Health in Indonesia
Health in Indonesia is affected by a number of factors. Indonesia has over 26,000 health care facilities; 2,000 hospitals, 9,000 community health centres and private clinics, 1,100 dentist clinics and 1,000 opticians.[1] The country lacks doctors with only 0.4 doctors per 1,000 population.[1] In 2018, Indonesia's healthcare spending was US$38.3 billion, 4.18% of their GDP, and is expected to rise to US$51 billion in 2020.[2]
In 2014, Indonesia introduced its
The Human Rights Measurement Initiative[4] finds that Indonesia is fulfilling 84.1% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to health based on its level of income.[5] When looking at the right to health with respect to children, Indonesia achieves 93.5% of what is expected based on its current income.[6] In regards to the right to health amongst the adult population, the country achieves only 87.1% of what is expected based on the nation's level of income. [7] Indonesia falls into the "very bad" category when evaluating the right to reproductive health because the nation is fulfilling only 71.9% of what the nation is expected to achieve based on the resources (income) it has available.[8]
Population
As of September 2020, Indonesia has a population of 247 million and a population density of 151 per km2.[9] 29% of the population of Indonesia are under 15 years old, and only 5% are over 65. More than 28 million live below the poverty line of US$17 a month and about half the population have incomes not much above it.
Life expectancy
Period | Life expectancy in years |
Period | Life expectancy in years |
---|---|---|---|
1950–1955 | 41.75 | 1985–1990 | 61.29 |
1955–1960 | 45.07 | 1990–1995 | 63.32 |
1960–1965 | 48.18 | 1995–2000 | 65.16 |
1965–1970 | 51.05 | 2000–2005 | 66.40 |
1970–1975 | 54.02 | 2005–2010 | 68.31 |
1975–1980 | 56.69 | 2010–2015 | 70.01 |
1980–1985 | 59.21 | 2015–2020 | 71.41 |
Source: United Nations[10]
Mortality rate
Observed deaths per 1000 live births | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2019 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Under 28 days | 30.6 | 22.8 | 17.4 | 12.4 |
Under 1 year | 61.8 | 41 | 28 | 20.2 |
Under 5 years | 84 | 52.2 | 33.9 | 23.9 |
Source: The World Bank[11]
Fertility
Year | Births per women | Rate |
---|---|---|
2017 | 2.346 | 1.1% decline from 2016 |
2018 | 2.320 | 1.11% decline from 2017 |
2019 | 2.300 | 0.86% decline from 2018 |
2020 | 2.280 | 0.87% decline from 2019 |
Source: Macrotrends[12]
Maternal and child healthcare
The 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Indonesia is 240. This is compared with 228.6 in 2008 and 252.9 in 1990. The under 5 mortality rate, per 1,000 births is 41 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5's mortality is 49. In Indonesia the number of
The 2012 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births is 359 deaths, a significant increased from 2010 data with 220 deaths and far from the MDGs goal of 102 deaths by the end of 2015. The main cause of deaths are severe post-natal bleeding due to lack of pregnancy regular control, although National Family Planning Coordination Board and the Central Statistics Agency data showed improvement from 93 percent of women received prenatal care in 2007 increased to 96 percent in 2012.[14]
Quality and lifestyle
Climate change
The effect of climate change can also be seen in the health of people in Indonesia (heat-related illnesses,
Water quality
Unsafe
Air quality
1997 Southeast Asian haze, 2006 Southeast Asian haze, 2013 Southeast Asian haze and 2015 Southeast Asian haze - In all countries affected by the smoke haze, an increase of acute health outcomes was observed. Health effects including emergency room visits due to respiratory symptoms such as asthma, upper respiratory infection, decreased lung function as well as eye and skin irritation, were caused mainly by this particulate matter.
Unhealthy diet
At least 1 in 3 children under five are either undernourished or overweight in Indonesia.[27] According to UNICEF, 7 million children under-five are stunted, 2 million are wasted and 2 million are overweight or obese. Also, 1 in 4 adolescents are anaemic, most likely due to deficiency in vitamins and nutrients such as iron, folic acid and vitamin A.[28]
Tobacco and drug use
Indonesia is the fifth largest tobacco market in the world and does not have very strict rules on smoking. Every year, more than 200,000 people are killed by tobacco caused diseases. However, more than 469,000 children (10–14 years) and 64 million adults (15+ years) continue to use tobacco products every day.[29]
Drug use and selling drugs is completely illegal and can result in the death penalty. In 2015, 4.5 million Indonesians need to be rehabilitated due to illicit or illegal drug use and around 45 young people die each day due to drug use.[30]
Mental health and suicide
There is a high stigma against
Suicide is a problem in Indonesia and in 2018 ranks 65 with 2.9 suicides per 100,000. Suicides are often unreported due to stigma, approximately 10,000 people commit suicide per year.[32]
Diseases
Communicable diseases
Three other health hazards facing Indonesia in 2004 were
By 2010, there were three
Noncommunicable diseases
Noncommunicable diseases are estimated to account for 73% of all deaths in Indonesia. Diabetes is increasing at a rate of about 6% a year.[35]
Disease | Proportional mortality |
---|---|
Cardiovascular diseases | 35% |
Communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions | 21% |
Other noncommunicable diseases | 12% |
Cancers | 12% |
Chronic respiratory diseases | 6% |
Diabetes | 6% |
Injuries | 6% |
Vaccination
While the Ikatan Dokter Anak Indonesia-IDAI (Indonesian Pediatric Society) recommends vaccinating against 16 different diseases, only five are mandatory and free for all national health insurance (BPJS) participants. The mandatory vaccinations are: Tuberculosis (TB), Hepatitis B, Polio, DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis) and Measles.[36] Almost 60% of Indonesians are BPJS participants.[37] Unfortunately, this means that herd immunity is low in Indonesia.
See also
- Healthcare in Indonesia
- HIV/AIDS in Indonesia
- COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia
- Water supply and sanitation in Indonesia
- Environmental issues in Indonesia
- Smoking in Indonesia
- Disability in Indonesia
- Afflictions: Culture & Mental Illness in Indonesia
- List of hospitals in Indonesia
References
- ^ a b c "Indonesia's Healthcare Industry: Growing Opportunities for Foreign Investors". ASEAN Business News. 30 July 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
- ^ "Healthcare Resource Guide: Indonesia". 2016.export.gov. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
- ^ Susanto, Gabriel Abdi (31 December 2013). "Pertanyaan-pertanyaan Dasar Seputar JKN dan BPJS". liputan6.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 18 January 2022.
- ^ "Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries". humanrightsmeasurement.org. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
- ^ "Indonesia - HRMI Rights Tracker". rightstracker.org. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
- ^ "Indonesia - HRMI Rights Tracker". rightstracker.org. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
- ^ "Indonesia - HRMI Rights Tracker". rightstracker.org. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
- ^ "Indonesia - HRMI Rights Tracker". rightstracker.org. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
- ^ "Indonesia Population (2020) - Worldometer". www.worldometers.info. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
- ^ "World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations". Retrieved 16 July 2017.
- ^ "Indonesia | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
- ^ "Indonesia Fertility Rate 1950-2020". www.macrotrends.net. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
- ^ "The State Of The World's Midwifery". United Nations Population Fund. Archived from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
- ^ Gokkon, Basten (29 January 2014). "Indonesia Still Haunted by High Number of Maternal and Post-Natal Deaths". Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 30 January 2014.
- PMID 20052422.
- ISBN 978-3-319-61345-1.
- ISBN 978-92-9022-392-4.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ISBN 978-3-031-15501-7, retrieved 13 May 2023
- ^ Yusman, Syaukat (2011). The Impact of Climate Change on Food Production and Security and its Adaptation Programs in Indonesia. Indonesia: Department of Resource and Environmental Economics.
- S2CID 37870030.
- PMID 29900134.
- S2CID 208340646.
- PMID 27334776.
- ^ "Health and climate change: country profile 2015: Indonesia". www.who.int. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f Indonesia country profile. Archived 26 February 2005 at the Wayback Machine. Library of Congress Federal Research Division (December 2004). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ "IssueBriefs: Water, sanitation & hygiene" (PDF). UNICEF Indonesia. October 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
- ^ "The State of the World's Children 2019". www.unicef.org. 15 October 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
- ^ "Poor diets damaging children's health worldwide, warns UNICEF". www.unicef.org. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
- ^ "Indonesia". Tobacco Atlas. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
- ^ Stoicescu, Claudia (5 February 2015). "Indonesia uses faulty stats on 'drug crisis' to justify death penalty". The Conversation. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
- ^ "The future of mental health care in Indonesia". Inside Indonesia. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
- ^ "Some Facts about Suicide in Indonesia". International Policy Digest. 30 September 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
- ^ Leksono, Ageng Wibowo (23 April 2011). "Malignant malaria still haunts Indonesia". Antara. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
- ^ "Govt to rid RI of malaria by 2030". The Jakarta Post. 26 April 2011. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011.
- ISBN 978-1-137-49661-4.
- ^ dafluff (12 March 2018). "Vaccination for Children in Indonesia: Things you need to know!". Expat Indo. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
- ^ "Q&A: BPJS Kesehatan, health for all Indonesians". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
External links
- The State of the World's Midwifery - Indonesia Country Profile Archived 5 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine