Transport in Indonesia

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

The Pelni shipping line connects several Indonesian islands.

Indonesia's transport system has been shaped over time by the economic resource base of an archipelago with thousands of islands, and the distribution of its more than 200 million people concentrated mainly on a single island, Java.[1]

All modes of transport play a role in the country's transport system and are generally complementary rather than competitive. Road transport is predominant, with a total system length of 548,366 kilometres (340,739 miles) in 2020.[2] The railway system has five unconnected networks in Java and Sumatra primarily dedicated to transport bulk commodities and long-distance passenger traffic.

Sea transport is extremely important for economic integration, as well as for domestic and foreign trade. It is well developed, with each of the major islands having at least one significant port city. The role of inland waterways is relatively minor and is limited to certain areas of Eastern Sumatra and Kalimantan.

The function of

air transport
is significant, particularly where land or water transport is deficient or non-existent. It is based on an extensive domestic airline network in which all major cities can be reached by passenger plane.

Water transport

Merchant marine vessels

Traditional wooden Pinisi ships still used in inter-Indonesian islands freight service.

Because

maritime shipping provides essential links between different parts of the country. Boats in common use include large container ships, a variety of ferries, passenger ships, sailing ships, and smaller motorised vessels. The traditional wooden pinisi vessel is still widely used as the inter-island freight service within Indonesian archipelago. Main pinisi traditional harbours are Sunda Kelapa in Jakarta and Paotere harbour in Makassar
.

Frequent ferry services cross the straits between nearby islands, especially in the chain of islands stretching from

Straits of Malacca between Sumatra and Malaysia, and between Singapore and nearby Indonesian islands, such as Batam. Ferry services are operated by state-owned ASDP Indonesia Ferry
and several private operators.

Pelni's shipping routes, 2006

A network of passenger ships makes longer connections to more remote islands, especially in the eastern part of the archipelago. The national shipping line, Pelni, provides passenger service to ports throughout the country on a two to four week schedule. These ships generally provide the least expensive way to cover long distances between islands. Smaller privately run boats provide service between islands.

On some islands, major rivers provide a key transportation link in the absence of good roads. On Kalimantan, longboats running on the rivers are the only way to reach many inland areas.

Waterways

Indonesia has 21,579 km (13,409 mi) of navigable waterways (as of 2005), of which about one half are on Kalimantan, and a quarter each on Sumatra and

Papua. Waterways are highly needed because the rivers on these islands are not wide enough to hold medium-sized ships. In addition to this, roads and railways are not good options since Kalimantan and Papua are not like Java, which is a highly developed island.[3] With the current length of waterways, Indonesia ranked seventh on the countries with longest waterways.[4]

Ports and harbours

Main article:
List of Indonesian ports
The Port of Tanjung Priok, the busiest port in Indonesia

Major ports and harbours include

Indonesia Port Corporations, of which there are four, numbered I through IV. Each has jurisdiction over various regions of the country, with I in the west and IV in the east. Port of Tanjung Priok in Jakarta is the Indonesia's busiest port, handling over 5.20 million TEUs.[5]

A two-phase "New Tanjung Priok" extension project is currently underway, which will triple the existing annual capacity when fully operational in 2023. In 2015, ground breaking of the strategic North Sumatra's

Tanjung Pelepas Port and could even compete with the port of Singapore.[7]

Roads and highways

A wide variety of vehicles are used for transportation on Indonesia's roads.

Bus
services are available in most areas connected to the road network. Between major cities, especially on Sumatra, Java, and Bali, services are frequent and direct; many express services are available with no stops until the final destination.

Intercity bus

See also: List of bus operator companies in Indonesia
An Indonesian intercity bus, P.O. Rosalia Indah Scania K360IB bus travelling across Java, connecting Surabaya, Solo and Jakarta

The

Jember in East Java. It is a week long bus travel covering a distance of 2,920 kilometers.[8]

The surge of intercity bus travel in Indonesia took place after the completion of Trans-Java highway section connecting Jakarta and Surabaya in 2018. During this time, some intercity bus services began operating fleet of double decker busses.[9]

City bus

Transjakarta bus rapid transit

Some major cities has urban transit bus service, or a more sophisticated form of bus rapid transit (BRT). There are usually also bus services of various kinds such as the Kopaja in Jakarta. The largest one, Transjakarta system in Jakarta, is the longest bus rapid transit system in the world that boasts some 230.9 kilometres (143.5 miles) in 13 corridors and 10 cross-corridor routes[10] and carrying 430,000 passengers daily in 2016.[11] Other cities such as Yogyakarta (Trans Jogja), Surabaya (Suroboyo Bus & Trans Semanggi Suroboyo), Palembang, Bandung (Trans Metro Pasundan), Surakarta (Batik Solo Trans), Denpasar, Pekanbaru, Semarang (Trans Semarang), Makassar, Bogor, and Padang also have BRT systems in place without segregated lanes.

Taxis and autorickshaws

A Bluebird taxi in Jakarta

Many cities and towns have some form of transportation for hire available as well such as

autorickshaws (bajaj) of various kinds. Cycle rickshaws, called becak in Indonesia, are a regular sight on city roads and provide inexpensive transportation. They have been blamed for causing traffic congestion and, consequently, banned from most parts of Jakarta in 1972.[12] Horse
-drawn carts are found in some cities and towns.

Grab and others.[13][14]

Minibus

In more remote areas, and between smaller towns, most services are provided with

share taxis
, running semi-fixed routes.

Private cars

Due to the increasing purchasing power of Indonesians, private

cars are becoming more common especially in major cities. However the growth of the number of cars increasingly outpaces the construction of new roads, resulting in frequently crippling traffic jams in large parts in major cities especially in Jakarta, which often also happen on highways. Jakarta also has one of the worst traffic jams in the world.[15]

Indonesia has been gradually introducing an

Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) since 2012. ITS Indonesia was formed on 26 April 2011.[16]

National routes

Indonesia has about 283,102 kilometres (175,911 mi) of paved highways and 213,505 kilometres (132,666 mi) of unpaved highways (As of 2011[update] estimate).

AH150
section in Kalimantan. Some of them has been numbered, currently only in Java and (partially) Sumatera.

National routes of Indonesia pass through the hearts of most main cities, and are designed to connect between city centres. They act as main inter-city route outside the tollways. A national route has to be passable by logistic trucks, while simultaneously handling the common traffic. National routes in Java are numbered, while those outside Java aren't. In some cities, even in crowded districts, national routes often form bypasses or ring roads (Indonesian: jalan lingkar) around the city to prevent inter-city traffic entering the city center.

DKI Jakarta part from Jakarta Inner Ring Road to Jakarta Outer Ring Road. A national route can be revised if it serves unable to handle the traffic. It would usually be handled by the province/regional government.[citation needed
]

Below were lists of some national routes in Indonesia:

Toll roads

See also: List of toll roads in Indonesia

All expressways in Indonesia are toll roads, known locally as jalan tol (lit. toll road). The first expressway in Indonesia is the Jagorawi Toll Road, opened in 1978.[18] 2,386 kilometers of expressways are operating as of 2021.[19] Over 568 kilometres (353 mi) of expressways opened during the first term of President Joko Widodo,[18] surpassing previous administrations. Since 2018, all expressways do not accept any cash tolls; all tolls must be paid with certain contactless money cards.

The high cost of building and maintaining a national highway system means that Indonesia has to outsource the construction and maintenance to private and state-owned companies. Indonesia has an extensive system of highways consisting of:

Java's transportation networks
Cipularang Toll Road, part of Trans-Java Toll Road

Java

Main article:
Trans-Java toll road

Sumatra

Further information: Trans-Sumatra Toll Road

Sulawesi

Lesser Sunda Islands

APEC Summit in Bali is opened.[21]

Kalimantan

  • Samarinda-Balikpapan Toll Road

Railways

Main article: Rail transport in Indonesia
An inter-city and a commuter train at Gambir railway station.
An Indonesian inter-city high speed train at Bandung.

Indonesia's main railways, operated by Kereta Api Indonesia and its subsidiaries, is used for both passenger and freight transport.

The majority of railways is located on

Regency as the impact of Trans-Sulawesi Railway construction, the first phase includes 146 kilometers route from Makassar to Parepare, which was completed in November 2022 and has been operating ever since.[22] There are no railways in other parts of Indonesia, although new networks are being developed on islands such as Kalimantan[23]
and Papua.

The

Greater Jakarta LRT system being constructed[25][26] and it commenced official commercial operations on 28 August 2023, after 11 days of Indonesian Independence Day.[27]

The government's plan to build a high-speed rail (HSR) was announced in 2015, the first in Indonesia and Southeast Asia. It is expected to connect the capital Jakarta with Bandung, covering a distance of around 140 kilometres (87 miles). Plans were also mentioned for its possible extension to Surabaya, the country's second largest city.[28] In 2023, the Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Rail construction partially finished and is set to start commercial operation starting October 2023.[29] The Jakarta-Bandung HSR began trial operation with passengers on 7 September 2023 and commercial operations on 2 October 2023.[30]

Pipelines

As of 2013, Indonesia has pipelines for condensate 1,064 km (661 mi), condensate/gas 150 km (93 mi), gas 11,702 km (7,271 mi), liquid petroleum gas 119 km (74 mi), oil 7,767 km (4,826 mi), oil/gas/water 77 km (48 mi), refined products 728 km (452 mi), and water 44 km (27 mi).[31]

Air transport

Main article: Aviation in Indonesia
Garuda Indonesia and Lion Air aeroplanes at Ngurah Rai International Airport, Bali in 2014

Air transport in Indonesia serves as a critical means of connecting the thousands of islands throughout the archipelago.

middle-class, the boom of low-cost carriers in the recent decade, and overall economic growth, many domestic travellers shifted from land and sea transport to faster and more comfortable air travel.[34] Indonesia is widely regarded as an emerging market for air travel in the region. Between 2009 and 2014, the number of Indonesian air passengers increased from 27,421,235[35] to 94,504,086,[36] an increase of over threefold.[36]

However, safety issues continue to be a persistent problem in Indonesian aviation.[34] Several accidents have given Indonesia's air transport system the reputation of the least safe in the world.[37] Indonesian aviation faces numerous challenges, including poorly maintained, outdated, and often overwhelmed infrastructure, the factor of human error, bad weather, haze problems caused by plantation fires, and volcanic ash spewed by numerous volcanoes that disrupts air transportation.[38][39][40]

The Indonesian Air Force has 34,930 personnel equipped with 224 aircraft, among them 110 combat aircraft. The Indonesian Air Force possesses and operates numerous military air bases and military airstrips across the archipelago.[41]

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) has predicted that Indonesia will become the world's sixth largest air travel market by 2034.[42] Around 270 million passengers are predicted to fly from and within Indonesia by 2034.[42]

Airports

Main article: List of airports in Indonesia
Soekarno–Hatta International Airport, the busiest in Indonesia and Southeast Asia

As of 2013, there are 673 airports in Indonesia, 186 of those have paved runways, and 487 have unpaved runways.

Changi airports. In 2017, it became the 17th busiest airport in the world with 62.1 million passengers.[43]

Airlines

Main article: List of airlines of Indonesia

In Indonesia, there are 22 commercial scheduled airlines that carry more than 30 passengers, and 32 commercial scheduled airlines that transport 30 or less passengers, as well as chartered airlines.[44][45] Some notable Indonesian airlines, among others, include Garuda Indonesia, the government-owned flag carrier of Indonesia, Lion Air, currently the largest private low-cost carrier airline in Indonesia, Sriwijaya Air, currently the largest medium service regional carrier in Indonesia, also the country's third largest carrier, and Indonesia AirAsia, the Indonesian branch of Malaysian-based AirAsia.[46]

Mudik

Main article: Mudik
Thousands of motorcyclist families waiting for the ferry at the Port of Merak during mudik

Trans-Java toll road and Java's Northern Coast Road.[48]

In 2023 it was estimated that the people that took annual mudik travel reached 123 million people.[49] The demand for train and airplane tickets usually spikes a month or two prior to Lebaran, prompting an unusually higher cost for tickets for highly sought days of departure. Some airlines might add extra flights or operate larger airplanes to deal with the surge in demand.[50]

Indonesian train operator Kereta Api Indonesia usually offers additional train trips or introduces longer trains with more cars in order to meet the demand.[51] The private operators of intercity and interprovince buses usually charge higher ticket costs during this period. The impact is indeed tremendous as millions of buses, cars and motorcycles jam the roads and highways, causing kilometres of traffic jams each year.[52][53]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Based on "Seminar Nasional Penetapan Nama Pulau-pulau Kecil Dalam Perspektif Sejarah or "National Seminar on naming smaller islands regarded from historical perspective", 16 to 18 July 2008 at Palembang, South Sumatra, Indonesia

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