,750 | +0.39% |
1941 | 1,239,083 | +0.95% |
1951 | 1,361,562 | +0.95% |
1961 | 1,573,171 | +1.46% |
1971 | 1,849,519 | +1.63% |
1981 | 2,274,929 | +2.09% |
1991 | 2,747,082 | +1.90% |
2001 | 3,398,306 | +2.15% |
2011 | 4,092,845 | +1.88% |
source:[6] |
According to the
In 1901, the population of Hardoi district was 1,092,834 and Hardoi had 12,174 inhabitants. By the time, the main city was
The predominant language spoken in Hardoi district is the Kannauji dialect of Hindi.[3] This sets it apart from the other districts in Awadh, where the Awadhi dialect is spoken.[3] However, in the eastern parts of Hardoi district, the form of Kannauji spoken is very close to the form of Awadhi spoken in neighbouring Unnao and Sitapur districts.[3]
At the time of the
Religion
The majority of Hardoi district's population are
Places of interest
Historical places in the district include:
- Bawan-Puri[11]
- Prahlad Ghat[12]
- Sandi Bird Sanctuary[13]
- Tomb of Nawab Diler Khan, Shahabad[14]
Notable people
Notable people from the district include:
- Brajesh Pathak – Cabinet Minister in Government of Uttar Pradesh.
- Nitin Agrawal – Cabinet Minister in Government of Uttar Pradesh.
- Babu Mohan Lal Verma – local leader of the Indian independence movement from 1932, and member of the national legislative assembly (Vidhan Sabha)1956-1967
- Rajpal Kashyap – Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council
References
- ^ a b c d e "District Census Handbook: Hardoi" (PDF). censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Hardoi, Part A (Village and Town Directory)" (PDF). Census 2011 India. pp. xiii–xv, 4–5, 578–81. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu Nevill, H.R. (1904). Hardoi - A Gazetteer. Allahabad: Government Press. pp. 1–18, 59–71, 100, 134–142. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f "Sandi Bird Sanctuary". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
- ^ a b Ministry of Panchayati Raj (8 September 2009). "A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme" (PDF). National Institute of Rural Development. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 April 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
- ^ Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901
- ^ US Directorate of Intelligence. "Country Comparison:Population". Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
Lebanon 4,143,101 July 2011 est.
- ^ "2010 Resident Population Data". U. S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
Oregon 3,831,074
- ^ a b "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Uttar Pradesh". www.censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
- ^ a b c d e "Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttar Pradesh". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.
- ^ "Bawan-Puri". District Hardoi - India. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
- ^ "Prahlad Ghat". District Hardoi - India. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
- ^ "Sandi Bird Sanctuary". District Hardoi - India. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
- ^ "Tomb of Nawab Diler Khan, Shahabad". District Hardoi - India. Retrieved 5 December 2023.