Agra
Agra | |
---|---|
Pincode | 282001-282009 |
Telephone code | 0562 |
Vehicle registration | UP-80 |
GDP Nominal (Agra District) | Rs. 60,488.30 crores (2019-20)[9] |
Sex ratio | 875 ♀ / 1000 ♂ |
Literacy | 73.11% |
Website | Official District Website |
Agra (/ˈɑːɡrə/, Hindustani: [ˈaːgraː] ) is a city on the banks of the Yamuna river in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, about 230 kilometres (140 mi) south-east of the national capital Delhi and 330 km west of the state capital Lucknow. With a population of roughly 1.6 million, Agra is the fourth-most populous city in Uttar Pradesh and twenty-third most populous city in India.[10]
Agra's notable historical period began during
Name
The name Agra is explained by different derivations, all of which have low verifiability. The most accepted one is that it had its origin from the Hindi word agar meaning salt-pan, a name which was given to it because the soil in the region is brackish and salt used to be made here once by evaporation. Others derive it from Hindu History claiming that the Sanskrit word agra (अग्र) which means the first of the many groves and little forests where Krishna frolicked with the gopis of Vrindavan. The term Agravana hence means grove forest.[11][12]
Agra was also known as Akbarabad in the Mughal era. The name was coined by the emperor Shah Jahan, in honour of his grandfather Akbar.[13][14]
History
Pre-Mughal era
Agra has two histories: one of the ancient city on the east, or left, bank of the river
Agra's period of historical importance began during Sikandar Lodi's reign. In 1504–1505, Sultan Sikandar Lodi (reigned 1489–1517
After the Sultan's death in 1517, the city passed on to his son, Sultan
Mughal era
The golden age of the city began with the
Babur (reigned 1526–30[24]), the founder of the Mughal dynasty, acquired Agra after defeating the Lodhis and the Tomaras of Gwalior in the First Battle of Panipat in 1526.[24][25] Babur's connection with Agra began immediately after the battle of Panipat. He sent forward his son Humayun, who occupied the town without opposition. The Raja of Gwalior, slain at Panipat, had left his family and the heads of his clan at Agra. In gratitude to Humayun, who treated them magnanimously, and protected them from plunder, they presented to him a quantity of jewels and precious stones as a token of homage. Among these was the famous diamond Koh-i-nur.[25] Babur went on to lay out the first formal Mughal garden in India, the Aram Bagh (or Garden of Relaxation) on the banks of the river Yamuna. Babur was determined to establish the seat of his government at Agra, but was almost dissuaded by the desolate appearance of the region, as clear from this quote from his memoir Baburnama:[25]
It always appears to me, that one of the chief defects of Hindustan is the want of artificial watercourses. I had intended, wherever I might fix my residence, to construct water-wheels, to produce an artificial stream, and to lay out an elegant and regularly planned pleasure ground. Shortly after coming to Agra I passed the Jumna with this object in view, and examined the country to pitch upon a fit spot for a garden. The whole was so ugly and detestable that I repassed the river quite repulsed and disgusted. In consequence of the want of beauty and of the disagreeable aspect of the country, I gave up my intention of making a charbagh (garden house); but as no better situation presented itself near Agra, I was finally compelled to make the best of this same spot.... In every corner I planted suitable gardens, in every garden I sowed roses and narcissus regularly, and in beds corresponding to each other. We were annoyed by three things in Hindustan; one was its heat, another the strong winds, and the third its dust. Baths were the means of removing all three inconveniences.
— Babur, Baburnama
Very few vestiges remain of Babur's city, of his fruit and flower gardens, palaces, baths, tanks, wells and watercourses. The remnants of Babur's Charbagh can be seen today at Aram Bagh, on the east side of Yamuna.[25][26] Babur was followed by his son Humayun (reigned 1530–40 and 1555–56[24]), but he was completely defeated at Kanauj in 1539, just nine years after his ascension, by Sher Shah Suri, an Afghan nobleman, who had submitted to Babur, but revolted against his son. In this brief interruption in Mughal rule between 1540 and 1556, Sher Shah Suri, established the short lived Sur Empire, and the region was eventually reconquered by Akbar in the Second Battle of Panipat in 1556.
Under
Agra is a very great city, and populous, built with stone, having fair and large streets with a fair river running by it . . . . Agra and Fatehpur Sikri are two very great cities, either of them much greater than London, and very populous. Between Agra and Fatehpur are twelve miles (kos in reality) and all the way is a market of victuals and other things as full as though a man were still in a town, and so many people as if a man were in a market.
These impressions of Fitch are corroborated by another European traveller, William Finch, who remarked about Agra:[28]
It is spacious, large, populous beyond measure, that you can hardly pass the street . . . .
Agra continued to expand and flourish during Akbar's successor Jahangir's reign as he wrote in his autobiography Tuzuk-e-Jahangiri:[28][29]
The habitable part of Agra extends on both sides of the river. On its west side, which has the greater population, its circumference is seven kos, and its breadth is one kos. The circumference of the inhabited part on the other side of the river, the side towards the east, is 21⁄2 kos, its length being one kos and its breadth half a kos. But in the number of its buildings it is equal to several cities of Iraq, Khurasan and Trans-Oxiana put together. Many persons have erected buildings of three or four storeys in it. The mass of the people is so great that moving about in the lanes and bazars is difficult.
Akbar's successor Jahangir (reigned 1605–27
Shah Jahan later shifted the capital to
Later periods
The
During the Indian rebellion of 1857, when East India Company rule across many parts of India was threatened, the news of the mutiny at Meerut reached Agra on 14 May. On 30 May some companies of the 44th and 67th Native Infantry sent to Mathura to bring in the treasury mutinied and carried off the treasury to the rebels in Delhi. With the fear of the rebellion spreading to Agra as well, the rest of these native infantry battalions, which were part of the
But in the economy of the administration of British India Agra is nothing more than a district town; its size, proportions and manifold activities have come down to its present requirements, and continued life in this city does not come above the average of that monotonous muffasil life in India which has been so often and so vividly described by many gifted Anglo-Indian writers. Agra has become of late years a large railway centre, and its commercial prosperity seems to be reviving.
— Agra by 1892, as described by S.C. Mukerji, Traveller's Guide to Agra, pp 55-56
Agra's role in the Indian Independence movement is not well documented.[41] However, in the years between the mutiny and independence Agra was a major centre of Hindi and Urdu journalism.[citation needed] Paliwal park(formerly Hewitt park) in Agra is named after S.K.D Paliwal,[42] who brought out the Hindi daily Sainik.[43]
Post Independence and Mughal legacy
Post India's independence, Agra has been a part of
Geography and climate
Geography
The region around Agra consists almost entirely of a level plain, with hills in the extreme southwest. The rivers in the region include Yamuna and Chambal. The region is also watered by the Agra Canal. Millet, barley, wheat and cotton are among the crops grown in the surrounding countryside. Both Rabi and Kharif crops are cultivated. The deserted city of Fatehpur Sikri is about 40 km southwest of Agra.[53] The sandstone hills near Fatehpur Sikri and on the south-eastern borders of the district are offshoots from the Vindhya range of Central India.[54] Agra is about 210 km away from the National capital of New Delhi (via Yamuna Expressway),[55] about 336 km from state capital Lucknow (via Agra-Lucknow Expressway),[56] and about 227 km from Kanpur (via Agra-Lucknow Expressway).[57] The city has an average elevation of 170 metres above sea level.[5]
Climate
Broadly speaking, the climate of Agra is classified as BSh by the
The city features warm winters, sweltering and dry summers and a monsoon season. The Agra district, from its proximity to the sandy Thar Desert to the west, is relatively dry, and has greater extremes of temperature than districts further east. The hot west wind, Loo blows mainly during April, May, and June with great force and can cause fatal heatstrokes.[61] The highest temperature ever registered in Agra was 48.6 °C, on 28 May 2024. The monsoon rains usually begin in the first week in July; and generally end in mid-September. However, the monsoons, though substantial in Agra, are not quite as heavy as the monsoon in other parts of India. The weather moderates by the middle of October.[12][62] The region around Agra, the northwest Indo-Gangetic plain is prone to extreme fog in the winter months, which is caused due to natural factors like low winds, low temperatures, availability of moisture apart from air pollution.[63][64] This phenomenon often leads to big delays and sometimes cancellation of trains due to poor visibility. Agra has high levels of air pollution and one of the worst AQIs in India. In a study conducted by WHO using data from years 2010–2016, Agra ranked as the 8th most polluted city in India, along with other nearby cities including Delhi, Kanpur and Faridabad.[65]
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Record high °C (°F) | 33.0 (91.4) |
35.6 (96.1) |
42.8 (109.0) |
47.3 (117.1) |
48.6 (119.5) |
48.5 (119.3) |
46.5 (115.7) |
43.0 (109.4) |
41.4 (106.5) |
41.1 (106.0) |
36.5 (97.7) |
31.0 (87.8) |
48.6 (119.5) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 22.2 (72.0) |
26.2 (79.2) |
32.1 (89.8) |
38.4 (101.1) |
41.9 (107.4) |
41.1 (106.0) |
36.0 (96.8) |
33.1 (91.6) |
34.2 (93.6) |
34.7 (94.5) |
29.2 (84.6) |
23.7 (74.7) |
32.7 (90.9) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 7.4 (45.3) |
10.4 (50.7) |
14.2 (57.6) |
20.0 (68.0) |
24.4 (75.9) |
25.5 (77.9) |
24.7 (76.5) |
23.9 (75.0) |
23.5 (74.3) |
18.7 (65.7) |
13.2 (55.8) |
8.1 (46.6) |
17.9 (64.2) |
Record low °C (°F) | −2.2 (28.0) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
5.5 (41.9) |
10.0 (50.0) |
14.0 (57.2) |
12.0 (53.6) |
14.5 (58.1) |
12.0 (53.6) |
13.0 (55.4) |
9.4 (48.9) |
2.8 (37.0) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 12.5 (0.49) |
10.8 (0.43) |
8.3 (0.33) |
8.5 (0.33) |
21.4 (0.84) |
46.4 (1.83) |
245.8 (9.68) |
198.6 (7.82) |
110.8 (4.36) |
24.7 (0.97) |
2.5 (0.10) |
3.2 (0.13) |
693.6 (27.31) |
Average rainy days | 1.2 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 1.8 | 3.2 | 10.3 | 10.1 | 5.8 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 37.2 |
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST )
|
63 | 52 | 44 | 40 | 39 | 45 | 69 | 78 | 69 | 53 | 63 | 65 | 57 |
Average dew point °C (°F) | 8 (46) |
11 (52) |
13 (55) |
14 (57) |
17 (63) |
21 (70) |
25 (77) |
25 (77) |
23 (73) |
18 (64) |
13 (55) |
10 (50) |
17 (62) |
Average ultraviolet index | 5 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 7 |
Source 1: NOAA (1971–1990),[66] India Meteorological Department[67][68][69]Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)[70][71] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Weather Atlas[72] |
Environment
The Taj Mahal has faced significant damage due to air pollution and sewage discharge into the nearby Yamuna river.[73] The white-marble Taj Mahal is turning yellow and green because of filthy air in the world's eighth-most polluted city. The Taj Mahal flanks the garbage-strewn Yamuna river and is often enveloped by dust and smog from smokestacks and vehicles.[74]
The Yamuna River is one of the most polluted rivers in the world.[75] Agra is the second largest contributor to River Yamuna's pollution, after Delhi.[76] The river's pollution has caused several problems for the Taj Mahal such as 'Attacks by Bugs and their Green Slime',[77] foul stench[78] and corrosion of Taj Mahal's foundation.[78] The river has as many as 90 nalas or drains opening into it. Though the municipality has claimed to stop 40 of these drains, the bigger ones, Bhairon, Mantola, Balkeshwar nalas continue to discharge huge quantities of untreated waste water without any check.[79] Activists say that the Yamuna river bed between Itmad-ud-Daula and the Taj Mahal has become a dumping ground for pollutants. Polythene, plastic waste, leather cuttings from shoe factories, construction material, are all thrown into the river.[79]
Less than 7% of the Agra district is under forest cover.
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1871 | 142,700 | — |
1881 | 160,200 | +12.3% |
1891 | 168,700 | +5.3% |
1901 | 188,300 | +11.6% |
1911 | 185,400 | −1.5% |
1921 | 185,500 | +0.1% |
1931 | 125,300 | −32.5% |
1941 | 284,100 | +126.7% |
1951 | 375,700 | +32.2% |
1961 | 462,000 | +23.0% |
1971 | 594,900 | +28.8% |
1981 | 723,700 | +21.7% |
1991 | 891,800 | +23.2% |
2001 | 1,275,000 | +43.0% |
2011 | 1,585,000 | +24.3% |
Source: [84] |
With a population of roughly 1.6 million, Agra is the fourth-most populous city in Uttar Pradesh and twenty-third most populous city in India.[10] As per the 2011 Census of India, Agra city has a population of 1,585,704; its metropolitan population is 1,760,285. The sex ratio of Agra city is 875 females per 1000 males, while the child sex ratio is 857 girls per 1000 boys. The average literacy rate of Agra city is 73.11% of which male and female literacy rates are 77.81% and 67.74% respectively.[85]
Hinduism is the most followed religion in Agra city with 80.68% of its population adhering to it. Islam is second most followed religion in the city of Agra with 15.37% of the population following it. These are followed by Jainism, Sikhism, Christianity and Buddhism at 1.04%, 0.62%, 0.42% and 0.19% respectively. Approximately 1.66% stated 'No Particular Religion'.[85]
Administration and politics
Administration
Key posts of local administration | Person |
---|---|
Mayor (elected post) | Hemalata Diwakar (BJP)[86] |
Municipal commissioner | Nikhil Tikaram Funde[86] |
Vice-chairman of ADA | Devendra Kumar Singh Kushwaha[87] |
District and divisional administration | Person |
Divisional commissioner | Anil Kumar[88][89] |
District magistrate and collector | Mr. Navneet Singh Chahal IAS[90] |
Police administration | Person |
Senior superintendent of police (SSP) | Mr.Prabhakar Choudhary IPS[91] |
ADG, Agra Zone | Ajay Anand[92] |
IG, Agra Range |
Police administration
Agra district comes under the Agra Police Zone and Agra Police Range, Agra Zone is headed by an additional director general (ADG)-ranked Indian Police Service (IPS) officer, and the Agra Range is headed by a deputy inspector general (DIG)-ranked IPS officer.
The district police is headed by a
Infrastructure and civic administration
Agra Municipal Corporation or Agra Nagar Nigam (AMC or ANN) is the Municipal Corporation responsible for the civic infrastructure and administration of the city of Agra. This civic administrative body administers the city's public services. The mayor and municipal councillors are elected to five-year terms.[94] The Agra Municipal Corporation oversees four zones (Hariparvat, Lohamandi, Tajganj and Chhata) which are further subdivided into 100 wards. The AMC boundary encompasses an area of 121 square km.[95][96] The Agra Development Authority (ADA), is develops new housing, infrastructure and colonies in the city.[97]
Politics
Utilities
The electricity power distribution and bill collection in Agra is the responsibility of
Agra has three primary sources for municipal water supply: water treatment plants at
Though most of the city uses cylinders for cooking gas, piped natural gas is also available in many localities, including Kamla Nagar, Sikandra and others. The service is provided by Green Gas Limited.[111][112]
Economy
Due to the presence of the Taj Mahal and other historic monuments, Agra has a booming tourism industry as well as royal crafts like
40% of the population depends largely on agriculture, and others on the leather and footwear business and iron foundries. Agra was the second most self-employed in India in 2007, behind Varanasi, followed by Bhopal, Indore and Patna. According to the National Sample Survey Organization, in 1999–2000, 431 of every 1,000 employed males were self-employed in the city, which grew to 603 per 1,000 in 2004–05.[114]
Tourism has a significant role in the economy of Agra, with upwards of 9.5 million tourists visiting Agra and surrounding monuments in 2019.[115] The city is home to Asia's largest spa called Kaya Kalp – The Royal Spa, at the ITC Hotel Mughal in Agra.[116][117] Other hotels include Taj Hotel and Convention Centre.[118]
Sanjay Place is the trade centre of Agra. There are about 12 major and medium scale industries, producing electrical goods, pipes, leather goods etc. There are about 7,200 small scale industrial units. Above 1.5 lakh pairs of shoes per day are manufactured in Agra by the various footwear units.[119] Agra city is also known for its leather goods, the oldest and famous leather firm Taj Leather World is in Sadar bazar. The carpets, handicrafts, zari and zardozi (embroidery work), marble and stone carving and inlay work.[120][121]
Agra amassed a GDP of[clarification needed] 40.21 billions / 40,210 crores as per the data released by UP Government for the year 2018–19, thus the 3rd rank in the state.[122]
In the Swachh Survekshan 2020, Agra ranked 16th nation-wide, and 2nd in the state after Lucknow, which was a big jump after 86th in 2019, 102nd in 2018, and 263rd in 2017.[123][124] In the Smart city Rankings, which are pan-India rankings for 100 cities which is released by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs based on the progress/completion rate of Smart City projects, Agra ranked 1st, based on the rankings released based on work done by department concerned under the Smart City project from 1 October 2019, to 1 March 2020.[125][126]
As of August 2020, Industrial activity in Agra has been affected as a result of the restrictions imposed due to the COVID-19 pandemic that has forced people to remain confined to their homes. The sectors worst-hit are the iron foundries, tourism, leather shoe industry in Agra.[127] It is estimated that the loss in the tourism industry due to COVID-19 restrictions is approximately ₹ 22 billions / 2,200 crores.[128]
Monuments and architecture
This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2021) |
Taj Mahal
The Taj Mahal rises above the banks of the river like a solitary tear suspended on the cheek of time.
— Rabindranath Tagore, (translated by Kshitish Roy) from One Hundred and One Poems by Rabindranath Tagore (pp. 95–96)
Taj Mahal is mausoleum complex in Agra, built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan as a tomb for his wife Mumtaz Mahal ("Chosen One of the Palace"), who died in childbirth in 1631, having been the emperor's inseparable companion since their marriage in 1612. India's most famed building, it is situated in the eastern part of the city on the southern (right) bank of the Yamuna River, about 1.6 km east of the Agra Fort, also on the right bank of the Yamuna. The Taj Mahal is distinguished as the finest example of Mughal architecture, a blend of Indian, Persian, and Islamic styles. Other attractions include twin mosque buildings (placed symmetrically on either side of the mausoleum), pleasant gardens, and a museum. The complex was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1983,
The chief architect was probably the Persian architect Ustad Ahmad Lahori. Designed as a unified entity according to the principles of Mughal architecture, the five principal elements of the complex were the main gateway, garden, mosque, jawab (literally 'answer', a building mirroring the mosque), and the mausoleum, with its four minarets. The construction commenced in 1632 with upwards of twenty thousand workers from India, Persia, the Ottoman Empire, and Europe working to complete the mausoleum itself by 1639, the adjunct buildings by 1643, with decoration work continuing until at least 1647. In total, construction of the 42 acre (17 hectare) complex spanned 22 years.[132]
It can be observed from Agra Fort from where Emperor Shah Jahan gazed at it for the last eight years of his life, a prisoner of his son Aurangzeb. Verses of the Quran are inscribed on it and at the top of the gate are 22 small domes, signifying the number of years the monument took to build. The Taj Mahal was built on a marble platform that stands above a sandstone one. The most elegant and largest dome of the Taj Mahal has a diameter of 60 feet (18 m), and has a height of 80 feet (24 m); directly under this dome is the tomb of Mumtaz Mahal. Shah Jahan's tomb was erected next to hers by his son Aurangzeb. The interiors are decorated with fine pietra dura inlay work, incorporating semi-precious stones.
However, air pollution caused by emissions from foundries and other nearby factories and exhaust from motor vehicles has damaged the Taj, notably its marble facade.[133] A number of measures have been taken to reduce the threat to the monument, among them the closing of some foundries and the installation of pollution-control equipment at others, the creation of a parkland buffer zone around the complex, and the banning of nearby vehicular traffic, and more recently, use of 'mud pack' therapy.[134] Perhaps most importantly, the 10,400 km2 (4,000 sq mi) Taj Trapezium Zone has been created around the Taj Mahal and other nearby monuments where strict pollution restrictions are in place on industries, following a 1996 Supreme Court of India ruling.[135]
Some antique views were published in the Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Books, namely Tâj-Mahal, Agra. by Samuel Prout from a mid-distant angle (1832)[136] and Ruins about the Taj Mahal. by S. Austin from those said ruins (1836).[137] Both are accompanied by poetical illustrations by Letitia Elizabeth Landon.
-
The most common front view of the Taj Mahal
-
Taj Mahal and outlying buildings as seen from across theYamuna River(northern view)
-
Tombs of Shah Jahan and his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal
-
Agra fort
Agra Fort
The Agra Fort is a large 16th-century fortress of red sandstone located by the
Among the major attractions in the fort is Jahangiri Mahal, the largest residence in the complex, built by Akbar as a private palace for his Rajput wives. In the Diwan-i-Am (Hall of Public Audience), the emperor would listen to public petitions and meet state officials. The Diwan-i-Khas (Hall of Private Audience) was used for receiving distinguished visitors. The famous Peacock Throne was once kept there, before Aurangzeb took it to Delhi. Near the Diwan-i-Khas stands the Musamman Burj, an octagonal Tower which was the residence of Shah Jahan's favourite empress, Mumtaz Maḥal. The Moti Masjid (Pearl Mosque), constructed by Shah Jahan, is a structure made entirely of white marble. The emperor's private residence was the Khas Mahal, whose marble walls were once adorned with flowers depicted by precious gems. Located to its northeast is the Sheesh Mahal (Palace of Mirrors), its walls and ceilings inlaid with thousands of small mirrors.[139] Numerous other structures are there in the complex, including the Anguri Bagh, the Mina Bazaar etc.[138]
In addition to its other functions, the fort also served as a prison for Shah Jahan when Aurangzeb, his son and successor as emperor, had him confined there from 1658 until his death in 1666.[139]
-
The Jahangiri Mahal, the largest residence in the complex
-
Musamman Burj, an octagonal Tower which was the residence of Shah Jahan's favourite empress, Mumtaz Maḥal
-
The Moti Masjid or the Pearl Mosque
-
Amar Singh Gate, one of two entrances into Agra's Red Fort
I'timād-ud-Daulah's tomb
The walls are white marble from
Akbar's Tomb, Sikandra
Other places of Interest
Agra also has several other places of interest, most of them from its Mughal past. They include the Jama Masjid, Chini Ka Rauza, Aram Bagh, Mariam's Tomb, and Mehtab Bagh among others. The
City
- Jahangiri Mahal
- Mina Mosque
- Moti Masjid (Agra Fort)
- Musamman Burj (Agra Fort)
- Nagina Masjid
- Shah Jahani Mahal
- Throne of Jahangir
- Dayal Baghtemple
- Aram Bagh, Agra
- Chini Ka Rauza
- Akbar's Church
- Jama Mosque, Agra
- Jaswant Ki Chhatri
- Mehtab Bagh
- Gyarah Sidi
- Black Taj Mahal
- Ram Barat
- Taj Mahotsav
- Paliwal Park
Around
Culture
Cuisine
Agra's cuisine is derived from its Mughal past.
Taj Mahotsav
Taj Mahotsav is a cultural festival and craft fair that was started in the year 1992 and has grown since then. The year 2019 was the 28th year of this Mahotsav. The fair is held in a big field in Shilpgram, near the eastern gate of the Taj Mahal. This festival also figures in the calendar of events of the Department of Tourism, Government of India. A large number of Indian and foreign tourists coming to Agra join this festivity. One of the objectives of this craft fair is to provide encouragement to the artisans. It also makes available works of art and craft at reasonable prices that are not inflated by high maintenance cost.[153] The Mahotsav is hosted from 18 to 27 February every year. The theme for the 2020 Taj Mahotsav was Sanskriti ke Rang, Taj ke Sang.[154] For the first time since 1992, Taj Mahotsav 2021 has been cancelled, because of tourism restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic.[155]
Transport
This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2021) |
Air
As of April 2021, Indigo operates regular flights between Agra Airport and Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Bhopal, and Bangalore. The Agra Airport at Kheria is controlled by the Indian Air Force.[156]
Rail
The city of Agra is served by 7 railway stations, viz.,
Road
Inter-State Bus Terminal (I.S.B.T.),
- From Delhi: NH 19 (old number: NH 2), a modern divided highway, connects the 200 km (124 mi) distance from Delhi to Agra.
- From Delhi / Noida: Yamuna Expressway, a modern access controlled highway connects the 200 km (124 mi) distance from Delhi to Agra.
- Yamuna Expressway (formerly Taj Expressway) is a six lane, 165 km (103 mi) long, controlled-access expressway, that connects New Delhi with Agra via Greater Noida and Mathura in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.
- NH 509 (old number: NH 93) connects Agra to Moradabad via Aligarh.
- Section of NH 44 (old number: NH 3 Agra Mumbai national highway) connects Agra to Gwalior via Dholpur.
- NH 21 (old number: NH 11 Agra Jaipur Highway) connects Jaipur to Bareilly via Agra.
- in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.
Bus services are run by the UPSRTC([1] Other para-transit modes include rickshaws. Polluting vehicles are not allowed near the Taj Mahal. Within the city, Mahatma Gandhi Marg is the main artery.
Agra Metro
Rail India Technical and Economic Service (
Education
It was during the advent of the Mughal era that Agra grew as a centre of Islamic education. In the year 1823, Agra College, one of the oldest colleges in India was formed out of a Sanskrit school established by the Scindia rulers. In the British era, Agra became a great centre of Hindi literature with people like Babu Gulab Rai at the helm.
Universities and colleges
- The Institute of Mental Health and Hospital, formerly known as Agra Lunatic Asylum, was established in September 1859 governed by the State of Uttar Pradesh. It is spread over an extensive ground of 172.8 acres (69.9 ha) land and is well-known centre for the treatment, training, and research on mental disorders in Northern India. The institute was renamed as Mental Hospital, Agra in 1925. Presently all admissions and discharges are being done under the provisions of Mental Health Act, 1987.
- Central Institute of Hindi (also known as Kendriya Hindi Sansthan) is an autonomous institute under Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India engaged in teaching Hindi as a foreign and second language. Apart from running residential Hindi language courses for foreign students, the institute also conducts regular training programmes for teachers of Hindi belonging to non-Hindi states of India. The institute is situated at an 11 acres (4.5 ha) campus on the outskirts of Agra city. Headquartered in Agra the institute has eight regional centres in Delhi, Hyderabad, Mysore, Shillong, Dimapur, Guwahati, Ahmedabad and Bhubneshwar. The institute is the only government-run institution in India established solely for research and teaching of Hindi as a foreign and second language.
- Sarojini Naidu Medical College is one of the three oldest medical colleges of India. It is located in Agra, Uttar Pradesh state. It is named after the first lady Governess of Uttar Pradesh, poet and freedom fighter, Bharat Kokila Smt. Sarojini Naidu.
- Agra College is one of the oldest institutions in India. Pandit Gangadhar Shastri, a noted Sanskrit scholar, founded the college in 1823. Till 1883 the institute was a government college and after that, a board of trustees and a Committee of Management managed the college. Agra College produced the first graduate in Uttar Pradesh and the first Law graduate to Northern India.
- St. John's College, Agra, is a college established in 1850, now part of the Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar University, earlier known as Agra University. It is amongst the oldest Christian colleges in India. The college runs a study centre of Indira Gandhi National Open University, a central university.
- Raja Balwant Singh College, established in 1885, owes its existence to Raja Balwant Singh Ji of Awagarh, who enabled the institution to grow as one of the oldest and biggest colleges of Uttar Pradesh. Raja Balwant Singh College is located at Bichpuri, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India. The college is affiliated to Uttar Pradesh Technical University, Lucknow, and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University, Agra.
- Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Radha Soami Satsang Sabha, started the Radhasoami Educational Institute, as a co-educational Middle School, open to all, on 1 January 1917. It became a Degree College in 1947, affiliated to Agra University. In 1975, it formulated a programme of undergraduate studies which received approbation from the Government of Uttar Pradesh and the University Grants Commission, as a result of which in 1981 the Ministry of Education, Government of India, conferred the status of an institution deemed to be a University on the Dayalbagh Educational Institute, to implement the new scheme.
- Bhadawar Vidya Mandir PG College (1942)
Schools
- Anglo-Indian Christian Institution granted Minority Rights under Article 30 of the Indian Constitution. It is located near Mall Road and near to Targhar.
- Roman Catholic Institution granted Minority Rights under Article 30 of the Indian Constitution.
Media
This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2021) |
Agra is home to the Dainik Jagran newspaper, the most read Hindi newspaper in India.[161] Other widely read papers include Amar Ujala, Rajasthan Patrika, Aaj, Hindustan, The Sea Express, daily Amar Bharti, Deepsheel Bharat, and DLA. The English dailies published are The Times of India, Hindustan Times, Economic Times, and The Pioneer. The Urdy dailies published are Prabhanjan Sanket and Inksaaf. There is also the Hindi and English mixed newspaper tabloid I-Next.
Frequency | Station |
---|---|
90.4 MHz | Agra ki Awaaz |
90.8 MHz | Aap ki Awaaz |
93.7 MHz | Fever FM |
91.9 MHz | Radio City |
92.7 MHz | Big 92.7 FM |
94.5 MHz | Tadka FM |
105.6 MHz | GNOU Gyan Vani |
State-owned
Notable people
- Aakash Chopra
- Abdul Karim (the Munshi)
- Acharya Prashant
- Alok Sharma
- Alvin Robert Cornelius
- Amritlal Nagar
- Anand Swarup
- Ashi Singh
- Dalip Tahil
- Deepak Chahar
- Deepti Sharma
- Dhruv Jurel
- Girraj Singh Dharmesh
- Jagan Prasad Garg
- Kalyan Das Jain
- Makund Behari Lal
- Mamnoon Hussain
- Mirza Ghalib
- Mir Taqi Mir
- Motilal Nehru
- Nazeer Akbarabadi
- Nimmi
- Poonam Yadav
- Raj Babbar
- Rajendra Yadav
- Rahul Chahar
- R. K. S. Bhadauria
- S. P. Singh Baghel
- Salig Ram[163]
- Seth Achal Singh
- Shiv Dayal Singh[164]
Sister cities
Agra is
See also
- Western Uttar Pradesh
- Agra (Graduates Constituency)
Tehsils of Agra:
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Further reading
- Cole, Henry Hardy (1873). Illustrations of buildings near Muttra and Agra. India Office.
- Agra, Archaeological Society of (1874). Transactions of the Archaeological Society of Agra, Jan–June 1874. Delhi Gazette Press.
- Mukerji, Satya Chandra (1892). The Traveller's Guide to Agra. Sen & Co., Delhi.
- Fanthome, Frederic (1895). Reminiscences of Agra. Thacker, Spink & Co.
- Latif, Muḥammad (1896). Agra, Historical & Descriptive. Calcutta Central Press.
- Keene, Henry George (1899). A Handbook for Visitors to Agra and Its Neighbourhood (Sixth ed.). Thacker, Spink & Co.
- Smith, Edmund W. (1901). Moghul Colour Decoration of Agra, Part I. Govt. Press, Allahabad.
- Havell, Ernest Binfield (1904). A Handbook to Agra and the Taj, Sikandra, Fatehpur-Sikri, and the Neighbourhood. Longmans, Green & Co., London.
- Agranama: The authentic book about the history of Agra by Satish Chandra Chaturvedi
- Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava, History and Culture of Agra (Souvenir), 1956